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Global warming is the most serious problem of our age. The most permanent measure to be taken against this problem is to ensure that individuals receive an effective and well-equipped education, free from misconceptions, which are obstacles to the efficiency of education. In this study, it is aimed to develop a four-stage diagnostic test that can reveal the misconceptions of pre-service science teachers about global warming. The sample of the study, in which the survey approach was used, consists of 401 pre-service teachers studying in the science teaching department at different universities in Turkey. The results show that the test is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to determine the misconceptions, scientific knowledge, and lack of knowledge about global warming. In the study, the factor with the highest percentage of pre-service science teachers' scientific knowledge and misconceptions was the consequences of global warming, while the factor with the highest percentage of lack of knowledge was calculated as the greenhouse effect factor. It is recommended to use the test to determine the current situation regarding the level and areas where the misconceptions of individuals are concentrated to improve the missing or faulty areas in the science curriculum.

The individual's learning process begins with birth and continues with discoveries in the living spaces. The curiosity-driven learning process is the basis of cognitive development, and nowadays, much research is being done to understand this development field. Determining the focal point of research on cognitive development in preschool in Turkey has shed light on the work to be done later. This study consists of theses and articles written in development and education related to the field of cognitive development in children aged 3-6. The study consists of 53 studies chosen randomly from the scientific research published between the years 2008-2018 within the field of cognitive development in 3-6 aged children. The keywords of "cognitive development, mental development, cognition" were applied while searching through the Higher Education Council Theses Center and The Turkish Academic Network and Information Center (ULAKBIM). Twenty-four theses that have been in Higher Education Council Theses Center and 29 articles in The Turkish Academic Network and Information Center (ULAKBIM) were reviewed using content analysis through a form that includes subject areas, data collection tools used in the research, data analysis methods, references, and sample characteristics. In this study, it was found that academic studies of early childhood were focused on 60-72 months. It has been observed that there has been an increase in the number of studies conducted on children aged 0-2 years. The increase in the number of new academic studies on this period, which is critical for brain development, will also prepare a strong ground for understanding and developing the later stages of early childhood.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of block play on the creativity of children. The present study adopted a quasi-experimental research design, with pre- and post-test control groups. The study group consisted of a total of 52 children, enrolled at preschool education institutions in Ankara province in Turkey. The children were submitted the 'Personal Information Form', 'Stages of Block Building Evaluation Form', 'Creative Thinking Test through Figure Analysis' and 'Research Diary' was used. The findings indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between the pre- and post-test mean scores for the subtests, attention to details, acceptance of differences, fluency, and originality, and the total creative skills of the children in the experimental group when compared to both control groups. It was concluded that the block play intervention had positive effects on the stages of block building and the creative skills of children.

The aim of the study is to examine the symbolic play behaviours of the child and mother at home and to determine how the mother participated when playing with her child. The study included 19 mothers and their children with 24-36 months old children from Turkey. The symbolic play that the mother and child played together in their home environment was recorded in the video for 12 min. As a result of the research, it was determined that mothers involved in the play 'involved director' most, and no mothers were involved in the category of 'uninvolved'.

Purpose: The present study aims to investigate maternal emotion socialization, children's self-perception, and social problem-solving skills. In addition, this study describes the association between the levels of children's self-perception and social problem-solving skills. Research Methods: This is a quantitative study adopting a relational research design. The study group consists of 109 children aged 5-6 years, attending preschool in Kirklareli city center in the 2014-2015 school year, and their mothers. "The Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES),"; "Demoulin Self Perception Test for Children,"; "Wally Social Problem-Solving Test (WSPST)," and a Personal Information Form were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed through the SPSS 20.0 package program. Findings: The results of the current study demonstrated that there was a positive and high association between the total scores of children's self-perception and social problem-solving skills. As a result of the study, it was concluded that mothers' supportive and unsupportive reactions could not statistically explain their children's self-perception level and social problem-solving skills. Implications for Research and Practice: The results suggest that children's solving problems with their peers or with the individuals in their immediate environment by developing adequate strategies enables them to adopt a positive attitude about their self-perception. In addition, further studies on the process of children's emotion socialization can contribute to the relevant literature by investigating variables such as children's disposition, cultural traits, the social context in which they live, and socio-economic status of their family.

Summary: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a highly prevalent metabolic disease, causing a heavy burden on healthcare systems worldwide, with related complications and anti‐diabetes drug prescriptions. Recently, it was demonstrated that T2DM can be put into remission via significant weight loss using low‐carbohydrate diets (LCDs) and very low‐energy diets (VLEDs) in individuals with overweight and obesity. Clinical trials demonstrated remission rates of 25–77%, and metabolic improvements such as improved blood lipid profile and blood pressure were observed. In contrast, clinical trials showed that remission rate declines with time, concurrent with weight gain, or diminished weight loss. This review aims to discuss existing literature regarding underlying determinants of long‐term remission of T2DM including metabolic adaptations to weight loss (e.g., role of gastrointestinal hormones), type of dietary intervention (i.e., LCDs or VLEDs), maintaining beta (β)‐cell function, early glycemic control, and psychosocial factors. This narrative review is significant because determining the factors that are associated with challenges in maintaining long‐term remission may help in designing sustainable interventions for type 2 diabetes remission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We previously identified mutations in Nardilysin (dNrd1) in a forward genetic screen designed to isolate genes whose loss causes neurodegeneration in Drosophila photoreceptor neurons. Here we show that NRD1 is localized to mitochondria, where it recruits mitochondrial chaperones and assists in the folding of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH), a rate-limiting enzyme in the Krebs cycle. Loss of Nrd1 or Ogdh leads to an increase in α-ketoglutarate, a substrate for OGDH, which in turn leads to mTORC1 activation and a subsequent reduction in autophagy. Inhibition of mTOR activity by rapamycin or partially restoring autophagy delays neurodegeneration in dNrd1 mutant flies. In summary, this study reveals a novel role for NRD1 as a mitochondrial co-chaperone for OGDH and provides a mechanistic link between mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction, mTORC1 signaling, and impaired autophagy in neurodegeneration.

This study investigated the relationships of healthy children with their handicapped siblings and analyzed their acceptance of the siblings. The study was conducted in 16 different special education and rehabilitation centers in Ankara. Two hundred twenty-eight healthy children between the ages of 10 to 17 years voluntarily participated in the investigation. All participating children had siblings diagnosed with one of the six disabilities: Learning disability (LD), mental retardation (MR), cerebral palsy (CP), mental-motor retardation (MMR), Down syndrome (DS), or autism (A). The attitudes of the healthy children towards their handicapped siblings (EKYTO) and towards other handicapped people (EBYTO) were studied. Results show that healthy children display positive attitudes towards their own handicapped siblings whereas less positive attitudes towards other handicapped people. The investigation takes into consideration diagnosis and degree of the handicap. In general, it is observed that the healthy children's attitudes towards their handicapped sibling are clearly changing according to diagnosis and level of handicap whereas the same factors do not make any difference in terms of attitudes towards other handicapped people.

Objective: This study determines the psychological problems and coping strategies of children and adolescents during the lockdown applied in the early period of COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey Material and Methods: The study includes the data of an online self-report questionnaire applied between 12-17th April 2020. The questionnaire consists data about family and peer relationships, online education, psychological responses, activities and newly acquired hobbies during the lockdown. Results: A total of 717 participants, 278 children (mean age 10.36±1.49 years) and 439 adolescents (15.49±1.72 years) participated in online survey. A statistically significant difference was found in the child and adolescent groups in terms of age (p <0.005). Although girls participated in the survey more in both groups, this rate was significantly higher in the adolescent group (p = 0.017). Adolescents significantly more communicated with their friends via social media (p = 0.000) than children, children had more attention problems in online education than adolescents (p = 0.000). Pandemic caused similar-moderate levels of anxiety in children and adolescents, symptoms such as difficulty falling asleep, reluctance and attention problems were significantly more in adolescents, headache, fatigue and weakness were higher in children. During the lockdown, children and adolescents engaged in activities and had new hobbies at a similar rate to reduce their anxiety or spending time at home (p = 0.260, p = 0.870). While the children mostly spent time with their family, adolescents spent more time with technology and social media. Conclusion: The results of this study based on self-report will provide important data on children and adolescents during the lockdown period. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic will have long-term effects, and the data of this early study may lead new studies, also the results may assist in taking measures in the field of child and adolescent mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article focuses on a presentation of the education programs that are based on the mothers' active inclusion, and it aims to provide some preventive measures for parent-child interaction, methods of bringing up children, play, problems that can be faced in the home environment, and informing the mothers about their children's feelings. In addition, these programs serve as an opportunity to the children to overcome the unequal treatment when compared to the children who acquire preschool education that is home based. The main object of the current study was to examine the effects of the Mother-Child Education Program on the mothers who have children 4 years old or younger, in terms of knowledge about child education and development. (Contains 4 tables.)

Objective: Neonatal convulsions may be an early sign of brain injury and the presence of convulsions in the neonatal period has been associated with long-term sequelaes such as mental retardation, postnatal epilepsy and death. We aimed to determine associations of etiological factors with neurodevelopment and postneonatal epilepsy and evaluate the risk factors in newborns with neonatal convulsions that were not related to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Material and Methods: This study included full-term infants who were born between January 2010 and December 2014 and had neonatal convulsion history, had no history of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and were followed for at least 1 year at our neurology clinic. Results: Forty-nine patients were included to the study. Among the identified etiologies on first clinical visit, hypoglycemia was the most common cause which was presented in 11 (40.74%; 11/27 patients) patients. During follow-up, 22.4% (n=11) of patients developed postneonatal epilepsy. In 4 of 7 patients with abnormal Bayley II test results, epilepsy developed in the follow-up. The risk for development of postneonatal epilepsy was significantly associated with abnormal neurological findings, such as cerebral palsy or significant delays in developmental stages; being not benefited from acute treatment and follow-up abnormal EEG findings of the patients. Conclusion: Hypoglycemia should be primarily investigated and treated in term neonatal seizures without hypoxia. Abnormal neurological findings, being not benefited from the acute treatment and follow-up EEG findings were associated with developing epilepsy. In the literature, most of the studies were limited due to short follow-up periods. More information about prognostic factors in neonatal convulsions and the occurrence of postneonatal epilepsy is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byline: Ayse. Aksoy, Aysun. Toker, Muhammet. Celik, Mehmet. Aksoy, Zekai. Halici, Hulya. Aksoy Objectives: To explore the protective effect of progesterone on inflammation and oxidative stress in a rat model [...]