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The importance of soil temperature (ST) quantification can contribute to diverse ecological modelling processes as well as for agricultural activities. Over the literature, it was evident that soil supports more than 95% of living habitats and food production on earth, and this demand will increase to 500 years’ times in expected consumption in 2060. This paper aims to analyses the contrastive approach to predict the ST of a certain region with the help of different machine learning models, including Random Forest (RF), Support Vector, Neural Network (NN), Linear Regression (LR) and Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM). The study was utilized the hourly humidity, dew point, rainfall, solar radiation, and barometer readings for the formulation of the models. Various performance criteria were employed to evaluate the prediction skills of the models and the results depicted that the promising ability belong to LSTM despite the acceptable prediction accuracy achieved by other models. The modelling outcomes revealed that LSTM model attained the lowest root mean square error (RMSE = 3.3255) decreased the average prediction error by 6% with regards to NN (RMSE = 3.4796), SVM (RMSE = 3.5766), and RF (RMSE = 3.8128), and improved the prediction accuracy of LR by 15%. The model is in compliance with the latest machine learning industry standards and allows low-cost experimental performances on low powered edge computing devices.

The assessment and prediction of water quality are important aspects of water resource management. Therefore, the groundwater (GW) quality of the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer (NSSA) in El Kharga Oasis was evaluated using indexing approaches, such as the drinking water quality index (DWQI) and health index (HI), supported with multivariate analysis, artificial neural network (ANN) models, and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. For this, physical and chemical parameters were measured for 140 GW wells, which indicated Ca–Mg–SO4, mixed Ca–Mg–Cl–SO4, Na–Cl, Ca–Mg–HCO3, and mixed Na–Ca–HCO3 water facies under the influence of silicate weathering, rock–water interactions, and ion exchange processes. The GW in El Kharga Oasis had high levels of heavy metals, particularly iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), with average concentrations above the limits recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water. The DWQI categorized most of the samples as not suitable for drinking (poor to very poor class), while some samples fell in the good water class. The results of the HI indicated a potential health risk due to the ingestion of water, with the risk being higher for children in only one location. However, for both children and adults, there was a low risk of dermal and ingestion exposure to the water in all locations. The contaminants could be from natural sources, such as minerals leaching from rocks and soil, or from human activities. Based on the results of ANN modeling, ANN-SC-13 was the most accurate prediction model, since it demonstrated the strongest correlation between the best characteristics and the DWQI. For example, this model’s thirteen characteristics were extremely important for predicting DWQI. The R2 value for the training, cross-validation (CV), and test data was 0.99. The ANN-SC-2 model was the best in measuring HI ingestion in adults. The R2 value for the training, CV, and test data was 1.00 for all models. The ANN-SC-2 model was the most accurate at detecting HI dermal in adults (R2 = 0.99, 0.99, and 0.99 for the training, CV, and test data sets, respectively). Finally, the integration of physicochemical parameters, water quality indices (WQIs), and ANN models can help us to understand the quality of GW and its controlling factors, and to implement the necessary measures that prevent outbreaks of various water-borne diseases that are detrimental to human health.

Background Ecological functions and processes in urban ecosystems are governed by various human activities. City-adapted and city-exploiting animal species are expected to present certain specific behavioral and physiological traits in comparison to city-avoiders or conspecific individual frequenting less urbanized or rural environments. A trait of high importance, the plumage color polymorphism has been selected as the main study model and was correlated with different morphological and physiological parameters to highlight its importance in determining the possible health status of urban Feral Pigeons (Columba livia) in North African urban habitats. Methods Different body morphometrics, hematological and hemoparasitic parameters were quantified on free-living Feral Pigeons in urban environments of northern Algeria. Moreover, plumage melanin-based coloration (MBC) was measured and the data collected at the individual scale was correlated with the previous parameters using linear and non-linear modeling approaches. Results Plumage MBC scores of the sampled Feral Pigeons ranged between 0.3% and 74.8%. Among the 12 morphological traits measured, body weight, tail length and total length were deemed to be positively correlated with MBC. Darker morphs appeared to have more hemoparasites compared to lighter pigeons. Quite the same observation goes with the immunity but with non-linear trends. The number of monocytes and granulocytes increased with the increase in MBC levels in lighter morphs, while pigeons with high MBC scores exhibited negative relationships between MBC levels and the number of white blood cells. Conclusions Despite the existence of a number of studies demonstrating phenotypic directional selection, further studies are undoubtedly necessary to understand in detail the underlying mechanisms in species life-history strategies between differently colored individuals. Findings of this correlative study open exciting perspectives revealing that MBC can be considered a good indicator of and health status and adaptation strategies to changes in urban environments.

Tolga groundwater is one of Biskra's most important water supplies for both drinking and agriculture. The purpose of this study is to assess the hydrochemical and isotope (2H and 18O) signature of water in the Tolga area. To evaluate the hydrogeology of groundwater in the Tolga region, a chemical, piezometric, and isotopic research was employed. The results of the Piper diagram revealed that there is just one major hydrochemical facies in the research region, which corresponds to Ca–Mg–Cl–SO4. The piezometry of limestone sheets shows that as one goes westward, the turns become less substantial, with turns about 20 meters and a piezometric level of 140 m. For the first time, the local meteoric water line (LMWL) was drawn for Complexe Teminal (CT) and Continental Intercalaire (CI) on Tolga groundwater. The Tolga area LMWL refers to the equation δ2H= 7,18 δ18O + 4.17 with R2 about 0.85. CI and CT measurement locations indicate deuterium excess values ranging from 8.35 to 12.57. Indeed, the majority of values were more than 10‰ (mean of 10.36 ± 2.01‰). Furthermore, waters from Eocene have an isotopic composition of -7.57 ± 0.68‰ in δ18O and − 49.04 ± 4.69‰ In δ2H. The results of the sample characterisation analysis show that the majority of the groundwater samples analysed are of the Ca-Mg-SO4 water type. In addition, the intense exploitation aquifer water and the region's arid climatic conditions resulted in a large decrease in the piezometric limestone level. Finely, the signature of 2H and 18O data indicate that water comes from local precipitation and recent water, and groundwater recharge is influenced by quick infiltration.

Land use and cover changes are important to study for their environmental impact on sustainability. In urban environments, an important controversial question addresses the relationship between urbanization-related changes and biodiversity. Birds are ecologically important, and useful for answering this question. This study builds upon the hypothesis according to which avian diversity decreases with urbanization. 4245 samples from 650 sites in Annaba, obtained through the IPA method, were investigated by computing Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index and the species richness, mapping, and analyzing. The findings indicate a significant decrease of biodiversity from green spaces to urban areas, confirming our hypothesis. Furthermore, the month of observation, LCUC, and vegetation had a significant influence on the abundance. Moreover, the results fill in a lack of data on the biodiversity of the region.

The risk related to embankment dam breaches needs to be evaluated in order to prepare emergency action plans. The physical and hydrodynamic parameters of the flood wave generated from dam-failure event correspond to various breach parameters such as width, slope and formation time. This study aimed to simulate dam-breach failure scenario of Yabous dam (NE Algeria) and analyze its influence on areas (urban and natural environments) downstream the dam. The simulation was completed using the sensitivity analysis method in order to assess the impact of breach parameters on the dam-break scenario. The propagation of flood wave associated to dam-break was simulated using the one-dimensional HEC-RAS hydraulic model. This study ap-plied a sensitivity analysis of three breach parameters (slope, width, and formation time) in five sites selected downstream the embankment dam. The simulation showed that the maximum flow of the flood wave recorded at the level of the breach was 8768 m3/s, which gradually attenuated along the river course to reach 1579.2m3/s at about 8.5km downstream the dam. This study estab-lished the map of flood-prone areas that illustrated zones threatened with the flooding wave trig-gered by the dam failure due to extreme rainfall events. The sensitivity analysis showed that flood wave flow, height and width revealed positive and similar changes for the increase in adjustments (±25% and ±50%) of breach width and slope in the 5 sites. However, flood wave parameters of breach formation time showed significant trends that changed in the opposite direction compared to breach slope and width.

This study aims to analyze the chemical composition of Lioua’s groundwater in order to determine the geological processes influencing the composition and origin of its chemical elements. Therefore, chemometrics techniques, such as multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) and time series methods (TSM) are used. Indeed, MSA includes a component analysis (PCA) and a cluster analysis (CA), while autocorrelation analysis (AA), supplemented by a simple spectral density analysis (SDA), is used for the TMS. PCA displays three main factors explaining a total variance (TV) of 85.01 %. Factors 1, 2, and 3 are 68.72%, 11.96%, and 8.89 % of TV, respectively. In the CA, total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) controlled three groups. The elements SO42−, K+, and Ca2+ are closely related to TDS, the elements Na+, Cl−, and Mg2+ are closely related to CE, while HCO3− and NO3− indicate the dissociation of other chemical elements. AA shows a linear interrelationship of EC, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, and SO42−. However, NO3− and HCO3− indicate uncorrelated characteristics with other parameters. For SDA, the correlograms of Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, and SO42− have a similar trend with EC. Nonetheless, pH, Ca2+, HCO3− and NO3− exhibit multiple peaks related to the presence of several distinct cyclic mechanisms. Using these techniques, the authors were able to draw the following conclusion: the geochemical processes impacting the chemical composition are (i) dissolution of evaporated mineral deposits, (ii) water–rock interaction, and (iii) evaporation process. In addition, the groundwater exhibits two bipolar characteristics, one recorded with negative and positive charges on pH and Ca+ and another recorded only with negative charges on HCO3− and NO3−. On the other hand, SO42−, K+, Ca2+, and TDS are the major predominant elements in the groundwater’s chemical composition. Chloride presence mainly increases the electrical conductivity of water. The lithological factor is dominant in the overall mineralization of the Plio Quaternary surface aquifer waters. The origins of HCO3− and NO3− are as follows: HCO3− has a carbonate origin, whereas NO3– has an anthropogenic origin. The salinity was affected by Mg2+, SO42−, Cl−, Na+, K+, and EC. Ca2+, HCO3−, and NO3− result from human activity such as the usage of fertilizers, the carbonate facies outcrops, and domestic sewage.

The risk related to embankment dam breaches needs to be evaluated in order to prepare emergency action plans. The physical and hydrodynamic parameters of the flood wave generated from the dam failure event correspond to various breach parameters, such as width, slope, and formation time. This study aimed to simulate the dam breach failure scenario of the Yabous dam (northeast Algeria) and analyze its influence on the related areas (urban and natural environments) downstream of the dam. The simulation was completed using the sensitivity analysis method to assess the impact of breach parameters and flooding on the dam break scenario. The flood wave propagation associated with the dam break was simulated using the one-dimensional HEC-RAS hydraulic model. This study applied a sensitivity analysis of three breach parameters (slope, width, and formation time) on five sites selected downstream of the embankment dam. The simulation showed that the maximum flow of the flood wave recorded at the level of the breach was 8768 m3/s, which gradually attenuated along the river course to reach 1972.7 m3/s at about 8.5 km downstream the dam. This study established the map of flood risk areas that illustrated zones threatened by the flooding wave triggered by the dam failure due to extreme rainfall events. The sensitivity analysis showed that flood wave flow, height, and width revealed positive and similar changes for the increases in adjustments (±25% and ±50%) of breach width and slope in the five sites. However, flood wave parameters of breach formation time showed significant trends that changed in the opposite direction compared to breach slope and width. Meanwhile, the adjustments (±25% and ±50%) of the flood hydrograph did not significantly influence the flood parameters downstream of the dam. In the present study, the HEC-RAS 1-D modeling demonstrated effectiveness in simulating the propagation of flood waves downstream of the dam in the event of dam failure and highlighted the impact of the breach parameters and the flood hydrographical pattern on flood wave parameters.

Environmetric techniques such as cluster analysis (CA) and principal component and time series analysis were used to evaluate variations in surface water in the Babar watershed. The River Arab is monitored at the Babar dam. The later was build for drinking and industrial water supply for the local population. The impounded water is experiencing a degradation of its quality due to different types of pollution, in addition to the natural processes of erosion and leaching of various toxic elements. A total of 21 samples were collected. Eleven variables were determined on every sample representing three different sampling stations. TDS in the saline water was high in the eastern part (S1), low in the western part (S2), and intermediate in the dam (S3). The water type is for S1, for S2 and , mixed water in the dam. In the CA, 7 variables were classified into 2 clusters controlled by and 21 samples are grouped into 3 statistical groups coinciding with the stations S1, S2 and S3. Principal component anal...