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AbstractAimMethodsResultsConclusionThis study was aimed at investigating the cytotoxic effect of a novel combination of doxorubicin (DOX) and nano-formulation of Santolina chamaecyparissus L. essential oil (SCEO-NANO) on hepatic (HepG2) and colon (HT29) cancer cell lines.A nano-emulsion was prepared by high-pressure homogenisation, then analysed by zetasizer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. HepG2 and HT29 cells were used in in vitro tests for apoptosis detection.Formulated droplet size increased in DOX@SCEO-NANO/DOX to 11.54 ± 0.02 with uniform distribution (PDI = 0.13 ± 0.01), when compared with SCEO-NANO (size: 8.91 ± 0.02 nm; PDI = 0.1 ± 0.02). In both cells, DOX@SCEO-NANO/DOX led to a considerable reduction in colony formation. Compared to DOX, apoprotein proteins were overexpressed in HepG2 cells, showing increases of 8.66-fold for caspase-3 and 4.24-fold for the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. In HT29 cells, ROS-dependent necrosis and apoptosis were seen. Comparing DOX@SCEO-NANO/DOX versus DOX, greater levels of caspase-3 and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were observed.The DOX@SCEO-NANO/DOX formulation showed potential for targeted eradication of colon adenocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phormidesmis communis strain AB_11_10 was isolated and identified using microscopy and 16s rRNA sequencing, and its phytochemical constituents were determined using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The isolate had a segmented filamentous shape with a blue-green color. Many biomolecules, including organic compounds, amino acids, and fatty acids, were detected. P. communis strain AB_11_10 was used to synthesize gold nanoparticles (Ph-AuNPs) by adjusting the optimum reaction conditions. The concentration, algal/precursor ratio, temperature, reaction time, and pH significantly influenced the synthesis of the Ph-AuNPs. Mixing 1 mL of 0.5 mM of HAuCl4 with 1 mL of algal extract and exposing the mixture to 100 °C for 30 min at pH 5.6 were the optimum conditions for the biosynthesis of Ph-AuNPs at a wavelength of 524.5 nm. The Ph-AuNPs were characterized using TEM, SEM, EDX, and mapping Zeta sizer and FTIR. The Ph-AuNPs had quasi-spherical to triangular shapes with an average diameter of 9.6 ± 4.3 nm. Ph-AuNPs composed of 76.10 ± 3.14% of Au and trace amounts of carbon and oxygen were detected, indicating that the P. communis strain AB_11_10 successfully synthesized Ph-AuNPs. The hydrodynamic diameter of the Ph-AuNPs was 28.5 nm, and their potential charge was −17.7 mV. O-H, N-H, C=C, N-O, C-H, and C-O were coated onto the surfaces of the Ph-AuNPs. These groups correspond to algal phytochemicals, which may have been the main reducing and stabilizing substances during the Ph-AuNP synthesis. The therapeutic activity of the Ph-AuNPs against osteosarcoma cancers was examined in MG-63 and SAOS-2 cell lines, while their biocompatibility was tested against Vero cell lines using a sulforhodamine B assay. The Ph-AuNPs had potent antitumor activity against the MG-63 and SAOS-2 cells, with a low toxicity toward Vero cells. Flow cytometry and cell cycle arrest analyses revealed that the Ph-AuNPs enhanced the apoptotic pathway and arrested the cell cycle in the MG-63 and SAOS-2 cells. P. communis strain AB_11_10 provides a new source to synthesize small, stable, and biocompatible AuNPs that act as apoptotic enhancers in osteosarcoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxovanadium (IV) and diphenyltin (IV) complexes were synthesized on the nanoscale based on the Schiff base (H2L) derived from salicylaldehyde and d‐glucosamine. The complexes were formed with a molar ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 (metal: dligand) relative to oxovanadium (IV) and diphenyltin (IV), respectively. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, mass fragmentations, electronic transitions, thermogravimetric analysis, and density functional theory were employed to validate the structure of synthesized compounds. The results demonstrated that the ligand (H2L) was successfully attached to oxovanadium (IV) and diphenyltin (IV) as di‐anionic and mono‐anionic ligands, respectively. The size of the complexes was investigated using the transmission scanning microscope. The work presents a prospective concept for the drug design of the targeted anticancer through the glucose moiety. All compounds revealed remarkable anticancer activities against the colorectal (HCT‐116) cell line, recording IC50 values 4.94, 21.73, and 62.5 μg/ml for VO (II)(L), free H2L, and Sn (ph)2(HL)2, respectively. The IC50 value of VO (II)(L) complex was increased after the quercetin inhibitor. Therefore, the sugar‐conjugated compound can be recognized by the glucose recognition binding site of GLUT and their cell‐killing effect depends highly on the GLUT inhibitor, quercetin. The potential GLUT transportability of the compounds was investigated through a molecular docking study. The anti‐migration activity was investigated for VO (II)(L) complex. The free ligand observed the best antimicrobial results. The antibacterial stimulation was investigated and represented different interaction types with the selected ribosyl transferase enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed at optimizing the conditions for producing oil-in-water nanoemulsion based on Teucrium polium L. essential oil (TP-EO) with high-pressure homogenization method using mixture of surfactants Tween 80 (Tw80) and Span 20 (Sp20). The experiment was designed based on the Box-Behnken method and the effect of % Sp20, Tw80:Sp20, and %TP-EO on size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential (ZP) of the prepared nano-emulsions were determined. Micro-broth dilution assay was utilized to determine the in vitro antibacterial effect of the optimized formulation of TP-NE. The results revealed that more desirable TP-NE with minimum particle size (153.75 ± 1.34 nm) and PDI (0.04 ± 0.003) and maximum ZP (−6.44 ± 0.13 mV) were obtained using 0.16%Sp20, 12 Tw80:Sp20 and 0.5%TP-EO. Furthermore, TP-NE had high growth inhibitory effect on S. aureus and MRSA, with IC50 of 8.73 ± 0.07 and 9.38 ± 0.07% (v/v), respectively. In addition, TP-EO inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa, S. sonnei, E. coli, and K. pneumonia, with IC50 of 10.83 ± 0.09, 16.62 ± 0.1, 20.50 ± 0.2, and 28.64 ± 0.12% (v/v), respectively. The viabilities of S. aureus and MRSA treated with 16.67% (v/v) TP-NE were significantly reduced by 6.88 and 2.3-folds, respectively, relative to when they were treated with equivalent concentration of TP-EO. The growths of P. aeruginosa, E. coli, K. pneumonia, and S. sonnei, were inhibited 3.95, 2, 1.16, and 1.10-fold, respectively, after treatment with 16.67% (v/v) TP-NE, when compared with TP-EO-treated groups. In conclusion, the optimized TP-NE has antibacterial activity above that of pure oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to extract essential oil from the aerial parts of Teucrium polium L. (TPO) using hydro-distillation, and to determine the chemical composition of the extract with GC-MS analysis. The plant was obtained from Huraymila City in the North-Western Riyadh. Total contents of phenolics (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) were estimated as gallic acid (GA) equivalent and catechin (CH) equivalent, respectively, whereas the antioxidant activity was measured with DPPH assay. Agar disc diffusion and micro-broth dilution methods were utilized for antibacterial evaluation, while MTT assay was used for cytotoxicity evaluation. The average yield of TPO was 0.26±0.01%(v: w), and the predominant constituents were τ-cadinol (25.58%), α-fenchene (20.09%), β-eudesmol (11.76%), β-myrcene (8.02%), γ-cadinene (5.22%), α-phellandrene (3.11%), epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene (3.07%), and caryophyllene oxide (2.48%), all of which accounted for 79.33% of the identified compounds. The TPC and TFC of TPO were 138.33±3.1 µg GA equivalents mL−1 and 19±2.15 µg CH equivalents mL−1, respectively. The oil had good radical-scavenging activity, with IC50 of 61.38± 4.33 µg mL−1. It exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-positive S. aureus and MRSA at 16.67 % (v/v), with inhibition zones of 13± 0.09 and 11± 0.13 mm, respectively, and MIC: MBC values of 0.26/0.52 and 0.5/21.04, respectively. However, it had no effect on the growth of negative strains (S. sonnei, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae and E. coli). Results of anti-proliferative effects of TPO on two human colon cancer cell lines (HT-29 and HCT116) and hepatic cancer HepG2 cells, showed that it had a more cytotoxic effect on HT-29 and HCT116 cells, with IC50 values of 0.07± 0.03 and 0.14±0.06, respectively than on HepG2 which was markedly inhibited only at higher concentrations (p< 0.001). In conclusion, TPO exerted antimicrobial and antiproliferative properties. Overall, these findings are considered useful addition to biodiversity data and may be useful in food biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitomycin-C (MC), an anticancer agent, induces oxidative stress in normal tissues causing severe toxicity. The present study aimed to evaluate whether the side effects of MC may be diminished by the incorporation of MC into nanoemulsion containing Roman chamomile oil (RCM-NE). Fifty mice were equally divided into five groups. The first and second groups were the control and the untreated Ehrlich ascites carcinoma bearing mice (EAC), respectively, while the other three groups were EAC-bearing mice treated once intraperitoneally with a dose of 200 μL of RCM-NE, 1 mg/kg-1 MC/200 µL normal saline, and 1 mg/kg-1 MC/200 µL RCM-NE. The protective effect of the RCM-NE was examined by measuring the alterations in complete blood count, organs weight indices, and levels of serum biochemical parameters. The oxidative stress was assessed by measuring lipid peroxidation and enzyme activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and thioredoxin reductase-1. MC-RCM-NE has significantly reduced the toxicity of MC on the white blood cells and platelets. It improved the renal and cardiac biomarker levels and the antioxidants of the kidney, heart, and thymus. The protective effect of the RCM-NE on the blood and organs against MC toxicity was associated with the decreasing of oxidative stress and maintaining the activity of the antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]