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Objectives: To find the frequency of CVS diseases in admitted COVID patients and its associations with outcomes. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar from April- June 2021. All patients admitted in COVID ward and COVID ICU, consenting to participate were included. Questionnaire along with patients ECG and Echo report, Canadian classification used for angina grading and NYHA classification to classify shortness of breath. Results: The mean age of the sample (n=75) was 60.44 years. Majority were 44(58.66%) males and from ward 82.66%. According to responses using Canadian classification for chest pain were 61 (81.36%) class 2 angina, IN NYHA classification majority (72%) of patients had class 2 SOB. About 14.6% of patients echo showed positive ECHO findings. The average stay of patients were 7.45+-1.3 days .About 22.6% of mortality was noted, majority of expiry were from COVID icu (52.9%) and 69.3% of patients were discharged. About 21.33% of COVID patients had cardiac manifestations, majority were males 87.5%. 43.75% of mortality was seen in patients developing cardiac manifestations. 75% of patients that developed cardiac manifestation had multiple comorbidities, AF was reported in patients age 70 and above. NSTEMI was reported in patients with multiple comorbidities. Most of the Cardiac patients 78.66% did not have cardiac manifestations, only 16.9% of mortality was seen in patients with no cardiac manifestations. Conclusion: Males are more prone to COVID and have more cardiac events. Age above 60 years develop more serious disease and adverse outcomes.

Background: Diabetes mainly depends on social determinants of health. Addressing the social determinants, and attitude toward disease management is an important step toward the prognosis, and control of diabetes. The objective of the study was to determine the contributing role of social Determinants in diabetes development and evaluation of diabetes parameters affecting the prognosis and management among the diabetic patients of NESH and RMI. Methods: This was comparative hospital based case control study carried out from the duration of March to December 2016. A total 174 patients, 87 diabetics and 87 non diabetics were included in the study. After taking written consent, a predesigned questionnaire was filled from each patient. Data were collected and analyzed by using SPSS version 16. Results: A total 174 study subjects, 87 diabetic (Cases) and non-diabetic (control) each from two different hospitals with equal distribution were included in the study. Out of 174 study subjects 59 (34%) were male and 115 (66%) were female. A significant difference was observed in weight and BMI p

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) being a mainstream anticancer drug is under keen and detailed investigation for prodrugs formulations in order to minimize the associated side effects. Cocrystallization of 5-FU is an innovative technique for the synthesis of 5-FU prodrugs to improve its anticancer effectiveness. The present study is based on the synthesis of 5-FU supramolecular synthons with four coformers: succinic acid, cinnamic acid, malic acid, and benzoic acid utilizing acetone as a solvent. Solid state grinding followed by a slow evaporation solution method was applied. Colorless clear crystals were obtained in all the cases. The cocrystal formation was supported with the help of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Through FTIR, the main peaks of interest in the spectrum of 5-FU were N–H (3409.02 cm–1) and carbonyl group (1647.80 cm–1), which were prominently shifted in all spectra of the cocrystals demonstrating the replacement as well as the development of already present interactions with the new ones. For 5-FU–cinnamic acid cocrystals, the anticipated peaks were observed at 1673.13 cm–1 (−C═O) and 3566.89 cm–1 (N–H) manifesting a significant change in comparison to 5-FU. Furthermore, with the help of PXRD characterization, the representative peak of 5-FU was recorded at 2θ = 28.80°. The shifting of this specific peak and development of many new ones in the spectra of cocrystals proved the development of new structural entities. Finally, the anticancer activity of all cocrystals was evaluated in comparison to that of API. All cocrystals manifest significantly greater growth inhibition potential than the main active pharmaceutical ingredient. 5-FU–Cinnamic acid (3C) was the one that proved to be the most potent anticancer agent at all four concentrations: 4.82% (12 μg/mL), 34.21% (25 μg/mL), 55.08% (50 μg/mL), and 67.29% (100 μg/mL). In short, this study proved to be a true example to enhance the anticancer potential of 5-FU following fairly easy fabrication requirements of the cocrystallization phenomenon. After the successful synthesis of these supramolecular synthons and subsequent enhancement of growth inhibition potential of 5-FU, these cocrystals can further be evaluated for in vivo trials and membrane crossing potentials in the future.

Artificially intelligent (AI) game software incorporates different algorithms to generate intelligent human-like responses to the users playing them. Testing AI game software poses great difficulty because of the complex possibilities that can result at a given point and analysis of said possibilities is a tedious task. Also during software development there are resource constraints due to which testing targets specific parts of the software. An AI game of Chess takes into consideration a large amount of possible outcomes at any given point before deciding a move. Therefore, testing it in its entirety is impractical. In this paper we propose a metamorphic testing approach for testing an AI Chess game i.e. a Chess engine’s algorithm of determining and pruning out possible outcomes and ultimately deciding on a final outcome. For validating our approach, we have done error seeding on an open source Chess engine and tested it through our approach. The results for our proposed approach for testing an AI Chess game through metamorphic relations show that it is successful in revealing 71% of the total seeded faults. On comparison of our proposed approach with the existing technique of testing Chess engine i.e., perft function, we have come across situations in which our proposed approach reveals errors overlooked by the existing technique. In the future we aim to extend our approach towards other AI game software.

This study reports the formation of 5-FU co-crystals with four different pharmacologically safe co-formers; Urea, Thiourea, Acetanilide and Aspirin using methanol as a solvent. Two fabrication schemes were followed i.e., solid-state grinding protocol, in which API and co-formers were mixed through vigorous grinding while in the other method separate solutions of both the components were made and mixed together. The adopted approaches offer easy fabrication protocols, no temperature maintenance requirements, no need of expensive solvents, hardly available apparatus, isolation and purification of the desired products. In addition, there is no byproducts formation, In fact, a phenomenon embracing the requirements of green synthesis. Through FTIR analysis; for API the N—H absorption frequency was recorded at 3409.02 cm−1 and that of —C 000000000000 000000000000 000000000000 111111111111 000000000000 111111111111 000000000000 000000000000 000000000000 O was observed at 1647.77 cm−1. These characteristics peaks of 5-FU were significantly shifted and recorded at 3499.40 cm−1 and 1649.62 cm−1 for 5-FU-Ac (3B) and 3496.39 cm−1 and 1659.30 cm−1 for 5-FU-As (4B) co-crystals for N—H and —CO groups respectively. The structural differences between API and co-crystals were further confirmed through PXRD analysis. The characteristic peak of 5-FU at 2θ = 28.79918o was significantly shifted in the graphs of co-crystals not only in position but also with respect to intensity and FWHM values. In addition, new peaks were also recorded in all the spectra of co-formers confirming the structural differences between API and co-formers. In addition, percent growth inhibition was also observed by all the co-crystals through MTT assay against HCT 116 colorectal cell lines in vitro. At four different concentrations; 25, 50, 100 and 200 µg/mL, slightly different trends of the effectiveness of API and co-crystals were observed. However; among all the co-crystal forms, 5-FU-thiourea co-crystals obtained through solution method (2B) proved to be the most effective growth inhibitor at all the four above mentioned concentrations.

Game software is becoming complex, therefore testing game software can be a tedious task as it can result in multiple complex and possible outcomes at a given point. Also most of testing is focused on certain parts of the software because of resource constraints. The game of chess also poses this problem as there are a large number of ways in which it can be played at a given point so testing it completely is impractical. We have proposed a metamorphic testing approach for testing chess game by using metamorphic relations for different moves of chess pieces to perform testing. We validated our proposed approach on an open source chess game by seeding errors. The results show that our approach for testing chess game through metamorphic testing reveals all the seeded errors. In the future, we can extend this approach to other complex games.