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Abstract Food nutrition and safety are the cornerstones of food industry, and appropriate research models are crucial. Unlike traditional animal models, the novel organoid model with unique humanization and genome stability has attracted great attentions in food research. However, there lacks systematic review on the application of organoids in food research. This review compared the organoid model with traditional animal and two‐dimensional cell models, followed by a systemic evaluation of the organoid model in food nutrition and safety regarding foodborne pathogenic bacteria, functional food factors, toxicology, flavor perception, and so on. Furthermore, emerging micromachining technologies such as microfluidic technology and three‐dimensional (3D) bioprinting were analyzed to improve the microenvironment and maturity of organoids. Although organoids overcome some shortcomings associated with traditional models, there are still some challenges to simulate the in vivo microenvironment fully. The development direction of organoids is integrating advanced technologies such as microfluidic technology, novel biomaterial scaffold, and 3D bioprinting with multi‐organ coculture technology and multi‐scale real‐time monitoring systems. The innovative development of organoid technology is expected to provide a theoretical basis for developing future foods represented by cell‐cultured meat and synthetic biological foods and for the research of food nutrition and safety.

ABSTRACT: Brevibacillus laterosporus S62-9 has been shown to improve broiler growth performance and immunity. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of B. laterosporus S62-9 on the immunity and lipid metabolism of broilers by means of transcriptomic analysis. A total of 160 1-day-old broilers were randomly allocated to a S62-9 group, the diet of which was supplemented with 106 CFU/g B. laterosporus S62-9 daily, and a control group, which was not. After 42 d of feeding, the broilers in the S62-9 group had higher body mass (7.2%) and feed conversion ratio (5.19%) than the control group. Supplementation with B. laterosporus S62-9 resulted in lower serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations and higher high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations. An analysis of the fatty acid composition of the broiler's thigh muscles revealed that the proportions of the unsaturated fatty acids myristoleic acid (C14:1) and arachidonic acid (C20:1) were higher for birds in the S62-9 group. Transcriptomic analysis also showed an upregulation of immunity-related genes in the S62-9 group. Gene Ontology functional enrichment analysis showed that the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was enriched in the liver, the defense response was enriched in the duodenum, and immunoglobulin-related entries were enriched in the jejunum of the S62-9 group. Furthermore, the expression of key genes involved in unsaturated fatty acid synthesis (SCD, encoding stearoyl-CoA desaturase) and fatty acid metabolism (HACD2, encoding 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase 2) was upregulated in the liver, and the expression of genes associated with fat biosynthesis and accumulation, such as PLIN1, encoding perilipin 1, and FABP4, encoding fatty acid binding protein 4, was upregulated in the ileum of the birds in the S62-9 group. In summary, supplementation with B. laterosporus S62-9 could improve immune defense and the fatty acid metabolism of broiler chickens, thereby enhancing their disease resistance and promoting growth and development.

The aim of this study was to reveal whether different types of pork have distinct microbial contamination and resistance genes. This work employed metagenomics to investigate microbial contamination in organic, intensive, and cage-free pork. HPC-NGS allowed for the detection of resistance gene content and distribution. Compared to organic and cage-free pork, the microorganisms in intensive pork were noticeably richer and more diverse. 18 resistance genes with a relative content of 122.12 were found in intensive pork; 11 resistance genes with a relative content of 5.07 were found in organic pork; 7 resistance genes with a relative content of 7.97 were found in cage-free pork. The kinds and contents of antibiotic-resistant genes in intensive pork were significantly higher than those in organic and cage-free pork. In conclusion, under feeding conditions with minimal antibiotics, pork will have comparatively low levels of antibiotics-resistance genes and bacteria of all kinds.

Abstract Cultured meat production has emerged as a breakthrough technology for the global food industry with the potential to reduce challenges associated with environmental sustainability, global public health, animal welfare, and competition for food between humans and animals. The muscle stem cell lines currently used for cultured meat cannot be passaged in vitro for extended periods of time. Here, we develop a directional differentiation system of porcine pre-gastrulation epiblast stem cells (pgEpiSCs) with stable cellular features and achieve serum-free myogenic differentiation of the pgEpiSCs. We show that the pgEpiSCs-derived skeletal muscle progenitor cells and skeletal muscle fibers have typical muscle cell characteristics and display skeletal muscle transcriptional features during myogenic differentiation. Importantly, we establish a three-dimensional differentiation system for shaping cultured tissue by screening plant-based edible scaffolds of non-animal origin, followed by the generation of pgEpiSCs-derived cultured meat. These advances provide a technical approach for the development of cultured meat.

Listeria monocytogenes is a worrisome food-borne pathogen threatening global food safety. Our previous study proved that lipopeptide brevilaterin B showed efficient antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes by interacting with the cell membrane. This research further explored the antibacterial mechanism of brevilaterin B against L. monocytogenes at the sub-minimum inhibition concentration via transcriptomic analysis. Brevilaterin B induced growth inhibition rather than direct membrane lysis in L. monocytogenes at the minimum inhibitory concentration. Transcriptomic analysis showed 1779 difference expressed genes, including 895 up-regulated and 884 down-regulated genes. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis indicated that brevilaterin B influenced multiple pathways of L. monocytogenes, including peptidoglycan biosynthesis, membrane transport (ATP-binding cassette transports, ion transport), cellular metabolism (amino acid and lipid metabolism), ATP synthesis, and activation of the stress response (quorum sensing and bacterial chemotaxis). In conclusion, brevilaterin B affects gene expression related to biosynthesis, transport and stress response pathways on the membrane of L. monocytogenes. The present work provides the first transcriptomic assessment of the antibacterial mechanism of lipopeptide brevilaterin B at the gene level.

Abstract Intestinal cancer is one of the most frequent and lethal types of cancer. Modeling intestinal cancer using organoids has emerged in the last decade. Human intestinal cancer organoids are physiologically relevant in vitro models, which provides an unprecedented opportunity for fundamental and applied research in colorectal cancer. “Human intestinal cancer organoids” is the first set of guidelines on human intestinal organoids in China, jointly drafted and agreed by the experts from the Chinese Society for Cell Biology and its branch society: the Chinese Society for Stem Cell Research. This standard specifies terms and definitions, technical requirements, test methods for human intestinal cancer organoids, which apply to the production and quality control during the process of manufacturing and testing of human intestinal cancer organoids. It was released by the Chinese Society for Cell Biology on 24 September 2022. We hope that the publication of this standard will guide institutional establishment, acceptance and execution of proper practocal protocols, and accelerate the international standardization of human intestinal cancer organoids for clinical development and therapeutic applications.

Abstract Organoids have attracted great interest for disease modelling, drug discovery and development, and tissue growth and homeostasis investigations. However, lack of standards for quality control has become a prominent obstacle to limit their translation into clinic and other applications. “Human intestinal organoids” is the first guideline on human intestinal organoids in China, jointly drafted and agreed by the experts from the Chinese Society for Cell Biology and its branch society: the Chinese Society for Stem Cell Research. This standard specifies terms and definitions, technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules for human intestinal organoids, which is applicable to quality control during the process of manufacturing and testing of human intestinal organoids. It was originally released by the Chinese Society for Cell Biology on 24 September 2022. We hope that the publication of this standard will guide institutional establishment, acceptance and execution of proper practical protocols and accelerate the international standardization of human intestinal organoids for applications.

The aroma characteristics of crude walnut oil (CWO) and soft-refined walnut oil (RWO) were analyzed using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). CWO was obtained from walnut samples of seven varieties in Yunnan using aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE), while RWO was produced by deacidifying and dehydrating CWO. Comprehensive analyses using both GC-IMS and HS-SPME-GC-MS were performed to discern the volatile compounds in CWO and RWO. Chemometric techniques including hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), stepwise linear discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were employed for the characterization and classification of the oils. The results indicated that GC-IMS served as an excellent complementary technique to GC-MS for aroma characterization. Additionally, PLS-DA was found to be effective for categorizing walnut oil based on HS-GC-IMS. Through GC-MS and OPLS-DA, a clear distinction between CWO and RWO samples was established. The outcomes indicated that both CWO and RWO contained distinct volatile compounds, and the refining process impacted the composition of volatile compounds in the oils. This research sheds light on the volatile substances in walnut oils and their changes during the refining process, enhancing insights into moderate processing of walnut oil.

ABSTRACTThis study employed untargeted metabolomics to reveal the changes in the metabolic profile of walnut milk under two different processing methods. The walnut milk of the control group was not treated, which was fermented through L. plantarum in F group, while the walnut milk after proteolysis was fermented in EF group. The results showed that fermentation gradually reduced the pH of walnut milk to 4.70 and 3.61 in F and EF group respectively, for viable count which are 2.9 × 109 CFU/mL and 9.3 × 109 CFU/mL. The antioxidant activity of EF group is significantly higher than Con group (p

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to reveal the mechanism of its wound healing function at the molecular level using transcriptome sequencing technology. The results showed that EAE mainly upregulated Cyclin A gene through AMPK signalling pathway, activated cell cycle pathway, promoted DNA synthesis, accelerated mitosis, and thus promoted the proliferation of Human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells. In addition, analysis of downregulated gene enrichment revealed that these genes were significantly or very significantly enriched not only in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway but also in the TNF and the NF-κB signalling inflammatory classical pathway. It was mainly through downregulation of genes such as Fn14, CCL2, CCL5, CARD14 and LTB that prevented inflammatory responses while delaying apoptosis. The results of this study provided important information for the molecular mechanism of wound healing of EAE and provided a basis for further development of functional products of raspberry.

Rumexpatientia L. ×Rumextianshanicus A. Los (RRL), known as “protein grass” in China, was recognized as a new food ingredient in 2021. However, the cultivation and product development of RRL are still at an early stage, and no peptide research has been reported. In this study, two novel antioxidant peptides, LKPPF and LPFRP, were purified and identified from RRL and applied to H2O2-induced HepG2 cells to investigate their antioxidant properties. It was shown that 121 peptides were identified by ultrafiltration, gel filtration chromatography, and LC-MS/MS, while computer simulation and molecular docking indicated that LKPPF and LPFRP may have strong antioxidant properties. Both peptides were not cytotoxic to HepG2 cells at low concentrations and promoted cell growth, which effectively reduced the production of intracellular ROS and MDA, and increased cell viability and the enzymatic activities of SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT. Therefore, LKPPF and LPFRP, two peptides, possess strong antioxidant activity, which provides a theoretical basis for their potential as food additives or functional food supplements, but still need to be further investigated through animal models as well as cellular pathways.

In this study, phenolics extracted from male walnut flowers were purified and analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. After ultrasonic extraction of male walnut flowers with 60% ethanol, AB-8, D3520, NKA-9, D101, and NKA macroporous adsorption resins were compared for purification. The AB-8 macroporous resin gave the best adsorption and desorption performance for 0.7 mg gallic acid equivalents/mL samples (pH 3.0) loaded at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Elution was carried out with 50% ethanol without pH adjustment. The purity of the phenolics in the eluate (72.5%) was 3.1 times that in the original extract. Analysis by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry identified 16 compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and coumarins in the purified phenolics. The most abundant compounds were chlorogenic acid, kaempferol, and methoxycoumarin. Two compounds were got in male walnut flowers for the first time, and those need yet to be proved by further experiments.

In order to reveal the main composition of walnut globulin and its antioxidant activity in vitro, defatted walnut meal was used as raw material to separate and purify the globulin. And 2,2'-azido-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), ABTS) cationic radical scavenging ability was used to evaluate its antioxidant capacity, after further defatting, the crude walnut globulin extract was extracted according to the Osborne fractionation method, and then the main protein components were separated and purified by HiTrapTM CaptoTM Q anion exchange column and SephacrylTM S 100HR gel filtration column. The results showed that the prepared globulin protein content was 51.53%, accounting for 15.3% of the walnut protein, and the isoelectric point was 3.8. The results of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the molecular weight of the purified main protein component was 10.1 kDa. The major protein component in the active state consists of a 7S globulin vicilin Car i 2.0101 and 2S albumin. It was found that both crude globulin extract and purified protein component had good scavenging ability against ABTS+·, with IC50 values of 0.302 and 0.075 mg/mL, respectively, indicating that the scavenging ability of purified protein component was increased by more than 4 times. The research results could provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of walnut globulin.

Objective: To investigate the effects of silkworm pupa (Bombyx mori) protein (SPP) on cell proliferation, apoptosis and energy metabolism in human colon cancer cells DLD-1. Methods: CCK-8 was used to detect cell proliferation rate after 72 h of cell culture for the control group (normal cultured DLD-1 cells) and SPP dose groups; Annexin-V/PI was applied to observe cell apoptosis; XFe24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer was used to detect cell mitochondrial respiratory function and glycolytic function. Results: Comparing with the control, SPP significantly inhibited the proliferation of DLD-1 cells with all the dosage tested (P < 0.01); flow cytometry showed that SPP significantly promoted apoptosis (P < 0.05). Additionally, SPP could significantly inhibited mitochondrial metabolism and glycolysis of DLD-1 cells and decreased cell energy metabolism in all groups treated with different doses. Conclusion: SPP can cause oxidative damage, promote apoptosis, and reduce mitochondrial respiratory and glycolysis rate in colon cancer DLD-1 cells, which reveals that SPP has the potential to serve as the anti-cancer drugs in the future, but further experimental evidence is needed.

Abstract Background Brevilaterin A-E, a novel class of multi-component cationic antimicrobial lipopeptides, were biosynthesized by a non-ribosomal peptides synthetase (NRPS) in Brevibacillus laterosporus. However, the antimicrobial abilities of different brevilaterin components varied greatly, and this multi-component form was impeding the scale production of the excellent component, and a little information about the brevilaterin biosynthesis mechanism was available to apply in brevilaterin design modification. In this study, we used an accurate strategy that revealed the reason for producing multi-component was the substrate selectivity of bre2691A protein being not enough specific and pinpointed the key design sites to make the specificity of bre2691A enhanced. Results Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the biocatalytic site of bre2691A, which was an adenylation domain catalyzed and recognized methionine, leucine, valine and isoleucine and thus introduced them into brevilaterins and caused different components (brevilaterin A-E), was consisted of A1 ~ A10 residues named specificity-conferring code. Coupling molecular docking simulations with mutation studies identified A2 and A7 as critical residues, where determined substrate-specificity and impacted activity. The in virto activity assay showed that the A2 mutant (G193A) would lose activity against methionine and have no effect on the other three amino acids, the A7 mutant (G285C) would enhance the catalytic activity against four substrates, especially against leucine at almost a double activity. When the A2 and A7 residues were synchronously mutated, this mutant would be more focused on recognizing leucine. Conclusions An accurate strategy that combined with bioinformatics and site-directed mutation techniques revealed the pivotal site A2 and A7 positions of bre2691A protein that could be used to design and modify brevilaterins, thus further providing a reasonable direction of genetic engineering for Brevibacillus laterosporus. A deeper understanding of the function of crucial residues in the adenylation domain would make it get more accurate and highly efficient design and more fully utilized. Furthermore, it would contribute to biotechnological applications, namely for the large centralized synthesis of antimicrobial peptides, or for the optimization of their production. Graphic Abstract

Walnuts are one of the world’s most important nut species and are popular for their high nutritional value, but the processing of walnuts produces numerous by-products. Among them, Diaphragma Juglandis Fructus has attracted the attention of researchers due to its complex chemical composition and diverse bioactivities. However, comprehensive reviews of extract activity and mechanistic studies, chemical composition functionality, and product types are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this review is to analyze the extracts, chemical composition, and product development of Diaphragma Juglandis Fructus. Conclusions: For extracts, the biological activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts have been studied more extensively than those of methanol extracts, but almost all of the studies have been based on crude extracts, with fewer explorations of their mechanisms. For chemical composition, the bioactivities of polyphenols and polysaccharides were more intensively studied, while other chemical constituents were at the stage of content determination. For product development, walnuts are mainly used in food and medicine, but the product range is limited. In the future, research on the bioactivity and related mechanisms of Diaphragma Juglandis Fructus can be further expanded to improve its value as a potential natural plant resource applied in multiple industries.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important non-proteinogenic amino acid and a potent bioactive compound with many anti-hypertensive and anti-depressant activities. The bioconversion of GABA by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) has been eagerly studied. Herein, novel pyridoxal-5-phosphate monohydrates (PLP)-dependent GAD, which is not quite similar to reporting, was cloned from Latilactobacillus curvatus and efficiently expressed in E. coli. The conveniently purified GAD (designated LcGAD10s) appeared as a single protein on SDS-PAGE with a molecular mass of 52.0 kDa. LcGAD10s exhibited a specific activity of 303.7 U/mg after purification by Ni–IDA affinity chromatography, with optimal activity at 55 °C and pH 5. LcGAD10s displayed excellent temperature (50 °C) and pH (4–8) stability which relative activity above 80% and 70%, respectively. The enzymatic activity was, respectively, increased and depressed by 130%, and 24% in the presence of Mn+ and Cu2+. Enzyme activity over 90% can be achieved by adding at least 25 mM of PLP. LcGAD10s was able to efficiently transform 15 g/L GABA with a single-factor optimized reaction of pH (5), temperature (50 °C), time (2 h), LcGAD10s dosage (0.4 U) and monosodium glutamate level (5 g/L). Additionally, LcGAD10s can be applied to a tofu fermentation system to achieve GABA conversion and achieved 14.9 mg/g of GABA conversion when added at 2 U/mL, which is higher than most of the commercial sufu and previous application reports, increasing its functional substances.

The increased vascular inflammation is a key event in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Antrodia cinnamomea has been shown to promote anticancerogenic activity through decreasing inflammation. However, the potential role of A. cinnamomea in cardiovascular diseases remains unexplored. Herein, using carotid arterial ligation models, we found that ethanol extract from A. cinnamomea (EEAC) significantly inhibited neointimal hyperplasia in a dose-dependent manner, accompanied with the reduced expression of activated p65 and inflammatory cytokines. We also show that EEAC ameliorated TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of p65 and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in both vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and macrophages in vitro. Mechanistically, EEAC suppressed expression levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) in VSMCs, which attenuates the ability of monocytes/macrophages adhesion to VSMCs. Furthermore, the expression level of these adhesion molecules and infiltration of monocytes/macrophages were also decreased in neointimal VSMCs of arteries pretreated with EEAC. Altogether, our results reveal a novel function of A. cinnamomea in suppressing vascular inflammation upon ligation injury during neointimal formation, likely through inhibition of inflammatory cell infiltration via downregulating the adhesion molecules in VSMCs. Thus, A. cinnamomea may offer a pharmacological therapy to slow down disease progression in patients with vascular injury.

The preparation of novel antioxidant peptides from food raw materials is one of the research focuses, but there are fewer studies on the preparation of antioxidant peptides from walnut meal, a by-product of processing walnuts. This study analyzed the antioxidant properties and protective effects of walnut protein hydrolyzed by alkaline protease and trypsin on the oxidative stress of HT22 cells. The peptides were identified by UPLC-MS/MS, and the anti-oxidative peptides were screened based on virtual computer tools. The potential anti-oxidative stress mechanism of the walnut polypeptide on HT22 cells was explored by molecular docking. The results revealed that walnut protein hydrolysates (WPH) with molecular weights of less than 1 kDa had good antioxidant properties and inhibited oxidative damage of HT22 cells by regulating the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Six of the ninety identified new peptides showed good solubility, non-toxicity, and bioactivity. The molecular docking results showed that the six peptides could dock with Keap1 successfully, and EYWNR and FQLPR (single-letter forms of peptide writing) could interact with the binding site of Nrf2 in the Keap1-Kelch structural domain through hydrogen bonds with strong binding forces. The results of this study provided important information on the antioxidant molecular mechanism of the walnut polypeptide and provided a basis for further development of walnut antioxidant polypeptide products.

The purpose of this study was to explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of walnut peptide LPF in the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells model. The walnut peptide LPF down-regulated the phagocytic ability and the production of nitric oxide (NO) induced by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7. Molecular docking analysis showed that the walnut peptide LPF can bind into the active pocket of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) with high affinity. Further, the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were suppressed by the walnut peptide LPF intervention. Later, we validated the under-expression of INOS protein by western blot. The decreased mRNA expression of IκB-α demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of the walnut peptide LPF were related to the regulation of the NF-κB signalling pathway. Our results suggest that the walnut peptide LPF has the potential to be developed as a functional food ingredient against inflammation.

Probiotics are being used in diets to improve the quality of chicken meat. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Brevibacillus laterosporus S62-9 microbial agent on the meat quality, amino acids, and volatile compounds of chicken. The experiment was carried out with 160 1-day-old Arbor Acres male broiler chickens, rearing for 42 d. The chickens were randomly divided into two groups of 8 replicates each, with 10 chickens in each group. No supplement was added to the basal diet in the control group and Brevibacillus laterosporus S62-9 microbial agent was added to the diet of the experimental group. At the end of the experiment, the meat quality, meat chemical composition, amino acid composition, and volatile compounds of chicken were determined. The results showed that pH (p < 0.05), pressing loss (p < 0.05), cooking loss (p < 0.05), and shear force (p < 0.01) were notably decreased, the percentage of breast meat (p < 0.01), protein content (p < 0.05) were visibly increased, and remarkable changes were observed in the amino acid composition (change in seven amino acids) and volatile compounds profile (an increase of about 20-fold in the contents of 1-octen-3-ol and hexanal). In summary, it was found that Brevibacillus laterosporus S62-9 microbial agent can be used as a novel and effective feed supplement to improve the nutritional quality and flavor characteristics of broilers.

Abstract Stem cells, which could be developed as starting or raw materials for cell therapy, hold tremendous promise for regenerative medicine. However, despite multiple fundamental and clinical studies, clinical translation of stem cells remains in the early stages. In contrast to traditional chemical drugs, cellular products are complex, and efficacy can be altered by culture conditions, suboptimal cell culture techniques, and prolonged passage such that translation of stem cells from bench to bedside involves not only scientific exploration but also normative issues. Establishing an integrated system of standards to support stem cell applications has great significance in efficient clinical translation. In recent years, regulators and the scientific community have recognized gaps in standardization and have begun to develop standards to support stem cell research and clinical translation. Here, we discuss the development of these standards, which support the translation of stem cell products into clinical therapy, and explore ongoing work to define current stem cell guidelines and standards. We also introduce general aspects of stem cell therapy and current international consensus on human pluripotent stem cells, discuss standardization of clinical‐grade stem cells, and propose a framework for establishing stem cell standards. Finally, we review ongoing development of international and Chinese standards supporting stem cell therapy.

Bacterial contamination is a primary threat to food safety. Therefore, the persistent development of natural antibacterial agents has become essential work. The present essay attempts to establish a systematic antibacterial activity database to instruct the food application of brevilaterins, promising antibacterial lipopeptides from Brevibacillus laterosporus S62-9. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were systematically collected from 43 species of standard bacteria and 140 strains of isolated bacteria (food spoilage bacteria and antibiotic-resistant bacteria) using a broth dilution method. The results showed that brevilaterins performed a broad-spectrum inhibitory (0.5~128 μg/mL) and bactericidal activity (1~256 μg/mL), especially efficient against Gram-positive bacteria and spoilage bacteria from grain products. Moreover, brevilaterins not only inhibit and kill multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria but do not readily develop resistance, with a small specific value of MBC/MIC (1~8). Furthermore, brevilaterins would interact with negatively charged sodium dodecyl sulfate and bind amphipathic soybean phospholipid with an affinity constant of KD = 4.70 × 10−4 M. No significant activity difference was found between brevilaterin B and brevilaterin C. Collectively, this work contributed rich antibacterial data of brevilaterins and revealed the antibacterial regularity beneath these data, which can be used as an activity handbook to instruct their application in food safety.

Agaricus bisporus lectin (ABL), which is one of the antinutritional factors in A. bisporus, is an important allergen and harmful to human health. Due to the shortcomings of the current detection methods, it is extremely urgent to establish a rapid and sensitive detection method for ABL in foods. To isolate the ssDNA aptamer of ABL, 13 rounds of subtractive systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) selection were carried out. As a result, six candidate aptamers were selected and further examined for their binding affinity and specificity by enzyme-linked aptamer method. One aptamer (seq-41) against ABL with a high affinity and specificity was isolated and demonstrated to be the optimal aptamer whose dissociation constant reaches the nanomolar level, Kd = 31.17 ± 0.1070 nM. Based on seq-41, an aptamer-AuNPs colorimetric method was established to detect ABL with a linear range of 0.08∼1.70 μg/mL and the detection limit is 0.062 μg/mL. This study provides a novel aptamer-AuNPs colorimetric method with high sensitivity and specificity for detection of ABL and a novel strategy for development of detection method of fungal or plant allergens.

The rapid advancement of human stem cell research and its expansion into emerging areas has resulted in an escalation of ethical challenges associated with these studies. As a result, there has been a corresponding increase in both the volume and complexity of institutional ethics reviews, coupled with higher expectations for the quality of the review process. In response to these challenges, this standard provides a comprehensive outline of the fundamental principles, content, types, and procedures of ethics review, specifically focusing on non-clinical human stem cell research. Its purpose is to provide clear operational and procedural guidelines, as well as recommendations, for the ethics review of such studies. The document was originally published by the Chinese Society for Cell Biology on August 30, 2022. It is our hope that the publication of these guidelines will facilitate the integration of ethical considerations and evaluations in a structured manner throughout the entire process of stem cell research, ultimately fostering a healthy and orderly development of the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'General requirements for the production of extracellular vesicles derived from human stem cells' is the first guideline for stem cells derived extracellular vesicles in China, jointly drafted and agreed upon by experts from the Chinese Society for Stem Cell Research. This standard specifies the general requirements, process requirements, packaging and labelling requirements and storage requirements for preparing extracellular vesicles derived from human stem cells, which is applicable to the research and production of extracellular vesicles derived from stem cells. It was originally released by the China Society for Cell Biology on 30 August 2022. We hope that the publication of this guideline will promote institutional establishment, acceptance and execution of proper protocols, and accelerate the international standardisation of extracellular vesicles derived from human stem cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]