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2. The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes

Author

McCrae, Robert R., Chan, Wayne, Jussim, Lee, De Fruyt, Filip, Löckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Hřebíčková, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Realo, Anu, Allik, Jüri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Yik, Michelle, Ficková, Emília, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Reátigui, Norma, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martínez, Veronica, Rossier, Jérôme, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Purić, Danka, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., and Terracciano, Antonio

Published
2013
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4. Preference for People and Tasks.

Author

Wampold, Bruce E., Mondin, Gregory W., and Ahn, Hyun-nie

Abstract

Investigates preference of Social (S) and Investigative (I) people for performing S and I tasks with S or I people or alone. Upper-division undergraduates in S majors (n=38) or I majors (n=15) were utilized in study. S participants preferred working with S people. I participants most preferred to perform I tasks with I people and least preferred to perform I tasks with S people. (Author/MKA)

Published
1999

5. Asian American Preferences for Counselor Characteristics: Application of the Bradley-Terry-Luce Model in Paired Comparison Data.

Author

Atkinson, Donald R., Wampold, Bruce E., Lowe, Susana M., Matthews, Linda, and Ahn, Hyun-nie

Abstract

Using a paired comparison format, surveyed ethnic minorities' (N=193) preferences for counselor characteristics. Employed a statistical procedure for paired comparison data, which revealed that Asian Americans looked for similar attitudes and values in counselors. Counselor preferences were also related to problem type and other variables. (RJM)

Published
1998

6. The Emergence of Sex Differences in Personality Traits in Early Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional, Cross-Cultural Study

Author

De Bolle, Marleen, De Fruyt, Filip, McCrae, Robert R., Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jüri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chan, Wayne, Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., Fehr, Ryan, Ficková, Emília, Gelfand, Michele J., Graf, Sylvie, Gülgöz, Sami, Hřebíčková, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Lima, Margarida P., Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Purić, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reátegui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, and Terracciano, Antonio

Published
2015
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7. Stereotypes of Age Differences in Personality Traits: Universal and Accurate?

Author

Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, Löckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jüri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hřebíčková, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, de Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martínez, Veronica, Rossier, Jérôme, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V. S., and Terracciano, Antonio

Published
2012
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11. Perceptions of Aging Across 26 Cultures and Their Culture-Level Associates

Author

Löckenhoff, Corinna E., De Fruyt, Filip, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Blatný, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Lima, Margarida P., Ficková, Emília, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Halberstadt, Jamin, Hřebíčková, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich, Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Miramontez, Daniel R., Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Pramila, V. S., Realo, Anu, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yamaguchi, Mami, and Yik, Michelle

Published
2009

12. Asian American preferences for counselor characteristics: application of the Bradley-Terry-Luce model to paired comparison data

Author

Atkinson, Donald R., Wampold, Bruce E., Lowe, Susana M., Matthews, Linda, and Ahn, Hyun-nie

Subjects
Ethnicity -- Psychological aspects, Psychologists -- Practice, Asian Americans -- Psychological aspects, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

This study used the same paired comparison format used in four earlier studies to survey ethnic minority preferences for counselor characteristics. However, in the current study, a statistical procedure designed [...]

Published
1998

13. The flat earth as a metaphor for the evidence for uniform efficacy of bona fide psychotherapies: reply to Chris-Christoph (1997) and Howard et al. (1997)

Author

Wampold, Bruce E., Mondin, Gregory W., Ahn, Hyun-nie, and Moody, Marcia

Subjects
Psychotherapy -- Research, Meta-analysis -- Usage, Psychotherapist and patient -- Research, Psychotherapy patients -- Care and treatment, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

On the basis of a meta-analysis of comparisons of bona fide psychotherapies, B. E. Wampold et al. (1997) concluded that the available evidence supported the notion that all psychotherapies are nearly equal in terms of efficacy. K. I. Howard, M. S. Krause, S. M. Saunders, and S. M. Kopta (1997) and P. Crits-Christoph (1997) raised 4 general issues with this conclusion: (a) counterexamples, (b) untested alternative hypotheses, (c) methodological problems, and (d) adequacy of randomized clinical trials. Each of these issues is discussed, and it is asserted that empirically there is no basis to alter the conclusions reached in B. E. Wampold et al.'s (1997) meta-analysis.

Published
1997

14. A meta-analysis of outcome studies comparing bona fide psychotherapies: empirically, 'all must have prices.'

Author

Wampold, Bruce E., Mondin, Gregory W., Moody, Marcia, Stich, Frederick, Benson, Kurt, and Ahn, Hyun-nie

Subjects
Psychotherapy -- Research, Meta-analysis -- Usage, Psychotherapy patients -- Care and treatment, Psychotherapist and patient -- Research, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

This meta-analysis tested the Dodo bird conjecture, which states that when psychotherapies intended to be therapeutic are compared, the true differences among all such treatments are 0. Based on comparisons between treatments culled from 6 journals, it was found that the effect sizes were homogeneously distributed about 0, as was expected under the Dodo bird conjecture, and that under the most liberal assumptions, the upper bound of the true effect was about .20. Moreover, the effect sizes (a) were not related positively to publication date, indicating that improving research methods were not detecting effects, and (b) were not related to the similarity of the treatments, indicating that more dissimilar treatments did not produce larger effects, as would be expected if the Dodo bird conjecture was false. The evidence from these analyses supports the conjecture that the efficacy of bona fide treatments are roughly equivalent.

Published
1997

22. Gender stereotypes of personality : universal and accurate?

Author

Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jérôme, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane E., Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V. S., Terracciano, Antonio, Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, Bolle, Marleen de, Costa, Paul, Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jüri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hřebíčková, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Ficková, Emília, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Centre de Recherche sur le Sport et le Mouvement (CeRSM), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Department of psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), and HAL Nanterre, Administrateur

Subjects
[SCCO.PSYC] Cognitive science/Psychology, [SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology, [SDV.NEU.SC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Cognitive Sciences, Emotion Cognition et Comportement, [SDV.NEU.SC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Cognitive Sciences
Abstract

International audience; Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level. In particular, it is not clear how perceived gender differences in five-factor personality vary across age groups and national contexts and to what extent they accurately reflect assessed sex differences in personality. To address these questions, we analyzed responses from 3,323 individuals across 26 nations (mean age = 22.3 years, 31% male) who were asked to rate the five-factor personality traits of typical men or women in three age groups (adolescent, adult, and older adult) in their respective nations. Raters perceived women as slightly higher in openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness as well as some aspects of extraversion and neuroticism. Perceived gender differences were fairly consistent across nations and target age groups and mapped closely onto assessed sex differences in self- and observer-rated personality. Associations between the average size of perceived gender differences and national variations in sociodemographic characteristics, value systems, or gender equality did not reach statistical significance. Findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender stereotypes of personality and suggest that perceptions of actual sex differences may play a more important role than culturally based gender roles and socialization processes.

Published
2014

27. The Validity and Structure of Culture-Level Personality Scores: Data from Ratings of Young Adolescents

Author

McCrae, Robert R., Terracciano, Antonio, De Fruyt, Filip, De Bolle, Marleen, Gelfand, Michele J., Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., de Lima, Margarida P., Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Purić, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, Department of psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Centre de Recherche sur le Sport et le Mouvement (CeRSM), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Siuta, Jerzy, and Szmigielska-Siuta, Barbara

Subjects
cechy charakteru, [SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology, psychology of adolescents, personality traits, [SDV.NEU.SC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Cognitive Sciences, psychologia nastolatków, Emotion Cognition et Comportement
Abstract

We examined properties of culture-level personality traits in ratings of targets (N=5,109) ages 12 to 17 in 24 cultures. Aggregate scores were generalizable across gender, age, and relationship groups and showed convergence with culture-level scores from previous studies of self-reports and observer ratings of adults, but they were unrelated to national character stereotypes. Trait profiles also showed cross-study agreement within most cultures, 8 of which had not previously been studied. Multidimensional scaling showed that Western and non-Western cultures clustered along a dimension related to Extraversion. A culture-level factor analysis replicated earlier findings of a broad Extraversion factor but generally resembled the factor structure found in individuals. Continued analysis of aggregate personality scores is warranted. This is the peer-reviewed version of the article: McCrae, R. R.; Terracciano, A.; De Fruyt, F.; De Bolle, M.; Gelfand, M. J.; Costa, P. T.; Aguilar-Vafaie, M. E.; Ahn, C.-K.; Ahn, H.; Alcalay, L.; Allik, J.; Avdeyeva, T. V.; Blatny, M.; Bratko, D.; Brunner-Sciarra, M.; Cain, T. R.; Chittcharat, N.; Crawford, J. T.; de Lima, M. P.; Fehr, R.; Fickova, E.; Gulgoz, S.; Hrebickova, M.; Jussim, L.; Klinkosz, W.; Knežević, G.; de Figueroa, N. L.; Loeckenhoff, C. E.; Martin, T. A.; Marušić, I.; Mastor, K. A.; Nakazato, K.; Nansubuga, F.; Porrata, J.; Purić, D.; Realo, A.; Reategui, N.; Rolland, J.-P.; Schmidt, V.; Sekowski, A.; Shakespeare-Finch, J.; Shimonaka, Y.; Simonetti, F.; Siuta, J.; Szmigielska, B.; Vanno, V.; Wang, L.; Yik, M. The Validity and Structure of Culture-Level Personality Scores: Data From Ratings of Young Adolescents. Journal of Personality 2010, 78 (3), 815–838. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00634.x]

Published
2010
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28. Gender Stereotypes of Personality Universal and Accurate?

Author

Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, de Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., Terracciano, Antonio, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, de Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., and Terracciano, Antonio

Abstract

Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level. In particular, it is not clear how perceived gender differences in five-factor personality vary across age groups and national contexts and to what extent they accurately reflect assessed sex differences in personality. To address these questions, we analyzed responses from 3,323 individuals across 26 nations (mean age = 22.3 years, 31% male) who were asked to rate the five-factor personality traits of typical men or women in three age groups (adolescent, adult, and older adult) in their respective nations. Raters perceived women as slightly higher in openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness as well as some aspects of extraversion and neuroticism. Perceived gender differences were fairly consistent across nations and target age groups and mapped closely onto assessed sex differences in self- and observer-rated personality. Associations between the average size of perceived gender differences and national variations in sociodemographic characteristics, value systems, or gender equality did not reach statistical significance. Findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender stereotypes of personality and suggest that perceptions of actual sex differences may play a more important role than culturally based gender roles and socialization processes.

Published
2014

29. Gender stereotypes of personality: Universal and accurate?

Author

Lockenhoff, Corinna, Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert, De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul, Sutin, Angelina, Realo, Anu, Allik, Juri, Nakazato, Katsharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas, Crawford, Jarret, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Martin, Thomas, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter, Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Pramila, V., Terracciano, Antonio, Lockenhoff, Corinna, Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert, De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul, Sutin, Angelina, Realo, Anu, Allik, Juri, Nakazato, Katsharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas, Crawford, Jarret, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Martin, Thomas, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter, Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Pramila, V., and Terracciano, Antonio

Abstract

Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level. In particular, it is not clear how perceived gender differences in five-factor personality vary across age groups and national contexts and to what extent they accurately reflect assessed sex differences in personality. To address these questions, we analyzed responses from 3,323 individuals across 26 nations (mean age = 22.3 years, 31% male) who were asked to rate the five-factor personality traits of typical men or women in three age groups (adolescent, adult, and older adult) in their respective nations. Raters perceived women as slightly higher in openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness as well as some aspects of extraversion and neuroticism. Perceived gender differences were fairly consistent across nations and target age groups and mapped closely onto assessed sex differences in self- and observer-rated personality. Associations between the average size of perceived gender differences and national variations in sociodemographic characteristics, value systems, or gender equality did not reach statistical significance. Findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender stereotypes of personality and suggest that perceptions of actual sex differences may play a more important role than culturally based gender roles and socialization processes.

Published
2014

30. The validity and structure of culture-level personality scores: Data from ratings of young adolescents

Author

McCrae, Robert, Terracciano, Antonio, De Fruyt, Filip, De Bolle, Marleen, Gelfand, Michele, Costa, Paul, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas, Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret, de Lima, Margarida, Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Lockenhoff, Corinna, Martin, Thomas, Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Puric, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, McCrae, Robert, Terracciano, Antonio, De Fruyt, Filip, De Bolle, Marleen, Gelfand, Michele, Costa, Paul, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas, Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret, de Lima, Margarida, Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Lockenhoff, Corinna, Martin, Thomas, Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Puric, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, and Yik, Michelle

Abstract

We examined properties of culture-level personality traits in ratings of targets (N=5,109) ages 12 to 17 in 24 cultures. Aggregate scores were generalizable across gender, age, and relationship groups and showed convergence with culture-level scores from previous studies of self-reports and observer ratings of adults, but they were unrelated to national character stereotypes. Trait profiles also showed cross-study agreement within most cultures, 8 of which had not previously been studied. Multidimensional scaling showed that Western and non-Western cultures clustered along a dimension related to Extraversion. A culture-level factor analysis replicated earlier findings of a broad Extraversion factor but generally resembled the factor structure found in individuals. Continued analysis of aggregate personality scores is warranted.

Published
2010

31. Perceptions of Aging Across 26 Cultures and Their Culture-Level Associates

Author

Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Fruyt, Filip, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Lima, Margarida P., Fickova, Emilia, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Halberstadt, Jamin, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Martin, Thomas A., Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Miramontez, Daniel R., Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Pramila, V.S., Realo, Anu, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yamaguchi, Mami, Yik, Michelle, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Fruyt, Filip, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Lima, Margarida P., Fickova, Emilia, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Halberstadt, Jamin, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Martin, Thomas A., Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Miramontez, Daniel R., Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Pramila, V.S., Realo, Anu, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yamaguchi, Mami, and Yik, Michelle

Abstract

College students (N = 3,435) in 26 cultures reported their perceptions of age-related changes in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional areas of functioning and rated societal views of aging within their culture. There was widespread cross-cultural consensus regarding the expected direction of aging trajectories with (a) perceived declines in societal views of aging, physical attractiveness, the ability to perform everyday tasks, and new learning; (b) perceived increases in wisdom, knowledge, and received respect; and (c) perceived stability in family authority and life satisfaction. Cross-cultural variations in aging perceptions were associated with culture-level indicators of population aging, education levels, values, and national character stereotypes. These associations were stronger for societal views on aging and perceptions of socioemotional changes than for perceptions of physical and cognitive changes. A consideration of culture-level variables also suggested that previously reported differences in aging perceptions between Asian and Western countries may be related to differences in population structure.

Published
2009

32. Assessing the universal structure of personality in early adolescence: The NEO-PI-R and NEO-PI-3 in 24 cultures

Author

de Fruyt, Filip, de Bolle, Marleen, McCrae, Robert R., Terracciano, Antonio, Costa, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang Kyu, Ahn, Hyun Nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jüri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Blatný, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., Fehr, Ryan, Ficková, Emília, Gelfand, Michele J., Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebuícková, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Kneževic, Goran, de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich, Lima, Margarida P., Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Martin, Thomas A., Marušic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Puric, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reátegui, Norma, Rolland, Jean Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, de Fruyt, Filip, de Bolle, Marleen, McCrae, Robert R., Terracciano, Antonio, Costa, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang Kyu, Ahn, Hyun Nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jüri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Blatný, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., Fehr, Ryan, Ficková, Emília, Gelfand, Michele J., Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebuícková, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Kneževic, Goran, de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich, Lima, Margarida P., Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Martin, Thomas A., Marušic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Puric, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reátegui, Norma, Rolland, Jean Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, and Yik, Michelle

Abstract

The structure and psychometric characteristics of the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3), a more readable version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), are examined and compared with NEO-PI-R characteristics using data from college student observer ratings of 5,109 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years from 24 cultures. Replacement items in the PI-3 showed on average stronger item-total correlations and slightly improved facet reliabilities compared with the NEO-PI-R in both English- and non-English-speaking samples. NEO-PI-3 replacement items did not substantially affect scale means compared with the original scales. Analyses across and within cultures confirmed the intended factor structure of both versions when used to describe young adolescents. The authors discuss implications of these cross-cultural findings for the advancement of studies in adolescence and personality development across the lifespan.

Published
2009

33. Gender Stereotypes of Personality

Author

Löckenhoff, Corinna E., primary, Chan, Wayne, additional, McCrae, Robert R., additional, De Fruyt, Filip, additional, Jussim, Lee, additional, De Bolle, Marleen, additional, Costa, Paul T., additional, Sutin, Angelina R., additional, Realo, Anu, additional, Allik, Jüri, additional, Nakazato, Katsuharu, additional, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, additional, Hřebíčková, Martina, additional, Graf, Sylvie, additional, Yik, Michelle, additional, Ficková, Emília, additional, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, additional, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, additional, Schmidt, Vanina, additional, Ahn, Chang-kyu, additional, Ahn, Hyun-nie, additional, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., additional, Siuta, Jerzy, additional, Szmigielska, Barbara, additional, Cain, Thomas R., additional, Crawford, Jarret T., additional, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, additional, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, additional, Nansubuga, Florence, additional, Miramontez, Daniel R., additional, Benet-Martínez, Veronica, additional, Rossier, Jérôme, additional, Bratko, Denis, additional, Marušić, Iris, additional, Halberstadt, Jamin, additional, Yamaguchi, Mami, additional, Knežević, Goran, additional, Martin, Thomas A., additional, Gheorghiu, Mirona, additional, Smith, Peter B., additional, Barbaranelli, Claudio, additional, Wang, Lei, additional, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, additional, Lima, Margarida P., additional, Klinkosz, Waldemar, additional, Sekowski, Andrzej, additional, Alcalay, Lidia, additional, Simonetti, Franco, additional, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., additional, Pramila, V. S., additional, and Terracciano, Antonio, additional

Published
2014
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36. National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures

Author

Terracciano, Antonio, Abdel Khalek, A.M., Adam, N, Adamovova, L, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alansari, B.M., Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Angleitner, A, Avia, M.D., Ayearst, L.E., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Beer, A, Borg Cunen, M.A., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Budzinski, L, Camart, N, Dahourou, D, De Fruyt, Filip, de Lima, Margarida P., del Pilar, GEH, Diener, E, Falzon, R., Fernando, K, Fickova, Emilia, Fischer, R, Flores-Mendoza, C, Ghayur, MA, Gulgoz, Sami, Hagberg, B, Halberstadt, Jamin, Halim, M.S., Hrebickova, Martina, Humrichouse, J, Jensen, HH, Jocić, DD, Jonsson, FH, Khoury, B, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Lauri, MA, Leibovich, N, Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Matsumoto, D, McRorie, M, Meshcheriakov, B, Mortensen, EL, Munyae, M, Nagy, J, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Oishi, S, Ojedokun, AO, Ostendorf, F, Paulhus, DL, Pelevin, S, Petot, JM, Podobnik, N, Porrata, Jose, Pramila, V.S., Prentice, G, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Ruch, W, Rus, VS, Sánchez-Bernardos, M.L., Schmidt, Vanina, Sciculna-Calleja, S, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Sineshaw, T, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Trapnell, PD, Trobst, K.K., Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, Zupančić, A, McCrae, RR, Terracciano, Antonio, Abdel Khalek, A.M., Adam, N, Adamovova, L, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alansari, B.M., Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Angleitner, A, Avia, M.D., Ayearst, L.E., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Beer, A, Borg Cunen, M.A., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Budzinski, L, Camart, N, Dahourou, D, De Fruyt, Filip, de Lima, Margarida P., del Pilar, GEH, Diener, E, Falzon, R., Fernando, K, Fickova, Emilia, Fischer, R, Flores-Mendoza, C, Ghayur, MA, Gulgoz, Sami, Hagberg, B, Halberstadt, Jamin, Halim, M.S., Hrebickova, Martina, Humrichouse, J, Jensen, HH, Jocić, DD, Jonsson, FH, Khoury, B, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Lauri, MA, Leibovich, N, Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Matsumoto, D, McRorie, M, Meshcheriakov, B, Mortensen, EL, Munyae, M, Nagy, J, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Oishi, S, Ojedokun, AO, Ostendorf, F, Paulhus, DL, Pelevin, S, Petot, JM, Podobnik, N, Porrata, Jose, Pramila, V.S., Prentice, G, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Ruch, W, Rus, VS, Sánchez-Bernardos, M.L., Schmidt, Vanina, Sciculna-Calleja, S, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Sineshaw, T, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Trapnell, PD, Trobst, K.K., Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, Zupančić, A, and McCrae, RR

Abstract

Most people hold beliefs about personality characteristics typical of members of their own and others' cultures. These perceptions of national character may be generalizations from personal experience, stereotypes with a "kernel of truth," or inaccurate stereotypes. We obtained national character ratings of 3989 people from 49 cultures and compared them with the average personality scores of culture members assessed by observer ratings and self-reports. National character ratings were reliable but did not converge with assessed traits. Perceptions of national character thus appear to be unfounded stereotypes that may serve the function of maintaining a national identity.

Published
2005

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