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Quality of service (QoS) is an important consideration in networking. QoS provisioning for wireless networks is a difficult problem due to the self-organizing nature of such networks, and due to strict energy constraints which greatly restrict the signalling overhead. This paper discusses the challenges and solutions involved in providing QoS in wireless data networks. Multiple techniques for providing service guarantees are presented, including data link layer QoS schemes, network layer schemes, integrated (multiple layer) approaches, QoS routing, dynamic class adaptation, and techniques for reservation and admission control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On-line transactions are cost effective and convenient to customers. But this benefit is accompanied by diversified attacks by unscrupulous users. A Strong Authentication mechanism is essential before any on-line transactions is performed like online shopping, internet banking. Various authentication mechanisms are available and are in use for different situations. In this paper we are going to give a detailed description of various existing authentication techniques, attacks and their suitability to online transactions. Comparison of these techniques is made that helps in devising a strong authentication mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]