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Energy-efficient, adaptive, affordable and durable curtain wall systems have always attracted great interest among the scientific and technical communities. In this regard, the purpose of this work was to conduct a comprehensive review of the issues related to energy-efficient adaptive dynamic facades, taking into account their operating loads, revealing the diversity of the studies conducted in this area. The review of the literature was carried out in three stages. For all stages, the review period was 2001–2024. In the first stage, a review of traditional curtain facade systems was conducted, which emphasized the relevance of this area, identifying a total of 4338 sources. In the second stage, a review of specific issues, such as adaptive dynamic facade systems, yielded 2838 sources, from which the 87 most suitable sources were selected. In the third stage, a review focusing on the issue of operating loads yielded 741 works, from which 43 suitable sources were selected. At the same time, pie charts reflecting the most active international scientific journals were compiled for each area. The conducted review of energy-efficient adaptive dynamic building facades, taking into account their operating loads, could provide significant assistance in further research on the specified issues. As researchers mainly focus on environmental friendliness and cost-effectiveness, they often neglect issues such as the systems' resistance to operating loads, which represents a serious deficiency. In this regard, this review identified a gap in the research on the development of energy-efficient facades with an air layer; on this basis, the further development of adaptive facade systems is required. The review of the selected studies also showed that issues related to energy efficiency and sustainability, taking into account operational loads, have not been addressed in combination; rather, they have only been addressed individually. At the same time, this review shows that the proposed development of an adaptive system of external fencing could be relevant, both nationally and internationally, depending on the natural and climatic conditions of the territory for which the buildings are designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulk density (Db) and subsequent physical properties are determined by the substrate and packing method. Packing method is the way one fills and compresses a substrate within a given volume. Bulk density produced in the laboratory may not align with “expected” published ranges due to variations in packing. Additionally, it is unknown if ranges identified as “typical” using a small volume sample ring reflect Db occurring in larger production size containers packed using commercial potting practices. Therefore, our objectives were to 1) emulate nursery practices and document the Db associated with a potted 2.8-L (#1) container, 2) develop and test the new “shim and compression” method to determine if it consistently packs sample rings to a Db commensurate with that of a 2.8-L nursery container, and 3) demonstrate how static physical properties are affected by the new “shim and compression” sample ring packing method compared with the traditional bench top tap method. When emulating nursery potting practices with 100% pine bark, coir, and peat, and blends of each, Db ranged from 0.08 g.cm-3 (coconut coir) to 0.17 g.cm-3 (pine bark). We used an espresso tamp and shims to pack the aforementioned substrates in sample rings. The Db achieved using a range in number of presses and discs was largely dependent on the substrate, but the desired Db was consistently achieved for each substrate. There was no effect of disc number on Db (P 5 1.000) for any substrate. There was no effect of tamp number (P $ 0.0602) for all substrates except peat-amended, for which five tamps yielded a greater Db than one tamp (P 5 0.0324). In an experiment in which a different technician who was accustomed to the conventional benchtop tap packing method performed both methods, method influenced Db (P < 0.0001), and the conventional method more closely attained the target Db. To our knowledge, this is the only report of Db observed in commercial container production facilities (i.e., “native”). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study uses general scientific and special methods, the main of which are: abstract-logical, deductive, inductive, historical, modelling and forecasting, methods of system-structural, system-functional analysis, economic and statistical (grouping, comparison, etc.). The use of system analysis methods made it possible to structure the constituent elements of the regulatory and legal support of public administration in the field of protection of atmospheric air and airspace of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to characterise the protection of atmospheric air and airspace of Ukraine in the regulatory, legal, environmental and economic aspects. It is determined that the regulatory framework for regulating the principles of atmospheric air safety is a component of the mechanism for ensuring environmental safety. The article emphasises that for the first time the principles of environmental safety were enshrined in the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine, where the principles of environmental safety were established at the level of a separate section. It is emphasised that the functional content of the administrative and legal protection of atmospheric air includes: ensuring air pollution within the limits of the maximum permissible emission standards in order to ensure the right of a person to a safe and quality environment; greening of production; introduction of ecological fuel quality standards; greening of the energy cluster of the economy, including through the introduction of the principles of decentralisation of the country's energy system; establishment of information interaction between the participants of legal relations in order to ensure the transparency of economic activities related to environmental pollution; formation of a high level of environmental legal awareness, etc. The article draws a conclusion that ensuring proper quality of atmospheric air is a component of the mechanism for ensuring environmental safety. The authors underline that the understanding of the system of regulatory and legal regulation of atmospheric air and airspace protection should be functionally aimed at ensuring compliance with environmental standards for the operation of such facilities in accordance with economic feasibility and social justification. The paper concludes that atmospheric air safety and airspace safety are part of the national security system, where the former is a component of environmental safety and the latter is a component of state security, and should be understood as the state of atmospheric air and the integrity of the air environment, for which physical, chemical and biological properties are established which create favourable and sufficient conditions for the vital activity of people and settlements.

Countries around the world are spending a lot of social costs due to various social problems such as traffic congestion, housing, and living environments caused by urbanization. It is judged that it is urban air mobility (UAM) that can solve these problems, so each country and local government are actively participating in the UAM industry to solve these problems. And it is promoting it to the public with a blueprint as the best alternative that can dramatically solve the congested traffic environment in the city center. However, I don’t think it explains in detail the many limited operating environments and risks to be overcome in order to commercialize UAM. Therefore, I would like to consider the low-altitude airspace operating environment and vertical take-off landing aerodynamic limitations required for stable commercialization of UAM aircraft.

Countries around the world are spending a lot of social costs due to various social problems such as traffic congestion, housing, and living environments caused by urbanization. It is judged that it is urban air mobility (UAM) that can solve these problems, so each country and local government are actively participating in the UAM industry to solve these problems. And it is promoting it to the public with a blueprint as the best alternative that can dramatically solve the congested traffic environment in the city center. However, I don’t think it explains in detail the many limited operating environments and risks to be overcome in order to commercialize UAM. Therefore, I would like to consider the low-altitude airspace operating environment and vertical take-off landing aerodynamic limitations required for stable commercialization of UAM aircraft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulk density (Db) and subsequent physical properties are determined by the substrate and packing method. Packing method is the way one fills and compresses a substrate within a given volume. Bulk density produced in the laboratory may not align with “expected” published ranges due to variations in packing. Additionally, it is unknown if ranges identified as “typical” using a small volume sample ring reflect Db occurring in larger production size containers packed using commercial potting practices. Therefore, our objectives were to 1) emulate nursery practices and document the Db associated with a potted 2.8-L (#1) container, 2) develop and test the new “shim and compression” method to determine if it consistently packs sample rings to a Db commensurate with that of a 2.8-L nursery container, and 3) demonstrate how static physical properties are affected by the new “shim and compression” sample ring packing method compared with the traditional bench top tap method. When emulating nursery potting practices with 100% pine bark, coir, and peat, and blends of each, Db ranged from 0.08 g⋅cm−3 (coconut coir) to 0.17 g⋅cm−3 (pine bark). We used an espresso tamp and shims to pack the aforementioned substrates in sample rings. The Db achieved using a range in number of presses and discs was largely dependent on the substrate, but the desired Db was consistently achieved for each substrate. There was no effect of disc number on Db (P = 1.000) for any substrate. There was no effect of tamp number (P ≥ 0.0602) for all substrates except peat-amended, for which five tamps yielded a greater Db than one tamp (P = 0.0324). In an experiment in which a different technician who was accustomed to the conventional benchtop tap packing method performed both methods, method influenced Db (P < 0.0001), and the conventional method more closely attained the target Db. To our knowledge, this is the only report of Db observed in commercial container production facilities (i.e., “native”).

Energy-efficient, adaptive, affordable and durable curtain wall systems have always attracted great interest among the scientific and technical communities. In this regard, the purpose of this work was to conduct a comprehensive review of the issues related to energy-efficient adaptive dynamic facades, taking into account their operating loads, revealing the diversity of the studies conducted in this area. The review of the literature was carried out in three stages. For all stages, the review period was 2001–2024. In the first stage, a review of traditional curtain facade systems was conducted, which emphasized the relevance of this area, identifying a total of 4338 sources. In the second stage, a review of specific issues, such as adaptive dynamic facade systems, yielded 2838 sources, from which the 87 most suitable sources were selected. In the third stage, a review focusing on the issue of operating loads yielded 741 works, from which 43 suitable sources were selected. At the same time, pie charts reflecting the most active international scientific journals were compiled for each area. The conducted review of energy-efficient adaptive dynamic building facades, taking into account their operating loads, could provide significant assistance in further research on the specified issues. As researchers mainly focus on environmental friendliness and cost-effectiveness, they often neglect issues such as the systems’ resistance to operating loads, which represents a serious deficiency. In this regard, this review identified a gap in the research on the development of energy-efficient facades with an air layer; on this basis, the further development of adaptive facade systems is required. The review of the selected studies also showed that issues related to energy efficiency and sustainability, taking into account operational loads, have not been addressed in combination; rather, they have only been addressed individually. At the same time, this review shows that the proposed development of an adaptive system of external fencing could be relevant, both nationally and internationally, depending on the natural and climatic conditions of the territory for which the buildings are designed.

Abstract Background Primulina pungentisepala is suitable for use as a potted plant because of its beautiful leaf variegation, which is significantly different in its selfed offspring. However, the mechanism of P. pungentisepala leaf variegation is unclear. In this study, two types of offspring showing the greatest differences were compared in terms of leaf structure, chlorophyll contents, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and transcriptomes to provide a reference for studying the molecular mechanism of structural leaf variegation. Results Air spaces were found between water storage tissue, and the palisade tissue cells were spherical in the white type. The content of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll (chlorophyll a + b) was significantly lower in the white type, but there were no significant differences in the content of chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a/b or chlorophyll fluorescence parameters between the white and green types. We performed transcriptomic sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in cell division and differentiation, chlorophyll metabolism and photosynthesis. Among these genes, the expression of the cell division- and differentiation-related leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XET/H), pectinesterase (PE), expansin (EXP), cellulose synthase-like (CSL), VARIEGATED 3 (VAR3), and ZAT10 genes were downregulated in the white type, which might have promoted the development air spaces and variant palisade cells. Chlorophyll biosynthesis-related hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HEMC) and the H subunit of magnesium chelatase (CHLH) were downregulated, while chlorophyll degradation-related chlorophyllase-2 (CHL2) was upregulated in the white type, which might have led to lower chlorophyll accumulation. Conclusion Leaf variegation in P. pungentisepala was caused by a combination of mechanisms involving structural variegation and low chlorophyll levels. Our research provides significant insights into the molecular mechanisms of structural leaf variegation.

Today’s air traffic management (ATM) system evolves around the air traffic controllers and pilots. This human-centered design made air traffic remarkably safe in the past. However, with the increase in flights and the variety of aircraft using European airspace, it is reaching its limits. It poses significant problems such as congestion, deterioration of flight safety, greater costs, more delays, and higher emissions. Transforming the ATM into the “next generation” requires complex human-integrated systems that provide better abstraction of airspace and create situational awareness, as described in the literature for this problem. This paper makes the following contributions: (a) It outlines the complexity of the problem. (b) It introduces a digital assistance system to detect conflicts in air traffic by systematically analyzing aircraft surveillance data to provide air traffic controllers with better situational awareness. For this purpose, long short-term memory (LSTMs) networks, which are a popular version of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are used to determine whether their temporal dynamic behavior is capable of reliably monitoring air traffic and classifying error patterns. (c) Large-scale, realistic air traffic models with several thousand flights containing air traffic conflicts are used to create a parameterized airspace abstraction to train several variations of LSTM networks. The applied networks are based on a 20–10–1 architecture while using leaky ReLU and sigmoid activation function. For the learning process, the binary cross-entropy loss function and the adaptive moment estimation (ADAM) optimizer are applied with different learning rates and batch sizes over ten epochs. (d) Numerical results and achievements by using LSTM networks to predict various weather events, cyberattacks, emergency situations and human factors are presented.

State sovereignty in international law is not a solution, in the international world as a legal entity that acts as a subject of international law. This also happens between one country or another, which can then be announced the deeds agreed to by each country are not appropriate, because they must be approved by the deeds of other countries or we can call it the Relativity of State.There are three thoughts in understanding the concept of state sovereignty over developing air space. The first is that air space cannot be used or used by anyone because in principle, the state does not have sovereignty. Secondly, special rights such as freedom of air that do not limit the height of the airspace boundary are obtained by the State of the Netherlands. And finally, the principle that the state has freedom of airspace, but there is a territory or territorial zone that gives certain rights to the under the state that can be implemented. This research has the purpose of being able to know and analyze how the regulation and accountability of the state in an effort to protect and maintain the country's sovereignty over air space viewed from the perspective of international law. The research method used in this study is the normative juridical library method, where this normative juridical research is a study using literature with primary data such as laws and regulations, the scientific work of scholars, as well as from several books. Then it will be explained or described in a deductive description supported by literature study. Based on the results of research and discussion, we can find out that the thinking on the concept of state sovereignty territory starts from the three theoretical ideas mentioned earlier. Then put together in international agreements as stated in the 1944 Chicago International Civil Aviation Convention especially the definition of state sovereignty over air space, paragraph 1 which reads "the contracting states recognize that every state has complication and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory". The state is fully responsible for the maintenance and protection of the country's sovereign territory over air space.

The large-scale conflicts from recent decades in Yugoslavia (1999), Iraq (1991 and 2003), Afghanistan (2001-2014) and Libya (2011) have shown the importance of achieving and maintaining air supremacy. The states of the world are trying to modernize their aircraft or build new ones in order to meet this goal, simultaneously with doctrinal changes in the field and changes in the techniques, tactics and procedures by which military pilots act. The states that remain anchored in the past and do not take into account these developments, risk not being able to use the air force effectively, with major repercussions on the results of military operations, a fact also seen in the war in Ukraine in 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research work consists in determining the relations arising in public relations by differentiating the legal norms reflected in the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan during the analysis of measures taken to protect public order when launching unmanned aerial vehicles. One of the necessary problems is to identify actions that harm the lives of people, citizens and the state on the basis of events taking place in modern public life. Due to the insufficiency of regulatory norms in regulatory legal acts regu-lating the rights and freedoms of man and citizens, the study suggests measures to improve the current legislation.The shortcomings and gaps in the legal regulation of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (using the example of quadrocopters, drones) used for operational photo and video filming of site inspection on the example of incidents in the internal affairs bodies are revealed. Possible difficulties of their use in the airspace near airports and other strategically important facilities have been identified.Therefore, when writing a research paper, general and special methods and techniques were used. The offense, which is an encroachment on privacy, is currently multiple in nature through video recording.

Holding patterns are established at international airports to make the arriving traffic flow smooth and efficient. One of the main aims of holding patterns is to extend the aircraft arrival route, which allows ATC units to arrange the sequence on the arrival routes more effectively. The article considers the current methods and offers new ideas to improve the efficiency of the inbound traffic flow management using Paths and Terminators concept with HA holding patterns for standard arrival routes at Sheremetyevo Airport. As the main idea for optimizing air traffic management on this stage and reducing the workload on the controller, it is proposed to create extra routes in addition to the existing ones which include holding patterns, that will be used when needed to ensure a well-ordered traffic. The probabilistic method is used to calculate the maximum capacity of existing and proposed arrival routes with holding patterns. The proposed options for restructuring the airspace of the Moscow Terminal Control Area with preserving waypoints of starting standard arrival routes are presented.

Today's air traffic management (ATM) system evolves around the air traffic controllers and pilots. This human-centered design made air traffic remarkably safe in the past. However, with the increase in flights and the variety of aircraft using European airspace, it is reaching its limits. It poses significant problems such as congestion, deterioration of flight safety, greater costs, more delays, and higher emissions. Transforming the ATM into the "next generation" requires complex human-integrated systems that provide better abstraction of airspace and create situational awareness, as described in the literature for this problem. This paper makes the following contributions: (a) It outlines the complexity of the problem. (b) It introduces a digital assistance system to detect conflicts in air traffic by systematically analyzing aircraft surveillance data to provide air traffic controllers with better situational awareness. For this purpose, long short-term memory (LSTMs) networks, which are a popular version of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are used to determine whether their temporal dynamic behavior is capable of reliably monitoring air traffic and classifying error patterns. (c) Large-scale, realistic air traffic models with several thousand flights containing air traffic conflicts are used to create a parameterized airspace abstraction to train several variations of LSTM networks. The applied networks are based on a 20–10–1 architecture while using leaky ReLU and sigmoid activation function. For the learning process, the binary cross-entropy loss function and the adaptive moment estimation (ADAM) optimizer are applied with different learning rates and batch sizes over ten epochs. (d) Numerical results and achievements by using LSTM networks to predict various weather events, cyberattacks, emergency situations and human factors are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Primulina pungentisepala is suitable for use as a potted plant because of its beautiful leaf variegation, which is significantly different in its selfed offspring. However, the mechanism of P. pungentisepala leaf variegation is unclear. In this study, two types of offspring showing the greatest differences were compared in terms of leaf structure, chlorophyll contents, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and transcriptomes to provide a reference for studying the molecular mechanism of structural leaf variegation. Results: Air spaces were found between water storage tissue, and the palisade tissue cells were spherical in the white type. The content of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll (chlorophyll a + b) was significantly lower in the white type, but there were no significant differences in the content of chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a/b or chlorophyll fluorescence parameters between the white and green types. We performed transcriptomic sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in cell division and differentiation, chlorophyll metabolism and photosynthesis. Among these genes, the expression of the cell division- and differentiation-related leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XET/H), pectinesterase (PE), expansin (EXP), cellulose synthase-like (CSL), VARIEGATED 3 (VAR3), and ZAT10 genes were downregulated in the white type, which might have promoted the development air spaces and variant palisade cells. Chlorophyll biosynthesis-related hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HEMC) and the H subunit of magnesium chelatase (CHLH) were downregulated, while chlorophyll degradation-related chlorophyllase-2 (CHL2) was upregulated in the white type, which might have led to lower chlorophyll accumulation. Conclusion: Leaf variegation in P. pungentisepala was caused by a combination of mechanisms involving structural variegation and low chlorophyll levels. Our research provides significant insights into the molecular mechanisms of structural leaf variegation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Double-flowered gloxinia (Sinningia speciosa) cultivars with foliar variegation might have a greater market appeal as flowering foliage plants. Crosses were made among 16 gloxinia cultivars and their progenies were analyzed to determine the inheritance of leaf vein color, flower form, and floral symmetry. All plants from self-pollinating white-veined cultivars or crosses between white-veined and green-veined cultivars produced white veins. Progeny derived from self-pollinating plants of white-veined cultivars × green-veined cultivars segregated into a ratio of 3 white-veined:1 green-veined. All plants from self-pollinating or cross-pollinating single-flowered cultivars produced single flowers. Progeny of self-pollination or crosses between double-flowered cultivars segregated into a ratio of 3 double flowers:1 single flower. Contingency chi-square tests revealed that leaf vein color and flower form were inherited independently. New gloxinia progenies with homozygous white veins and double flowers were successfully developed from the F2 segregating population. Plants from self-pollinating or cross-pollinating cultivars with actinomorphic flowers produced actinomorphic flowers. A single dominant gene expressed in the homozygous or heterozygous state resulted in the zygomorphic flowers. Independent inheritance was observed between vein color and floral symmetry. Air spaces between the epidermis and the mesophyll cells were observed in the white, but not in the green, leaf vein portions. Net photosynthesis did not differ significantly between the white vein and adjacent green portion of the same leaf.

Copyright of Journal of Actual Problems of Jurisprudence / Habaršy. Zan̦ Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A legal and historical approach of European airspace highlights the advantage taken by observing the construction of regional entities from a geographer’s perspective. The European integration sheds a new light on the various historical and institutional legacies as they are involved in a dynamic system marked by "growing ascendancy of the EU" (Blavoukos, 2011). The main international organizations in charge of the European air space management (ICAO, ECAC, Eurocontrol, EASA) are operating at several geographical scales in an evolving geopolitical context that cartography on its own would have a hard time to render properly. However, such a challenge has an obvious geographical dimension in organizing a common airspace and in sharing the national sovereignties over it.

Copyright of Annals of 'Constantin Brancusi' University of Targu-Jiu. Juridical Science Series is the property of Universitatea Constantin Brancusi din Targu-Jiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The presented study aims to identify and to analyse key moments of evolution, present form as well as institutional support of international regime of air space in the spirit of existing customary, treaty and non-binding soft law norms of international public law, and briefly even in the spirit of rules of the European Union. Special attention will be paid to the issue of interaction between the international airspace regime and international environmental law in the area of protection of climate. These analyses will allow us to identify the most important problems and challenges of international aircraft law as one of the important sub-sections of international public law.

This work elaborates Civil Group Flight as a new concept of aircraft en-route separation in the WATEN (World Air Track Elastic Network – new system of air tracks based on segments of big circles with physical flexibility and commercial elasticity for accommodation of civil commercial air traffic) by the use of exact mathematical formulas. Its main objective is to preserve safety while providing better efficiency of air traffic and improving airspace capacity. In addition to the system operating as a whole, it is also possible to dissect specific calculations, models or subsystems from it, and make it cooperate with other automated systems engaged as supportive to the safety of civil air traffic. It will demonstrate segmentation of the problem into elements as: optimal flight profiles, short and medium term conflict detection, conflict solutions and other aspects of the free flight concept as well as optimization of the routes and route structures, flexible adaptations to physical obstacles (adverse weather, volcanoes etc) and legal restrictions (military operations, nuclear plants, segregated areas etc) and promotion of the Civil Group Flight as a solution to a free flight concept. The work consists of several fully worked out mathematical formulas on how to technically and operationally solve these issues, by the use of methods as the simplex algorithm or the least square method, to achieve the most prominent results. Principles of linear algebra and vector spaces are the core of any procedure used to model these separate categories. The goal of the whole project is to show how modern mathematical methods, conjoined with the concepts of Civil Group Flight and WATEN, may contribute to commercial air traffic economical improvements. This will be achieved through more efficient use of available airspace and improvements of flight economy, by optimization of horizontal and vertical flight profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aircraft navigation within controlled airspace is carried out using on-board positioning systems capable to determine the coordinates of aircraft location with the system performance that meet navigation specifications requirements. The article proposes a descriptive set theory use to navigational aids network analysis in order to determine the positioning performance of the navigation system at predefined airspace volume. The uniqueness of the study is shape evaluation of areas that correspond to navigation specifications requirements and area research of different positioning techniques based on navigational aids such as DME/DME, VOR/DME, and VOR/VOR. An analysis of Ukrainian airspace has been done as an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of air space in waterproof sealed case of undersea magnetic field resonance type wireless power transfer (WPT) is reported. It has been reported that the transmission power is increased by the air space between the transmitter and receiver coil in the waterproofing case and the wall surface of the case. We evaluated the dependence of the thickness of the air space from measurement and magnetic field analysis. The measurement and magnetic field analysis results indicated the similar tendency to increase the transmission power by 9.8% with the 10‐mm air space at the transmitter side and the 30‐mm air space at the receiver side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Double glazing is increasingly employed in glass curtain walls, but very little is known about its thermal response under fire conditions. In this work, a total of twenty seven 600 × 600 mm 2 double glazing units, with 6 mm, 9 mm and 12 mm air spacings, were tested. Three different installation types were adopted: 1) exposed frames, 2) horizontal-hidden frames and 3) vertical-hidden glass in order to study their potential effects on the glazing breakage behavior. A 500 × 500 mm 2 n -heptane pool fire was used to heat the glass panes. The breaking time, surface temperature, total heat flux, heat release rate, and crack and fallout morphology were measured and analyzed. The test result suggests that different installation types have a significant effect on the fracture behavior of double glazing, especially for glass panes located at the fire side. Glass in exposed framing is more prone to cracks than those in semi-exposed frame, but fallout may more easily occur in semi framing façades. When no, or very limited fallout occurs at the fire side pane, thicker air space leads to a longer breakage time of ambient glass panes, thus improving the unit's integrity during fire. The experimental results obtained in this study is valuable for the development of practical guidelines for fire safety design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent years the concept of United regional sky became popular in the world aviation circles. In the European Union it is realized by the corresponding Agreement of 2006. The key point of the Agreement: the right to fly to any state – member of the Agreement with no limits as to choice of the route and number (frequency) of flights, as well as possibility to realize this right by any of the air companies registered in the participating state. The air space is divided into functional «blocs» depending of the streams of air movement but not of the national borders.

This work describes that the optimization is possible with use of technological innovations in the area of communications, navigation and monitoring of air space. More precisely, the application of area navigation systems is in the basis of PBN (Performance Based Navigation) navigation concept. Increased growth of air traffic needs constant improvement of efficiency of the flights requiring optimization of the available air space. PBN enables for the separation of aircrafts and routes to be implemented during the design of air space. In the Republic of Macedonia, still there are no researches connected to the use of PBNnavigation concept. As a difference from the status in our country, research connected to this concept, especially in Europe and USA, initiated 20 years ago with development of area navigation RNAV (Area Navigation) which is considered as its predecessor, as well as implementation of the basic global satellite system and technique based on RNP (Required Navigation Performance) from2001. As difference from conventional navigation, according to which the route of flight of the aircraft is determined directly from one to another ground navigational unit, area navigation or so called, RNAV as navigational method, enables to fly on any route within the frames of coverage of ground network of available navigation units or within the frames of the ability of autonomous aviation systems or in combination of both above mentioned systems. There are two types of navigational specification: 1. Area navigation - RNAV and 2. Required navigation performances - RNP. Area navigation RNAV is used to reduce the length and time, lesser separation between traffic flows in air space which then contributes to the larger flow of air traffic and introduction of instrumental procedures on airport which does not have installed systems for instrumental landing. Required navigation performances - RNP are the second element of PBN concept which enables flying on specific route determined between two 3D points in space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]