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Cyantraniliprole has a broader insecticidal spectrum than the previously developed diamides. Because cyantraniliprole also targets hemipteran pests, it could provide an alternative to neonicotinoids like imidacloprid. However, there is limited information concerning how its broad-spectrum activity affects biological control agents. Toxicity of cyantraniliprole and imidacloprid to green peach aphid (Myzus persicae [Sulzer, 1776]), cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae [Linnaeus, 1758]) and greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum [Westwood, 1856]) nymphs was determined using both systemic and direct spray exposure. In addition, the direct spray activity of cyantraniliprole and imidacloprid on larvae of green lacewing, Chrysoperla defreitasi Brooks, 1994, was studied. Estimated LC50 values indicated that M. persicae, B. brassicae and T. vaporariorum were more susceptible to the systemic exposure to cyantraniliprole than to direct spray (0.148 vs. 24.284, 0.004 vs. 11.004, and 0.268 vs. 30.832 mg L-1, respectively). Similarly, susceptibility of M. persicae, B. brassicae and T. vaporariorum to imidacloprid was more pronounced when exposed systemically than through direct contact (0.018 vs. 1.149, 0.006 vs. 0.514, and 0.249 vs. 6.419 mg L-1, respectively). Hence, the population of B. brassicae was 40-fold more susceptible to cyantraniliprole than M. persicae when exposed to its systemic activity, and 2.2-fold more susceptible to cyantraniliprole’s direct spray activity than M. persicae. Interestingly, T. vaporariorum was less susceptible to the direct spray activities of cyantraniliprole compared to that of imidacloprid by 4.8-fold, but both insecticides were equally toxic for this species after systemic exposure. Crysoperla larvae were less susceptible to direct exposure to cyantranaliprole in comparison with imidacloprid (640.295 vs. 26.974 mg L-1). In comparison to imidacloprid, direct spray insecticidal activity of cyantraniliprole was less toxic to these hemipteran pests and to chrysoperla larvae. This suggests that the selectivity of cyantraniliprole towards C. defreitasi, as measured by direct spray only, could decline if its concentration is increased to target these hemipteran pests by foliar sprays.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) produces bitter-tasting triterpene saponins that must be removed prior to consumption, significantly adding to production costs. Breeders have therefore prioritized the development of low-saponin “sweet” cultivars with little concern for the ecological benefits these compounds may confer. Quinoa saponins are thought to provide protection against herbivores and microbial pathogens, although there is very little data to support these assumptions. Here we begin to address the question of whether biologically relevant concentrations of saponins exert negative effects against insects and pathogens that attack quinoa, as well as against species not associated with quinoa. Using bran of the coastal genotype Cáhuil as the source of saponins, we conducted feeding assays with larvae of 3 noctuid insect species. Antifungal activity against 8 species was assayed using bran extract incorporated into PDA media. Quinoa bran showed insecticidal activity against only the non-quinoa feeder Pseudaletia impuncta, while the quinoa feeders Trichoplusia ni and Feltia subterranea were not affected. The bran extract inhibited fungal colony growth of Alternaria arborescens, Botrytis cinerea, and Phytophthora cinnamomi by approximately 50% but had less growth inhibitory effect on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae, Pestalotiopsis clavispora, Penicillium digitatum, Geotrichum sp., and the quinoa pathogen Phoma sp. The relatively higher inhibitory activity against some pathogen species did not necessarily correlate with their expected pathogenicity against quinoa. The results of this study suggest that, while the quinoa saponins present in bran and bran extracts may provide some protection against certain insects and phytopathogens, species-specific responses need further exploration. Resumen La quínoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) produce saponinas triterpénicas de sabor amargo que deben eliminarse antes del consumo, lo que aumenta significativamente los costos de producción. Por lo tanto, los fitomejoradores han priorizado el desarrollo de cultivares “dulces” bajos en saponina con poca consideración por los beneficios ecológicos que estos compuestos pueden conferir. Se cree que las saponinas de quínoa brindan protección contra herbívoros y fitopatógenos microbianos, aunque existen muy pocos datos que respalden estos supuestos. En este estudio comenzamos a abordar la pregunta de si concentraciones biológicamente relevantes de saponinas ejercen efectos negativos contra los insectos y patógenos que atacan a la quínoa, así como también contra especies no asociadas con la quínoa. Utilizando el salvado del genotipo costero Cáhuil como fuente de saponinas, realizamos ensayos de alimentación con larvas de 3 especies de insectos lepidópteros de la familia Noctuidae. La actividad antifúngica se ensayó contra 8 especies fitopatogénicas usando extracto de salvado incorporado en medios PDA. El salvado de quinua mostró actividad insecticida solo contra la especie de insecto que no afecta quínoa Pseudaletia impuncta, mientras que los insectos que son plaga de quínoa Trichoplusia ni y Feltia subterranea no se vieron afectados. El extracto de salvado inhibió el crecimiento de colonias de los fitopatógenos Alternaria arborescens, Botrytis cinerea y Phytophthora cinnamomi en aproximadamente un 50%, pero tuvo un menor efecto inhibidor del crecimiento sobre Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae, Pestalotiopsis clavispora, Penicillium digitatum, Geotrichum sp. y el patógeno de la quínoa Phoma sp. La actividad inhibidora relativamente mayor contra algunas especies de patógenos no se correlaciona necesariamente con su patogenicidad esperada contra la quínoa. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que, si bien las saponinas de quínoa presentes en el salvado y los extractos de salvado pueden proporcionar cierta protección contra ciertos insectos y fitopatógenos, las respuestas específicas de las especies necesitan una mayor exploración.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) produces bitter-tasting triterpene saponins that must be removed prior to consumption, significantly adding to production costs. Breeders have therefore prioritized the development of low-saponin “sweet” cultivars with little concern for the ecological benefits these compounds may confer. Quinoa saponins are thought to provide protection against herbivores and microbial pathogens, although there is very little data to support these assumptions. Here we begin to address the question of whether biologically relevant concentrations of saponins exert negative effects against insects and pathogens that attack quinoa, as well as against species not associated with quinoa. Using bran of the coastal genotype Cáhuil as the source of saponins, we conducted feeding assays with larvae of 3 noctuid insect species. Antifungal activity against 8 species was assayed using bran extract incorporated into PDA media. Quinoa bran showed insecticidal activity against only the non-quinoa feeder Pseudaletia impuncta, while the quinoa feeders Trichoplusia ni and Feltia subterranea were not affected. The bran extract inhibited fungal colony growth of Alternaria arborescens, Botrytis cinerea, and Phytophthora cinnamomi by approximately 50% but had less growth inhibitory effect on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae, Pestalotiopsis clavispora, Penicillium digitatum, Geotrichum sp., and the quinoa pathogen Phoma sp. The relatively higher inhibitory activity against some pathogen species did not necessarily correlate with their expected pathogenicity against quinoa. The results of this study suggest that, while the quinoa saponins present in bran and bran extracts may provide some protection against certain insects and phytopathogens, species-specific responses need further exploration.

Solute transport across lipidic membranes is a fundamental process for both living organisms and drug delivery. In order to establish the mechanism of solute passive transport through lipidic membranes, we determined the effect of temperature upon the rate of glucose transport (as hydrophilic solute model) through dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine large unilamellar liposomes and compare the results to those obtained for a variety of fluorescent probes (pyrene, PRODAN, diphenylhexatriene, diphenylhexatriene-TMA). All these probes, independent of their localization in the liposomes, report a monotonous change in the micro-properties sensed with temperature, with a maximum rate of change at the main transition temperature of the bilayer. These results contrast with those obtained for the rate of glucose influx, were it is observed a clear maximum rate of intake at the transition temperature. These contrasting results imply that the microviscosity (common factor for used probes) is not the property of the bilayer that controls the rate off solute transport which, at least in the vicinity of the main transition temperature, is regulated by formation of transient pores, particularly at the transition temperature (Tm). This would indicate that, at least near Tm, glucose and other hydrophilic solutes diffuses through transient pores formed in the bilayer. Interestingly, the presence of these pores does not affect the fluorescence characteristics of the probes.

Introduction: The aim of this work is twofold. Firstly, to study the temporal evolution in the number of laboratory requests from primary care without clinical indication, and to analyse the number of such requests before and after the implementation of an automated requesting procedure. Secondly, to investigate what are the most frequent clinical indications that prompted laboratory testing. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective observational study conducted from January 2009 to December 2015. We counted the requests without clinical question, calculated the number of such requests per total number of requests and listed the most frequent indications. Results: The number of tests requests with a blank clinical indication was significantly higher in 2009-when compared to 2015 (80% vs. 20%; P < 0.001). For every year in this 7-year period, dyslipidemia, essential hypertension and diabetes were the most prevalent diagnoses that prompted a laboratory test in primary care, accounting for more than 20% of all indications. Conclusions: The number of primary care requests without patient clinical question has decreased after the implementation of an automated requesting procedure. Disorders of lipid metabolism, essential hypertension and diabetes mellitus were the most prevalent diagnoses that prompted a laboratory test in primary care.

Filtros RF y microondas bajo paso usando líneas microtira y guías coplanares combinadas.La presente invención se refiere a la implementación de filtros paso bajo de tamaño reducido y bajas pérdidas haciendo uso de la combinación en el mismo área del sustr

Estudios realizados en Santiago han determinado que la anemia al inicio del embarazo es un problema de salud pública. No se conoce la situación en el resto del país. El propósito de este estudio fue establecer la prevalencia de anemia en mujeres embarazadas de la provincia de Concepción y evaluar su asociación con su estado nutricional y el crecimiento fetal de sus recién nacidos. Cumplieron con los requisitos de ingreso 1782 mujeres que iniciaron el año 2004 control prenatal en los centros de atención primaria del sistema de salud público de Concepción. La anemia se determinó con los criterios de la OMS (Hb < 11g / dl) y del Center for Disease Control de los Estados Unidos de América (CDC) (Hb < percentilo 5 para cada semana de gestación). Se comparó la presencia o ausencia de anemia con las variables independientes antropométricas maternoinfantiles, la prematurez y el puntaje Apgar del recién nacido, además de la edad, paridad, morbilidad y hábito tabáquico de la madre. Se realizó un análisis multivariado con regresión logística del posible efecto de la anemia en el crecimiento fetal. La prevalencia de anemia fue de 10,9% y de 14,5% según los criterios OMS y CDC, respectivamente. El estado nutricional de la madre se asoció significativamente con la anemia. Sin embargo, la anemia según OMS y CDC al inicio del embarazo no se asoció con el crecimiento fetal en el análisis multivariado. La anemia materna y es algo superior a la del estudio más reciente de Santiago. Maternal anemia in Concepción province, Chile: association with maternal nutritional status and fetal growth. Previous studies in Santiago, Chile have established that anemia in the earliest stages of pregnancy is a public health issue. The situation in other parts of the country is unknown. The purpose of this study is to establish the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women in the province of Concepcion and evaluate its association with maternal nutricional status and fetal growth. The study included 1782 women with singleton pregnancies who began prenatal check-ups in 2004 at the public primary health care centers. Anemia was established using the following criteria: from WHO (Hb < 11g / dl) and from the USA Center for Disease Control (CDC) (Hb < percentile 5 for each gestational week). Anemia prevalence was compared in relation to independent study variables: maternal age, parity, morbidity and smoking habit, and mother and child anthropometry. A multivariable logistic regression model studied the possible effect of anemia on fetal growth. The prevalence of anemia was 10.9% and 14.5% using the WHO and CDC criteria, respectively. The mother’s nutritional status was significantly associated with anemia. However, anemia according to WHO and CDC criteria at the beginning of pregnancy was not significantly associated to fetal growth in the univariate and multivariate analyses. The prevalence of anemia in the province of Concepcion constitutes a public health problem that needs to be addressed and it is slightly higher to that recently observed in the county of Puente Alto, Santiago.

OBJECTIVE: Lactobacilli are considered cariogenic micro-organismS. As oral species of lactobacilli have not been thoroughly described, the aim of this work was to isolate and identify these organisms from teeth, tongue, saliva and gum of healthy patients and to describe some of their surface properties. SUBJECTS: Forty-four subjects from Tucumán, Argentina, with D, d and M, m indices equal to 0. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples were obtained from different areas of the oral cavity. Microorganisms were cultured in lactobacilli selected media (LBS) and identified morphologically and biochemically. Hydrophobicity was analysed by partition in organic solvents, acidity by affinity with chloroform and basicity with ethyl acetate (MATH method), aggregation and coaggregation in presence of (NH4)2SO4, and haemagglutination with ABO erythrocytes in microplates. RESULTS: Eighty-five lactobacilli were isolated; 29.4% were homofermenter, 44.7% facultative heterofermenter and 25.9% obligate heterofermenter. Predominant species were L.fermentum, L.plantarum, L.salivarius, and L.rhamnosus. Most of the strains showed moderate to high hydrophobicity and demonstrated high acid and basic surface charges with almost 40% showing salt aggregation. Few strains haemagglutinated. CONCLUSIONS: A variety of Lactobacillus species were isolated from healthy mouths, some of whom showed adhesion-related properties such as high hydrophobicity and charged surfaceS. Probable mechanisms related to the ecological behaviour of lactobacilli in the oral cavity are discussed. Fil: Colloca, M. E.. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Odontología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: Ahumada, M. C.. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Odontología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: Lopez de Bocanera, Maria Elena. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Odontología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: Nader, Maria Elena Fatima. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos; Argentina

The Princeton Ocean Model – POM (Blumberg and Mellor, 1987) has been implemented in the Northwestern Mediterranean nested (in one-way off-line mode) to a general circulation model of the Mediterranean Sea – OGCM (Pinardi and Masetti, 2000; Demirov and Pinardi, 2002) in order to investigate if this model configuration is capable of reproducing the major features of the circulation as known from observations and to improve what has been made by previous numerical modeling works. According to the model results, the large-scale cyclonic circulation in the northern part of the Northwestern Mediterranean is, at least in the upper layers, less coherent in winter and spring than in summer and autumn. Furthermore, there is evidence that the mesoscale structure (eddies and meanders) is, during all year, a significant dynamic characteristic in this region of the Mediterranean Sea. Finally, concerning the circulation in the lower layers has been confirmed that the Levantine Intermediate Water and the Western Mediterranean Deep Water follow essentially a cyclonic path during all year.

El Proyecto FIP 2003-31 contempló cruceros de prospección los cuales fueron desarrollados en el período comprendido entre el 17 de agosto y el 27 de septiembre de 2003 y cuyo fin estuvo dirigido a la estimación, mediante evaluación directa, del nivel de biomasa y abundancia del langostino colorado (Pleuroncodes monodon) y langostino amarillo (Cervimunida johni) entre las Regiones II y VIII Fondo de Investigación Pesquera (FIP) Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP) Published L/M Pionero, L/M Amacay I, PAM Don Stefan

Tesis (Contador Auditor) La sociedad moderna ha experimentado en las últimas décadas un explosivo desarrollo que se ha manifestado fundadamente en el ámbito de las comunicaciones, a través de adelantos como el uso de fibra óptica, uso de redes computacionales (Internet), utilización de la comunicación satelital, etc. Estos avances tecnológicos han producido un profundo cambio en la forma de hacer los negocios. Actualmente los mercados ya se han globalizado y organizado para así obtener ventajas comparativas, podemos dar como ejemplo: La Comunidad Económica Europea que ha desarrollado una moneda común, ha liberalizado las restricciones para el ingreso de bienes al interior de los países miembros, entre otras medidas que pretenden generar fortalezas estratégicas frente a sus competidores. Otro acuerdo multilateral, que ha nacido producto de la nueva forma de hacer negociOs, es el Nafta cuyos países miembros (U.S.A., Canadá, México) han formalizado negociaciones que fomentan los intercambios comerciales, reduciendo aranceles, levantando algunas prohibiciones, disminuyendo la burocracia en el intercambio en algunos casos eliminando aranceles. Nuestro país no ha quedado fuera de este proceso de globalización, con los nuevos acuerdos internacionales, la autoridad económica espera que contribuyan al crecimiento de la nación, impulsando al intercambio comercial con fuerte énfasis en la calidad de los servicios, bienes producidos y adicionalmente aprovechar las oportunidades que ofrecen los países miembros. Ha sido necesario para poder propiciar el crecimiento de la economía chilena, tomar entre otras medidas la implementación de leyes que otorguen beneficios tributarios, aduaneros y financieros para de este modo incentivar la inversión nacional y extranjera. Por todo lo expuesto anteriormente este trabajo tiene como objetivo, analizar e investigar los efectos que genera la existencia de los incentivos tributarios vigentes hoy día para las personas naturales con domicilio y residencia en Chile. Para alcanzar este objetivo es que la presentación de los temas se ha desarrollado de la manera más completa y clara posible, con la intención de permitir a cualquier lector interesado en la materia, una compresión fácil del contenido de los capítulos, dado que por el carácter legal y el lenguaje utilizado por lo general resultan dificil de comprender para un usuario común. El primer capítulo entrega una orientación respecto de los aspectos generales que se deben conocer antes de profundizar en el desanollo del tema, los orígenes del impuesto, su objetivo, clasificación y entrega los elementos básicos para que este Seminario de Título sea de fácil entendimiento. Los capítulos siguientes mostrarán las diferentes franquicias que existen en Chile para incentivar la inversión en el país, donde se desarrollan las franquicias a la inversión en bienes de capitales mobiliarios, para personas naturales. Finalmente, expondremos nuestras conclusiones sobre el trabajo que hemos realizado.

Background: Maternal smoking negatively affects bir th weight, breast milk volume and growth at one month of age. Aim: To study the effect of maternal smoking on the growth of three month old infants. Subjects and methods: Ten smoking and 10 non smoking mothers with one month old children, under exclusive breast feeding, were selected for the study. Urinary cotinine levels in the mothers and children were measured to assess smoking. Two months later; children were reassessed. Results: Smoking mothers consumed a mean of 6.5 cigarettes/day. Compared to non smokers, urinary continine levels were higher in these mothers (60 +/- 22 and 1428 +/- 716 ng/ml respectively, P < 0.002) and their offspring (21 +/- 20 and 156 +/- 101 ng/ml respectively p < 0.001). Compared with smokers, at three months of age, children of non smoking mothers had a higher average weight (5829 +/- 498 and 6325 +/- 427 g, P < 0.02). Conclusions: Measurement of urinary continue levels is a reliable and objective measure of maternal smoking and nicotine transfer to the offspring. It also allows the assessment of passive smoking. Maternal smoking adversely affects child growth at three months of age.