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Background: Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is an uncommon complication of long‐term peritoneal dialysis (PD). Despite its rarity, EPS significantly increases morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing prolonged peritoneal dialysis. In children on PD, the incidence of EPS ranges from 0.5% to 7.3%. Case: We present the case of a 13‐year‐old Omani boy diagnosed with end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD) secondary to steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome due to diffuse mesangial sclerosis at the age of 2 years. He was started on automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) on the same year and experienced four episodes of peritonitis, which were treated successfully with intraperitoneal (IP) antibiotics. In January 2023, he developed intermittent abdominal pain and chronic constipation, which progressed to daily vomiting, reduced oral intake, and weight loss. He later developed subacute intestinal obstruction which was managed conservatively. A CT scan of the abdomen revealed findings consistent with EPS. Following the diagnosis of EPS, peritoneal dialysis (PD) was discontinued, and the patient transitioned to hemodialysis. Treatment for EPS began with steroids and Tamoxifen. Subsequently, he underwent deceased donor kidney transplantation and was started on multiple immunosuppressive medications. During subsequent follow‐up appointments, he was maintained on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) along with a soft diet. His overall condition improved significantly, enhancing his quality of life. Conclusion: This case highlights the risk of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) in patients undergoing long‐term peritoneal dialysis. Transitioning to hemodialysis and kidney transplantation, combined with targeted treatments such as steroids and Tamoxifen, significantly improved the patient's condition and quality of life. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for effective management of EPS in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypertension is prevalent in the pediatric population, with estimated rates between 2% and 5%, and its incidence is rising globally. This study offers a single-center analysis of hypertension in children. Methods: a retrospective chart review was conducted involving children aged 1 month to 13 years diagnosed with hypertension. Results: The study included a total of 129 children. Secondary hypertension was identified in 103 patients (79.8%), while primary hypertension was noted in 26 patients (20.2%). Primary hypertension was more common among pre-teen children (50.0%), whereas secondary hypertension predominantly affected those aged 1 to 5 years. Renal parenchymal disease emerged as the most frequent etiology of secondary hypertension, followed by endocrine disorders and vascular issues. No significant correlation was found between hypertension and obesity. The primary complications associated with hypertension in these children were cardiovascular, followed by neurological issues. A small proportion (14.7%) managed their hypertension solely through lifestyle modifications, while the majority required additional antihypertensive medications. At the final follow-up, 50% of the children demonstrated improved blood pressure readings. Conclusion: The findings indicate a higher prevalence of secondary hypertension compared to primary hypertension among the studied population. This study underscores the necessity for heightened awareness among pediatricians regarding the early identification and management of hypertension. Larger population-based studies are warranted to further investigate the prevalence, causes, and outcomes of hypertension in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anemia is a common and significant complication in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which increases in prevalence as the disease progresses. Studies from the North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies (NAPRTCS) report that up to 60% of children with CKD stage G2 and over 80% of those with CKD G5 are affected by anemia. This condition contributes to a range of clinical manifestations, including fatigue, pallor, and cognitive impairment and increases the need for blood transfusions and hospitalizations, thereby increasing morbidity and mortality. The etiology of anemia in CKD is multifactorial, involving erythropoietin (EPO) deficiency, iron deficiency, inflammation, blood loss, and the effects of medications. The Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) have issued guidelines for anemia management, which emphasize the need for individualized treatment strategies, such as erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) and iron supplementation. However, challenges remain regarding optimal hemoglobin targets, and ongoing research is needed to balance the benefits of ESAs with potential cardiovascular risks. This review highlights the complexities of anemia in pediatric CKD, the role of key factors such as erythropoietin and iron in red blood cell maturation, and the importance of a tailored approach to treatment to improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]