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High-fat diet induces lipid metabolism disorders that has become one of the grievous public health problems and imposes a serious economic and social burden worldwide. Safety probiotics isolated from nature are regarded as a novel supplementary strategy for preventing and improving diet-induced lipid metabolism disorders and related chronic diseases. The present review summarized the latest researches of probiotics in high fat diet induced lipid metabolism disorders to provide a critical perspective on the regulatory function of probiotics for future research. Furthermore, the screening criteria and general sources of probiotics with lipid-lowering ability also outlined to enlarge microbial species resource bank instantly, which promoted the development of functional foods with lipid-lowering strains from nature. After critically reviewing the lipid-lowering potential of probiotics both in vitro and in vivo and even in clinical data of humans, we provided a perspective that probiotics activated AMPK signaling pathway to regulate fat synthesis and decomposition, as well as affected positively the gut microbiota structure, intestinal barrier function and systemic inflammatory response, then these beneficial effects are amplified along Gut-liver axis, which regulated intestinal flora metabolites such as SCFAs and BAs by HMGCR/FXR/SHP signaling pathway to improve high fat diet induced lipid metabolism disorders effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Panax ginseng was fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae GIW‐1. The crude ginseng polysaccharides were extracted and purified by DEAE‐Sepharose Fast Flow, and the monosaccharide analysis was performed by GC/MS. In addition, the in vitro antioxidant and the anti‐inflammatory activities in mice of polysaccharides were determined. Results showed that the uronic acid content of fermented polysaccharide was significantly increased than nonfermented ginseng, showing that the acid polysaccharide was increased after fermentation. And the ginseng polysaccharides between fermented and nonfermented showed different physiological activity after fermentation. Results of the in vitro antioxidant assay showed ginseng polysaccharides after S. cerevisiae GIW‐1 fermentation were found to possess higher capacity on scavenging hydroxyl and superoxide anion free radicals. Furthermore, fermented ginseng polysaccharides attenuated increases of liver index and the level of serum AST, and some inflammatory‐related factors including TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced mice. Practical applications: Microorganism as one of the important tools of biological method has been considered as a more effective and economical way to convert and synthesize natural compounds with more biologically activities. In this paper, we analyze the ginseng polysaccharides after fermented by S. cerevisiae GIW‐1. Result showed that fermented ginseng polysaccharides existed superior potency than nonfermented ginseng polysaccharides on antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities. Moreover, the content of uronic acid in fermented ginseng polysaccharides have increased. These data maybe provide new insight into the natural antioxidants and impetus the development of ginseng in food industry with improving added value of ginseng products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial sterilization is a typical food processing method. The effects of commercial sterilization on non-ginsenoside functional components including phenolic acids, alkaloids, flavonoids, lignins and coumarins in ginsengs were studied by widely targeted metabolomics based on UPLC-ESI-MS/MS system. These components of ginsengs were significantly distinguished using principal component analysis. The results suggested that a total of 259 non-ginsenoside functional compounds were identified, among which 46 phenolic acids, 12 alkaloids, 18 flavonoids, 12 lignins and coumarins were increased. On the contrary, 7 phenolic acids, 4 alkaloids and 5 flavonoids were decreased. This study systematically analyzed the impact of commercial sterilization on the non-ginsenoside functional components in fresh ginseng pulp and provides novel reference values for ginseng processing. • 259 non-ginsenoside functional compounds were identified by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. • 104 non-ginsenoside functional compounds were changed in SGP. • A number of important functional compounds were significantly increased in SGP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • High regioselectivity and hydrolysis ability to ginsenosides by snailase were found. • Ginsenoside Ro was transformed to Chikusetsusaponin Ⅳa in vitro for the first time. • Ginsenoside Ro was transformed to Glucosyl oleanilate in vitro for the first time. • Ginsenoside Ro was transformed to Zingibroside R1 in vitro for the first time. • Ginsenoside Ro was transformed to Silphioside F in vitro for the first time. Minor ginsenosides display higher physiological activities than those of major ginsenosides, but their low abundance limits their clinical application. In this study, snailase was employed to transform protopanaxadiol-type (PPD) ginsenosides, protopanaxatriol-type (PPT) ginsenosides, and Ro to minor ginsenosides. The results showed that snailase hydrolyzed the saccharide chains at the C-3 position of Rb1, Rc, Rb2 Rg3 and Ro and the saccharide chains at the C-28 position of Ro efficiently. The end glucosyl unit of the saccharide chain at the C-6 position of Rf was hydrolyzed entirely. However, the rhamnosyl of Re was intact. The end glucosyl unit of the ginsenoside Rb1 was hydrolyzed entirely, but both arabinopyranosyl of Rb2 and arabinofuranosyl of Rc were not hydrolyzed. So snailase is selective for glycoside bond locations and saccharide types of ginsenoside, and it can be used to produce Rg3, CK, Rh1 and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of citric acid-autoclaving (CA-A) treatment on physicochemical and digestive properties of the native ginseng starches were investigated. The results showed that ginseng starch exhibited a B-type crystal structure with a low onset pasting temperature of 44.23 ± 0.80 °C, but high peak viscosity and setback viscosity of 5897.34 ± 53.72 cP and 692.00 ± 32.36 cP, respectively. The granular morphology, crystal and short-range ordered structure of ginseng starches were destroyed after CA-A treatment. The more short-chain starches were produced, resulting in the ginseng starches solubility increased. In addition, autoclaving, citric acid (CA) and CA-A treatment promoted polymerization and recrystallization of starch molecules, increased the proportion of amylopectin B1, and B3 chains, and improved molecular weight and resistant starch (RS) content of ginseng starches. The most significant multi-scale structural change was induced by CA-A treatment, which reduced the relative crystallinity of ginseng starch from 28.26 ± 0.24 % to 2.75 ± 0.08 %, and increased the content of RS to 54.30 ± 0.14 %. These findings provided a better understanding of the structure and properties of Chinese ginseng starches and offered new ideas for the deep processing of ginseng foods. [Display omitted] • Natural ginseng starch was mainly polygonal, less stable, and prone to regrowth. • CA and autoclaving treatment reduced the setback viscosity of ginseng starch. • CA-AGS had higher thermal stability and resistant starch content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclophosphamide (CTX) is a widely used anticancer drug that can cause liver injury, but there is no effective treatment available at present. The antioxidant properties of Lactobacillus plantarum Lp2 in vitro and its effect on CTX-induced liver injury in mice were investigated thoroughly. The order of antioxidant capacity of the fermentate of Lp2 was as followed: fermented supernatant > cell-free extract > intact cell. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with 80 mg/kg BW/d CTX for 3 days to build a liver injury model, then treated with Lp2 fermented supernatant (Lp2-s) and Lp2 culture broth (Lp2). After 10 days, the indicators of oxidative stress and liver injury were measured. Both Lp2-s and Lp2 restored the levels of T-SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, MDA, GSH, ALT, and AST. The western blotting results showed that Lp2-s and Lp2 ameliorated CTX-induced oxidative damage and hepatocyte apoptosis via inhibiting MAPKs pathway and strengthening Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 antioxidant defense system, thus inhibiting the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis pathway. Therefore, both Lp2-s and Lp2 had similar protective effects on CTX-induced liver injury. [Display omitted] • Lactobacillus plantarum Lp2 had superior antioxidant activity in vivo and in vitro. • Lp2 supernatant (Lp2-s) and culture broth (Lp2) improved CTX-induced liver injury. • Lp2-s and Lp2 suppressed CTX-induced elevation of liver injury marker enzymes. • Lp2-s and Lp2 alleviated CTX-induced oxidative stress. • Lp2-s and Lp2 inhibited MAPKs, activated Nrf2 and reduced apoptosis induced by CTX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]