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Ilgėjant gyvenimo trukmei, dėl socialinių priežasčių atidedant nėštumo planavimą, tobulėjant medicinos technologijoms, vis daugiau moterų renkasi pastoti vyresniame amžiuje, naudodamosi pagalbinio apvaisinimo technologijomis. Nors ilgus metus reprodukcinis moters amžius ribojo nėštumo ir gimdymo galimybę, pastarųjų dešimtmečių pažanga leidžia tuo pasinaudoti ir pomenopauzinio amžiaus moterims (toliau – PAM). Minėtas medicinos proveržis sukėlė aršias diskusijas, nagrinėjančias lygiateisiško pagalbinio apvaisinimo metodų PAM etinius ir moralinius aspektus. Literatūroje plačiai aptariami pomenopauzinio amžiaus moterų pagalbinio apvaisinimo aspektai skatina atsižvelgti tiek į galimą su amžiumi susijusią didesnę sudėtingo nėštumo riziką, tiek į būsimo vaiko gerovės, etiško resursų skirstymo, diskriminacijos, lyties bei amžiaus pagrindu klausimus, tačiau kartu primena ir apie pamatinę kiekvieno žmogaus teisę į reprodukcinę autonomiją.

This article explores moral disagreements between nurses and physicians; specifically, we aim to analyse professional nurses' practice in navigating these conflicts.Nurses face morally challenging situations while caring for patients when their views on treatments and care may contradict those of physicians. It is important that nurses represent patients' perspectives and are partners in the care decision-making process.A narrative review was conducted by including peer-reviewed articles in English. A literature search was conducted using the Web of Science database and Google Scholar search engine from 1 December 2021 to 10 February 2022.A total of 27 articles published between 2009 and 2021 were included in the analysis. The following themes were explored in this article: areas in which moral disagreements occur and how these disagreements shape physician-nurse relationships, differences in the status of professional autonomy in nursing in the Baltic states and Nordic countries, and potential directions for nurses' involvement in the decision-making process regarding moral disagreements in nursing practice.Moral disagreements between nurses and physicians most often occur in situations related to treatment and/or care strategies as well as end-of-life decisions. Nurses' participation in the decision-making process and physicians' willingness to consider nurses' perspectives play a fundamental role in navigating moral conflicts because nurses possess a body of knowledge about their patients that differs from that of physicians. This knowledge is just as worthy as physician knowledge. Considering the level of professional autonomy in specific regions, nurses' involvement in decision-making regarding particular patients' care in the Baltic states seems to be relatively low compared to that in the Scandinavian countries, where nurses have a much wider space for independent decision-making.Complex moral situations that require the input of both physicians and nurses must be examined and addressed. Several processes may assist in fostering nurses' contributions to decision-making, among which training to effectively deal with morally complex situations and creating an atmosphere conducive to collaboration between physicians and nurses are particularly important.

While scholars have developed a nuanced understanding of agriculture as a form of care, the temporal organization of farming practices has received little consideration. Focusing on how farmers organize and experience agriculture, we track diverging approaches to care work on urban farms in Vilnius, Lithuania. Our ethnographic fieldwork and interviews show how Lithuanian urban farmers are struggling to reconcile the civic ideals of the global urban farming movement with their historical understandings of care for specific plants and the land. Whereas the older generation views farming as kinship-based individualized work focusing on particular plants and garden ecologies, the younger generation approaches it as a way to unwind, mediate, and build a community. These different perspectives on farming translate into divergent temporalities of care in which productivist goals rooted in socialist self-provisioning practices and embodied in orderly landscapes encounter new trends of agricultural care manifested in the natural aesthetics of the farms. We examine dynamic tensions between the two farming modalities by linking them to different understandings of moral commitments and responsibilities for plants and land. Through the lens of temporality, we also show how these divergent care modes are themselves grounded in gender inequalities reproduced on the farms and enabled by by the welfare state institutions, including maternity leave and retirement policies.

Aplinkosauginiame diskurse kalbant apie aplinkos saugojimą, dalis autorių vis dar pabrėžia asmeninės atsakomybės svarbą, tačiau kiti tvirtina, kad vien jos nepakanka, kai kalbama apie poreikį adekvačiai reaguoti į globalias ekologines problemas. Šiame straipsnyje išryškinama prieštara, glūdinti ekologinio pilietiškumo sampratoje, ir parodoma, kad ne tik individuali kiekvieno patirtis, bet ir socialiai bei kultūriškai susiklosčiusios rūpesčio aplinka praktikos siejasi su piliečių pasiryžimu rūpintis. Ekologinį pilietiškumą mes interpretuojame pasitelkdami Pierre’o Bourdieu habitus konceptą, kuris individualias įkūnyto rūpesčio aplinka praktikas sieja su platesniu socialiniu ir politiniu kontekstu. Teigiame, kad rūpesčio etikoje suformuluota rūpesčio paradigma, papildyta Bourdieu įžvalgomis, leidžia išplėsti ekologinio pilietiškumo konceptą, tiek atsižvelgiant į racionalaus įsipareigojimo rūpintis svarbą, tiek įvertinant afektyvių ryšių su aplinka bei vietinėse bendruomenėse vyraujančių rūpesčio praktikų svarbą. Ekologinis pilietiškumas, paremtas rūpesčio habitus konceptu, gali reikštis ne tik dalyvavimu viešojoje sferoje, bet ir įsitraukiant į konkrečias rūpinimosi praktikas, kur viešoji ir privati sferos persidengia. While scholars and popular writers often stress individual responsibility as a way of saving nature, there is a growing understanding that “doing one’s bit” may not be enough to address local and global environmental issues. Focusing on the concept of ecological citizenship as a starting point, our paper seeks to explore the concept of ecological citizenship and show how individualized experiences and socially and culturally embedded practices of care for the environment relate to civic engagement. We connect ecological citizenship with the ethics of care and Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of habitus, which links individual experience of embodied care for environment with broader political and social issues. We argue that the perspective of the ethics of care informed by the concept of habitus broadens the concept of ecological citizenship by, on the one hand, highlighting the rational responsibility to care, and, on the other hand, by revealing how affect-based ties to the environment and established habits of caring are cultivated in local communities. Ecological citizenship based on the habitus of care can be seen as exercised in participation in the public sphere and also through caring practices where public and private fields overlap.

Straipsnyje analizuojamos bioetikoje vyraujančio pagarbos asmens autonomijai principo prielaidos. Remiantis antropologų L. Dumont’o ir C. Geertzo darbais parodoma, kaip pagarbos asmens autonomijai principas yra susijęs su vakarietiška, krikščioniška, individualistine asmens samprata bei iš to plaukiančiu racionalumo reikšmės įtvirtinimu informuoto sutikimo koncepte. Taip pat ginama idėja, kad būtina atsižvelgti į rūpesčio etikos, pabrėžiančios emocijų svarbą moralėje ir paremtos reliacinio asmens prielaida, pasiūlytas įžvalgas. Straipsnyje parodoma, kaip rūpesčio etikoje pasiūlyti normatyviniai rūpesčio idealai gali būti pritaikomi bioetiniame kontekste – konceptualizuojant rūpestį medicinos sferoje galima pritaikyti Bourdieu pasiūlytą habitus konceptą ir išryškinti ne tik tarpasmeninių santykių svarbą moraliniam vystymuisi, bet ir įvairias sociokultūrines bei istorines įtakas, lemiančias tam tikrus mūsų elgsenos modelius. Article explores the assumptions behind the principle of respect for patient autonomy that occupies an important role in bioethical research. Relying on the works of L. Dumont and C. Geertz we show how the principle of respect for patient autonomy is related to the concept of personhood, which stems from the Western, Christian, and individualistic values. In so doing, we argue that this principle is bound to overemphasize rationality, as is the case in the extensive use of informed consent forms in modern medical practice. We propose to apply normative ideals of care defined by Nel Noddings to the sphere of bioethics by linking it to Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of habitus in the field of medicine. An incorporation of habitus into ethics of care is useful because it highlights the ways in which interpersonal relations relate to one’s moral development and points to the significance of sociocultural and historical contexts in shaping behaviors.

Antrajame svarstomos temos straipsnyje (pirmasis – Bartkienė 2011) analizuojami bioetinių priestarų sprendimo būdai, pateikti P. Singerio ir T. Engelhardto teorijose. Abu teoretikai naudoja vienaprincipine prieigą, laikydamiesi nuostatos, kad užtenka vieno esminio principo nustatant normatyvines bioetikos gaires. P. Singeris, plėtodamas utilitarine poziciją, kvestionuoja tradicine asmens sampratą. T. Engelhardtas, pabrėždamas pagarbos autonomijai principą, pasiūlo deontologine bioetikos versiją. Viena vertus, nagrinėjami autoriai formuluoja aiskias normatyvines gaires, reikalingas sprendžiant bioetines priestaras. Kita vertus, jų pateikti siūlymai vertintini ypac atsargiai, nes pabrėžiant asmens sampratos reiksme atmetamos tradicinės medicinos etikos vertybės – geradarybė ir pagarba žmogaus gyvybei. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad aptariamos teorijos, marginalizuodamos labiausiai pažeidžiamas socialines grupes, tokias kaip protiskai neįgalūs asmenys ir maži vaikai, atveria kelią dehumanizuotai ir komercializuotai medicinai. Pagrindiniai žodžiai : bioetika, autonomija, geradarybė, žala, teisingumas. A Search for Methodological Basis in Bioethics (II): Monoprinciple Approach Aistė Bartkienė Summary The second paper in the series (see Bartkienė 2011) is designated to disclose the ways of solving the bioethical problems proposed by P. Singer and T. Engelhardt. Both thinkers use one principle approach maintaining that a single main principle is sufficient for acquiring basic normative guides in bioethics. Singer develops a utilitarian position and is questioning traditional notion of a person. Engelhardt is emphasizes the principle of respect for autonomy and proposes deontological conception of bioethics. On one hand, these theories offer clear normative guidance for resolving bioethical controversies in the sphere of medicine. On the other hand, these proposals should be evaluated very carefully because by stressing the significance of the notion of a person both theories reject traditional values of medical ethics, such as beneficence and respect for human life. Marginalizing the most vulnerable groups of society, such as mentally ill and small children, they open the path for dehumanized and commercialized medicine. Key words: bioethics, autonomy, justice, utilitarianism.