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This study investigated the quantitative phytochemical contents, total phenolics, total flavonoids, total carotenoids, antioxidative capacity, tannin, proanthocyanidins, lycopene, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b of theStephania japonicaextract. Comprehensive antioxidative effects of the extract were also investigated. Quantitative assays were conducted through both spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatographic methods. Antioxidative effects were measured through FeCl3reducing power, metal chelating power, reducing power, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) scavenging activity, N, N-dimethyl-1,4-diaminobenzene free radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, and nitric oxide scavenging effect. The contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, total carotenoids, total antioxidative capacity, tannin, proanthocyanidins, lycopene, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b were found to be 47.32 ± 0.75 mg tannic acid equivalent, 61.41 ± 1.58 mg catechin equivalent, 63.29 ± 2.21 mg, 22.85 ± 0.70 mg ascorbic acid equivalent, 76.17 ± 0.97 mg tannic acid equivalent, 94.96 ± 4.49 mg catechin equivalent, 22.19 ± 0.79 µg, 22.19 ± 0.79 µg, 7.52 ± 1.24 mg, and 10.43 ± 2.11 mg, respectively, in 1 g of ethanol extract. A high concentration of epicatechin,p-coumaric acid, and rutin hydrate and moderate concentration of caffeic acid and quercetin was detected in the extract. The IC50value for ferric reducing power assay, metal chelating assay, reducing power assay, ABTS scavenging assay, N, N-dimethyl-1,4-diaminobenzene scavenging assay, superoxide scavenging assay and nitric oxide (NO) assay were 465.06 ± 7.32 µmol ascorbic acid/g, 1656.52, 270.55, 457.27, 632.74, 217.5, and 464.00 µg/mL, respectively. No beta carotene was detected in the extract. The extract was demonstrated to be a very potential source of antioxidative metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The ethanolic bark extract of Mitragyna diversifolia showed significant (p<0.05) antidiarrheal activity on gastrointestinal motility with barium sulfate milk model and castor oil- induced diarrheal model in rats. These results revealed that the bark extract possess pharmacological activity against diarrhea and may possibly explain the use of the plant in traditional medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Linum usitatissimum or flax has been broadly utilized in numerous milieus worldwide as a primeval medicinal plant because of its health benefits in diverse types of diseases., Objective: The objective of this review is to assemble the latest information on the botanical description, distribution, conventional uses, and biochemical constituents, along with the pharmacological activities and toxicity of flax., Methods: For this purpose, data on Linum was accumulated from scientific journals, books, and worldwide acknowledged scientific databases via a library and electronic search., Results: Phytochemical analysis showed that the major chemical constituents of L. usitatissimum are ω-3 fatty acid, phytoestrogenic-lignans (secoisolariciresinol diglucoside-SDG), phenols, flavonoids, sterols, proteins, antioxidants as well as various soluble and insoluble fibres. Among them, secoisolariciresinol diglucosides (SDG) are the major bioactive compounds of L. usitatissimum with prospective pharmacological accomplishments. Pure compounds and crude extracts isolated from L. usitatissimum exhibited significant anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, anti-diarrheal, anti-malarial, hepato-protective, reno-protective, immunosuppressive, antiarrhythmic, and cognitive effects. Studies indicated that the toxicological effect from the consumption of flaxseed is because of its cyanogenic glycosides, linatine, and cadmium, but the level does not seem to be adequately concentrated to contribute to any physiological impact., Conclusions: Further studies are expected to comprehend the detailed mode of action of its dynamic constituents as potent therapeutics and to completely reveal its preventive and healing potentials., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba (white cabbage) is a cruciferous vegetable used as a vegetable and traditional medicine all over the world. Different preparation from several parts of the plant- roots, shoots, leaves, and the whole plant are used to treat a wide range of diseases, including diabetes, cancer, gastric, inflammation, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, bacterial, oxidation, and obesity., Objective: The aim of the current review is to evaluate the botany, distribution, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of B. oleracea var. capitata. Moreover, this review will guide to fill the existing gaps in information and highlight additional research prospects in the field of phytochemistry and pharmacology., Method: Various resources, including research papers, review papers, books, and reports, were collected to obtain overall information on Brassica oleracea var. capitata, which were obtained by an online search of worldwide-accepted scientific databases. Phytochemical constituents' structures were drawn by ChemDraw software., Results: About 72 isolated phytochemical compounds of B. oleracea var. capitata have been collected from different articles, which included different types of compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, organic acids, glucosinolates, steroids, hydrocarbons, etc. Crude extracts and phytoconstituents of B. oleracea var. capitata have various pharmacological effects, including antidiabetic, anticancer, antihypertensive, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-obesity, anticoagulant, and hepatoprotective. We have enlisted all these pharmacological data along with all the phytochemical constituents of Brassica oleracea var. capitata., Conclusion: The study was focused on the traditional uses, pharmacological activities, and phytochemistry of Brassica oleracea var. capitata, and the findings indicated that B. oleracea var. capitata is an important medicinal plant that shows several pharmacological effects. We hope our review of this plant will provide more basic and useful information and fill some research gaps for further investigation and drug design. Although we found some important traditional uses and pharmacological activities of Brassica oleracea var. capitata, there is insufficient work in the field of phytochemical activities., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Adhatoda vasica (Nees.) of the family Acanthaceae has been used in the Southeast tropical zone as it is efficacious against headache, colds, cough, whooping cough, fever, asthma, dyspnea, phthisis, jaundice, chronic bronchitis, and diarrhea. It exhibits commendable pharmacological activities., Objective: The aim of the review is to provide a systematic overview of pharmacological activities with toxicity and clinical assessment, phytochemistry of A. vasica along with its characterization, geographical observation, phenology, traditional uses, as well as an organized representation of the findings., Method: The overall information of A. vasica was collected from various resources, including books, review papers, research papers, and reports which were obtained from an online search of globallyaccepted scientific databases. ChemDraw software was used to draw the compound's structure., Results: Phytochemical review on A. vasica has led to the collection of 233 compounds of different types such as alkaloids, flavonoids, essential oils, terpenoids, fatty acids, phenols, etc. It is a promising source of potential phytopharmaceutical agent that exhibits diverse pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, hepatoprotective, anti-ulcer, abortifacient, antiviral, antiinflammatory, thrombolytic, hypoglycemic, anti-tubercular, antioxidant, and antitussive activities., Conclusions: Sufficient number of studies on ethnopharmacology, traditional uses, and pharmacological activities of A. vasica are conducted. Furthermore, it is necessary to study the activity of chemical constituents for new drug design and discovery from natural products., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Saurauia roxburghii Wall. is an interesting plant, found growing chiefly along the eastern and south-eastern countries of Asia. The various ethnic groups of these regions use the plant as a medication for relieving a wide spectrum of diseases and conditions, including indigestion, boils, fever, gout, piles, eczema, asthma, ulcers, bronchitis, epilepsy, and hepatitis B. This review aims to appraise the vernacular information, botanical characterization, geographical distribution, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of S. roxburghii as well as to conduct a critical analysis on the findings. To understand the therapeutic potential and provide an overall idea about the ethnomedicinal practices, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of S. roxburghii, relevant information was collected via a library and electronic search of online journals, books, and reputed databases. Phytochemical examination revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, O-glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates, saponins, steroids, reducing sugars, tannins, phlobatannins, and triterpenoids. The sterols were identified as Stigmasterol and beta-Sitosterol. The triterpenes were found to be Ursolic acid, Corosolic acid, Maslinic acid, 24-Hydroxy corosolic acid, 3b,7b,24-trihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid, Oleanolic acid, beta-Amyrin, cis-3-O-p-Hydroxycinnamoyl ursolic acid, trans-3-O-p- Hydroxycinnamoyl ursolic acid, and 7,24-dihydroxyursolic acid. Several in-vivo and in-vitro tests revealed anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, and anti-viral activities of the plant leaves. Detailed analysis of the information collected on S. roxburghii suggested some promising leads for future drug development. However, many scientific gaps were found in the study of this and further extensive investigation is needed to fully understand the mechanism of action of the active constituents and exploit its therapeutic promises., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)