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Objectives Other iatrogenic immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders (OI-LPD) have been reported as one of the adverse effects of immunosuppressive therapy. The aim of this study was to describe the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features of OI-LPD in the oral cavity. Study Design Immunohistochemistry was performed to describe the immunohistochemical features in our 4 cases. The results were analyzed along with 62 cases of oral OI-LPD in the English and Japanese literature to define clinical and pathologic characteristic features. Results In our immunohistochemical analysis, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–positive OI-LPD showed a higher percentage of mouse double minute 2–positive cells than EBV-negative samples. A literature survey revealed that OI-LPD (including the present cases) arises primarily in the gingiva, followed by the tongue, and usually occurs with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.9. The rate of EBV positivity was 93.8%. Further, 31 of 66 patients had osteonecrosis of the jaw and 24 of 31 patients had taken multiple immunosuppressive drugs in combination. Conclusions We can therefore conclude that the overexpression of mouse double minute 2 in OI-LPD is associated with EBV infection, and the combination of multiple immunosuppressive drugs may be a risk factor for osteonecrosis of the jaw.

This paper presents a quick and straightforward method to evaluate image distortion in scanning electron microscopy using a certified reference material (CRM) as a test specimen. The CRM has a square dot-array structure, whose dot-pitch has an accredited value. By calculating the distance between each dot of the CRM via image analysis, we can detect the distortion in the image as variations of dot interval. Furthermore, by considering the uncertainty of the certified value, it is possible to quantitatively evaluate the significance of the distortion in the image. This method enables us to easily estimate the uncertainty from image distortion, which can improve the reliability of measurement by scanning electron microscopy.

We have developed a new certified reference material (CRM) for image sharpness evaluation and magnification calibration for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Designed to be suitable for the image sharpness evaluation by the derivative method, the CRM has nanoscale tungsten dot-array structure fabricated on silicon substrate, which gives steep contrast transition from the dot to the substrate in SEM image. The pitch of the dot-array was SI-traceably measured as a specified value with relative expanded uncertainty ($k=2$) of ~1.3%, which can be utilized for the magnification calibration of SEM. Since specimens, as one of the image formation parameters, easily affect image sharpness value, our CRM, as a ‘pinned specimen’, will play an important role to achieve robust and stable image sharpness measurement system.

RESUMO: A população no Brasil atingirá seu pico aproximadamente no ano 2050, período em que a demanda por recursos naturais crescerá, sobretudo a da água. O adensamento populacional reduz a disponibilidade hídrica por habitante, além de prejudicar a qualidade dos mananciais. O objetivo desse artigo é aplicar um modelo matemático para avaliar se a utilização de sistemas prediais de água não potável podem ser uma fonte alternativa economicamente viável, em relação à ampliação do sistema centralizado de produção de água potável. A água não potável pode atender uma parte da demanda dos usos domésticos numa proporção estimada de 80% de consumo de água potável e 20% de consumo em fins que não demandam água potável. Realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica e foram coletados custos de execução, operação e manutenção, de um sistema predial de água não potável recuperada (SPANP-R) descentralizado individual e do sistema produtor São Lourenço (SPSL). O modelo matemático foi formulado e aplicado aos dados coletados, que foram ajustados para levar em consideração o ganho decorrente da utilização em larga escala dos sistemas de água não potável. Os resultados indicam que a produção de água não potável em edifícios tem menor viabilidade econômica em relação ao SPSL no cenário avaliado

In this study, a method to prevent surface contamination on an SiO

The new definition of the kilogram based on the Planck constant was implemented in May 2019. The National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) will realize the new kilogram by the X-ray crystal density method using a 28Si-enriched sphere. An international comparison of the realizations of the new kilogram by national metrology institutes was organized. As a participant in the comparison, the NMIJ realized the kilogram by the volume measurement and surface characterization of a 28Si-enriched sphere. Details of the measurement results and the uncertainty evaluation of the realization are described. The comparison of the realization results with previous realization results in 2016 is also provided.

Resumo Os sistemas prediais de água não potável podem ser do tipo descentralizado individual, descentralizado em grupo ou centralizado. Não há consenso sobre qual deles é o mais eficiente, uma vez que tanto os sistemas centralizados como os descentralizados possuem particularidades que os tornam interessantes ou não em aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é desenvolver a formulação de um modelo matemático para a tomada de decisão quanto ao tipo de sistema de água não potável e comparar os sistemas descentralizados com o sistema centralizado no período de 20 anos, com e sem o efeito escala. O modelo foi desenvolvido com base em uma abordagem matemática determinística, conhecida na literatura como programação inteira. Os diferenciais desse modelo é que ele permite determinar o custo total acumulado, o custo ao longo da vida útil e a quantidade de sistemas para atender a uma demanda específica. O modelo foi aplicado a um condomínio residencial hipotético com uma população mínima de 1.700 habitantes. Os resultados indicam que o sistema centralizado é mais viável do que os sistemas descentralizados em termos de custos de implantação, manutenção e de operação para a vida útil de 20 anos, com e sem o efeito escala. Abstract There are three types of non-potable water building systems: decentralised individual, decentralised or centralised. There is no consensus on which the most efficient type is, since both centralised and decentralised systems have peculiarities that make them either interesting or not in social, economic and environmental aspects. Thus, the aim of this article is to develop the formulation of a mathematical model for decision making regarding the type of non-potable water system and compare decentralised systems with centralised systems over a period of twenty years, with and without the scale effect. The model was developed based on a deterministic mathematical approach, known in the literature as Integer Programming. The difference of this model is that it allows to determine the total accumulated cost, the cost over life cycle and the number of systems necessary to meet a specific demand. The model was applied to a hypothetical residential condominium with a minimum population of 1700 residents. The results indicate that the centralised system is more advantageous than the individual systems in terms of costs of installation, maintenance and operation during a life cycle of twenty years with and without the scale effect.

New experimental and numerical techniques constitute the major recent advancements in the study of flow through porous media. However, a model that duly links the micro- and macroscales of this phenomenon is still lacking. Therefore, the present work describes a new, analytical model suitable for both Darcian and post-Darcian flow. Unlike its predecessors, most of which are based on empirical assessments or on some derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations, the presented model employed the principle of maximum entropy, along with a reduced number of premises. Nevertheless, it is compatible with classic expressions, such as Darcy’s and Forchheimer’s laws. Also, great adherence to previously published experimental results was observed. Moreover, the developed model allows for the delimitation of Darcian and post-Darcian regimes. It enabled the determination of a probabilistic distribution function of flow velocities within the pore space. Further, it bestowed richer interpretations of the physical meanings of principal flow parameters. Finally, through a new quantity called the entropy parameter, the proposed model may serve as a bridge between experimental and numerical findings both at the micro- and macroscales. Therefore, the present research yielded an analytical, entropy-based model for flow through porous media that is sufficiently general and robust to be applied in several fields of knowledge.

Poor air quality arises by and large from inadequate ventilation and presence of contaminants. In particular to hospital environments, it exercises direct and significant influence over infections occurrence. The purpose of this paper is to research, through computational fluid dynamics, how ceiling (four-way supply) and sidewall (conventional high supply) inlets systems, as well as outlet (exhaust) positioning, effect air motion and distribution in operating rooms. By the assistance of numerical modeling, four alternative scenarios of a operating room were investigated, maintaining flow rates and varying inlet system and outlet position. The results are presented in terms of velocity vectors and temperatures, which were compared to the experimental data available. Subsequently, a qualitative analysis regarding conformity to sanitary requirements was conducted.

Area densities of Au/Ni/Cu layers on a Cr-coated quartz substrate were characterized to certify a multiple-metal-layer certified reference material (NMIJ CRM5208-a) that is intended for use in the analysis of the layer area density and the thickness by an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The area densities of Au/Ni/Cu layers were calculated from layer mass amounts and area. The layer mass amounts were determined by using wet chemical analyses, namely inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), isotope-dilution (ID-) ICP-MS, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) after dissolving the layers with diluted mixture of HCl and HNO3 (1:1, v/v). Analytical results of the layer mass amounts obtained by the methods agreed well with each another within their uncertainty ranges. The area of the layer was determined by using a high-resolution optical scanner calibrated by Japan Calibration Service System (JCSS) standard scales. The property values of area density were 1.84 ± 0.05 μg/mm2 for Au, 8.69 ± 0.17 μg/mm2 for Ni, and 8.80 ± 0.14 μg/mm2 for Cu (mean ± expanded uncertainty, coverage factor k = 2). In order to assess the reliability of these values, the density of each metal layer calculated from the property values of the area density and layer thickness measured by using a scanning electron microscope were compared with available literature values and good agreement between the observed values and values obtained in previous studies.

To determine the Avogadro constant N A by the x-ray crystal density method, the density of a 28Si-enriched crystal was determined by absolute measurements of the mass and volume of a 1 kg sphere manufactured from the crystal. The mass and volume were determined by an optical interferometer and a vacuum mass comparator, respectively. The sphere surface was characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry to derive the mass and volume of the Si core of the sphere excluding the surface layers. From the mass and volume, the density of the Si core was determined with a relative standard uncertainty of 2.3 × 10−8. By combining the Si core density with the lattice constant and the molar mass of the sphere reported by the International Avogadro Coordination (IAC) project in 2015, a new value of 6.022 140 84(15) × 1023 mol−1 was obtained for N A with a relative standard uncertainty of 2.4 × 10−8. To make the N A value determined in this work usable for a future adjustment of the fundamental constants by the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants, the correlation of the new N A value with the N A values determined in our previous works was examined. The correlation coefficients with the values of N A determined by IAC in 2011 and 2015 were estimated to be 0.07 and 0.28, respectively. The correlation of the new N A value with the N A value determined by IAC in 2017 using a different 28Si-enriched crystal was also examined, and the correlation coefficient was estimated to be 0.21.

Differently from what literature indicates, the relationship between socio-spatial metrics is not necessarily systematic in urban areas. In other words, the most compact areas are not always the most diverse areas; neither are the areas with higher population density the areas with the higher job densities, in the case of Sao Paulo municipality. The dependence among these urban variables is not clear and direct, and possibly it is influenced, in a more comprehensive approach, by other urban factors. Today, there is a research question about how to systematically analyse various criteria in urban planning decisions. Therefore, the application of a multicriterial model, which considers the heterogeneity of the city, based on indicators that present the characteristics of economic and social development of a region, can help to identify areas that should be the object of, for example, more investments and greater incentives from State power. The objective of this article is to propose and apply a new methodological-rational model for the distribution of comparative weights in multicriteria analyses, in the context of urban planning, using the municipality of Sao Paulo as a case study. Specifically, to the method application in the Sao Paulo case study, a significant influence of the job density was verified in the hierarchy of urban areas, while the diversity emerged as the most dominant criterion that influence the characteristics of urban areas in the city. The results also show that a multicriterial analysis using indicators might contribute to the establishment of specific hierarchies for different urban areas, useful for city managers and researchers, able to be applied in different cities. Besides, the method may be suitable in other multicriterial problem contexts, as it represents a Decision Support System for trade-off and uncertainty analysis.

The lead authors failed to name two collaborators as co-authors. The authors listed should include: Miss Claudia L. Compean-Gonzalez (ORCID: 0000-0002-2367-8450) and Dr. Giacomo Ceccone (ORCID: 0000-0003-4637-0771). These co-authors participated in VAMAS project A27, provided data that were analyzed and presented in this publication (and supporting information), and reviewed the manuscript before submission.

Main text A pilot study for the thickness measurement of HfO2 films was performed by the Surface Analysis Working Group (SAWG) of the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance (CCQM). The aim of this pilot study was to ensure the equivalency in the measurement capability of national metrology institutes for the thickness measurement of HfO2 films. In this pilot study, the thicknesses of six HfO2 films with nominal thickness from 1 nm to 4 nm were measured by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray Reflectometry(XRR), X-ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF), Transmission Electron Spectroscopy (TEM), Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE) and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS). The reference thicknesses were determined by mutual calibration of a zero-offset method (Medium Energy Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (MEIS) of KRISS) and a method traceable to the length unit (the average thicknesses of three XRR data except the thinnest film). These reference thicknesses are traceable to the length unit because they are based on the traceability of XRR. For the thickness measurement by XPS, the effective attenuation length of Hf 4f electrons was determined. In the cases of XRR and TEM, the offset values were determined from a linear fitting between the reference thicknesses and the individual data by XRR and TEM. The amount of substance of HfO2, expressed as thickness of HfO2 films (in both linear and areal density units), was found to be a good subject for a CCQM key comparison. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM.

In this study, a method to prevent surface contamination on an SiO2 film/Si substrate system was used to improve thickness determination by x-ray reflectometry (XRR). XRR profiles can be significantly affected by the growth of a surface contamination layer, originating from the organic matter present in the measurement environment. An N2 spray method that enables XRR measurement under high-purity N2 has been developed to keep the surface free of contaminants. The method was adopted due to its high applicability to an existing XRR instrument and the ease of system construction. The system mainly consists of an outlet for N2 spray that is positioned in front of the sample and an N2 gas purifier. The high-purity N2 is sprayed on the sample until the measurements are complete. It was revealed that the measured XRR profiles were stable for 115 h, and the evaluated thicknesses were obtained with high reproducibility (±0.05 nm for 10 nm thickness) by adopting the analysis model for clean surfaces.

To improve the primary density standard of the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), the absolute densities of two 1 kg silicon spheres, NMIJ-S4 and NMIJ-S5, were determined by measuring their masses and volumes. The volumes of the two spheres were measured by optical interferometry based on the primary length standard of NMIJ. For the accurate volume determination, the thicknesses of the surface layers on the spheres were determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). By combining the results of optical interferometry and XPS, the volumes of the two spheres at 20.000 °C and 0 Pa were determined with relative standard uncertainties of 3.0 × 10−8 and 2.9 × 10−8 for NMIJ-S4 and NMIJ-S5, respectively. From these results, the sphere volumes at 20.000 °C and 101.325 kPa were determined using the isothermal compressibility of silicon. The masses of the spheres in air were determined based on the national prototype of the kilogram of Japan. From the results of the volume and mass measurements, the densities of the two spheres at 20.000 °C and 101.325 kPa were determined with a relative standard uncertainty of 3.2 × 10−8. The density difference between the two spheres was estimated taking into account the correlation between the densities of the two spheres. The pressure-of-floatation method was also used to determine the density difference between the two spheres. The density differences determined by the two different methods agree with each other within their uncertainties.

Helium is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless gas that is used as a lifting gas for air balloons and small airships due to its high level of safety. In recent years, it has become easy to search the Internet for methods to commit suicide, and the use of helium gas for this purpose has recently been garnering attention. We report a case of a male in his 30's in which helium gas was used to commit suicide. He was found unconscious on a bed with a plastic bag covering his head. When emergency personnel arrived at the scene, he was in cardiac arrest and remained in cardiac arrest at the time of his arrival at the hospital. Continued cardiopulmonary resuscitation resulted in a return of spontaneous circulation. Head computed tomography showed the corticomedullary border was indistinct. Fifteen hours at the hospital, the patient died. Recently, there has been an increasing trend for suicide being performed according to methods obtained through the Internet or mass media. Although there are only a few cases of suicide by helium gas in Japan, attention must be paid to this issue as the number of such cases may increase in the future.

This work deals with the development of a numerical technique to simulate 3D complex turbulent free surface flows. This technique is based on the finite-difference GENSMAC methodology coupled with high Reynolds $$\kappa -\varepsilon$$ turbulence model and the ADBQUICKEST upwind scheme to deal with the advective terms. The computations are performed using the 3D version of the Freeflow simulation system, in which the effectiveness of the numerical technique is analyzed for the dam-break flow and a turbulent jet impinging orthogonally onto a flat surface. The numerical results are compared with existing analytical and experimental data. To demonstrate applicability of the Freeflow-3D simulation system for solving complex free surface flows at high Reynolds numbers, a case of the fluid–structure interaction was simulated.

This paper describes in detail a numerical scheme to predict complex turbulent flows using a recent model based on temporal large-eddy simulations (TLES). To solve the equations a second-order finite volume numerical method coupled with a second-order time integration scheme is used. The numerical scheme is validated and then applied to present new results concerning the prediction of the complex turbulent flow in a cubic lid-driven cavity, at Reynolds numbers $$Re=12{,}000$$ and $$Re=18{,}000$$. The results obtained with the TLES are compared with direct numerical simulations and experimental data for the mean velocity flow field and for the Reynolds stresses, showing to be very attractive when compared to large-eddy simulations.

In this paper, we present a numerical technique for the simulation of two-dimensional incompressible turbulent flows. In particular, the performance of the realizable Reynolds stress algebraic equation model and the high-order polynomial upwind scheme, TOPUS, is assessed for free surface incompressible turbulent flows. The Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations and continuity equations are solved using the finite difference methodology on a staggered grid system. The numerical method is investigated by solving two free surface fluid flow problems, namely, a turbulent free jet impinging onto a flat surface and a broken dam. The method is then applied to simulate a sluice gate and a horizontal jet penetrating a quiescent fluid from an entry port beneath the free surface.

For the treatment of nasal and nostril stenosis caused by facial burn, it is necessary to perform rhinoplasty and nasal vestibuloplasty using various flaps, perform cicatrectomy of the nostrils with a rhinosurgical procedure, and prevent restenosis of the nostrils and nasal cavity for a certain period by methods such as placement of a nasal retainer or transnasal airway and gauze packing of the nasal cavity. With all methods, postoperative placement of a retainer or nasal treatment is necessary for the prevention of postoperative restenosis, and the patient's cooperation is essential. In a patient who did not cooperate in postoperative treatments due to autism and had recurrences of nasal and nostril stenosis after conventional surgical treatments, adequate patency of the nasal cavity and nostrils could be maintained with minimal postoperative treatment by placing a self-expandable metallic esophageal stent.

To reduce the uncertainty of the Avogadro constant for the new definition of the kilogram, the surface analysis of the Si sphere produced for the accurate determination of the Avogadro constant is indispensable. In this paper, we conducted the surface quantitative analyses to find out the metallic contaminations on a 1-kg natural Si sphere by X-ray fluorescence analysis. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigations were also carried out to estimate the thickness of the oxide layer and clarify the chemical binding state of the carbonaceous contamination layer on the surface of a dummy Si sphere.

We would report the repeated survey-spectra acquisition method in order to analyze the instability of the acquired spectrum in Auger Electron Spectroscopy. The experiment followed a sequence of continuous spectral acquisition for one hour and one-hour acquisition halt, while the electron beam irradiation was continued during the acquisition halts. The sequence was repeated three times. The intensity of the survey spectra gradually decreased, and we think this was mainly due to the surface contamination. After exclud- ing the contamination effect, we found that the intensities of spectra revealed the gradual increase by a few percent for the acquisition time less than ~500 s and for all the electron energy examined. In contrast, the rapid intensity increase by one percent was observed for the acquisition time less than ~15 s and for the en- ergy lower than ~600 eV. After a prolonged continuous-acquisition, the stable spectrum was finally derived, however, the acquisition halt disrupted the stable state. We think the observed instability of the spectra in- tensity was due to the gain fluctuations of a micro-channel plate installed in a cylindrical mirror analyzer.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a newly established neonatal intensive care unit (NICU on clinical work practice and educational activity at Nippon Medical School Musashikosugi Hospital. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed the clinical records of all neonates admitted to the NICU from December 2010 through November 2013. Anthropometric data clinical status problems and outcomes of patients and the related obstetrical history were extracted and analyzed. Results: Of the 568 neonatal admissions about half were related to preterm birth (49% and low birth weight (55%. Forty‑eight percent of patients were born via caesarean delivery. Maternal hypertension diabetes and thyroid disease were found in 8% 5% and 2% of cases respectively. Mechanical ventilatory support was provided for 20% of patients. Neonates from multiple pregnancy and with significant congenital anomalies accounted for 17% and 10% of all patients respectively. Five patients died during hospitalization. In addition training was provided in the NICU for an average of 10 residents and 20 medical students per year. Conclusion: Since the NICU was established closer cooperation beyond the framework of a single department has come to be needed. In addition NICUs in teaching hospitals are expected to provide opportunities for medical students and residents to observe and participate in multidisciplinary medical care. (J Nippon Med Sch 2014; 81: 328―332

Measuring the number concentration (NC) of nanoparticles (NPs) in suspension has become important because of its use as an index of the quality and efficacy of medical and industrial products. Although scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can reveal individual particles, it is not commonly used for measurement owing to difficulties in sample preparation. We used a micro-liquid dispenser to prepare a specimen of a gold NP suspension, and by combining SEM and gravimetry we measured the NC. The dispenser places a small droplet of suspension onto a Si substrate without splashing, confining the particles in a small area. This method enabled us to observe and count all particles in the area by SEM without loss. The average weight of droplets was determined from weight increments of multiple ejections from the dispenser into a reservoir on an analytical balance. Dividing the NP number by single droplet weight gives NC in g−1. Our simple method gave a precise measurement of the NC of Au NPs with a relative expanded uncertainty of

CCQM key comparison K-153 Measurement of Specific Adsorption A [mol/kg] of N2 and Kr on nonporous SiO2 at LN temperature (to enable a traceable determination of the Specific Surface Area (BET) following ISO 9277) has been performed by the Surface Analysis Working Group (SAWG) of the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance (CCQM). The objective of this key comparison is to compare the equivalency of the National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) and Designated Institutes (DIs) for the measurement of specific adsorption, BET specific surface area) of nonporous substances (sorbents, ceramics, catalytic agents, etc) used in advanced technology. In this key comparison, a commercial nonporous silicon dioxide was supplied as a sample. Eight NMIs participated in this key comparison, but only five NMI's have reported in time. All participants used a gas adsorption method, here nitrogen and (or) krypton adsorption at 77.3 K, for analysis according to the international standards ISO 15901-2 and 9277. In this key comparison, the degrees of equivalence uncertainties for specific adsorption nitrogen and krypton, BET specific surface area were established. KEY WORDS FOR SEARCH nonporous SiO2, Specific Adsorption of N2 and Kr, BET specific surface area Main text To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

Um modelo simplificado foi desenvolvido para estimar o potencial de penetração de partículas típicas de matrizes de argamassas e concretos nos poros de um substrato. O modelo considera que, após serem lançadas sobre a superfície, as partículas com área de projeção no plano menor ou igual à área do poro podem penetrá-la. Foram estudadas cinco matrizes distintas, constituídas por partículas de cimento, cal, filer calcário, microssílica e argamassa aplicadas em três substratos com distribuição do tamanho de poros similares aos encontrados no mercado nacional. A distribuição granulométrica das partículas foi obtida por ensaios de granulometria a laser e a distribuição do tamanho dos poros e a porosidade dos substratos por porosimetria de intrusão de mercúrio. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o potencial penetração de partículas nos poros não atinge 1% do volume total de partículas presentes na matriz, mesmo para a matriz com granulometria mais fina (microssílica) em substrato com faixa de poros mais ampla (substrato cimentício) numa relação área do poro/área da partícula igual a 1. Conforme modelo proposto, a contribuição da parcela mecânica pela penetração de partículas nos poros para aderência é insignificante.