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The demand for energy is increasing day by day globally. To overcome the problem of energy scarcity, solar energy promises to be one of the best solutions without a significant increase in the carbon footprint of the atmosphere. Currently, most Somalis do not have access to a regular source of power. The country does not have a national grid, relying on outdated, costly and inefficient diesel generators. The energy consumption in Somalia is dependent on firewood and charcoal, dependencies that rely on deforestation and desertification, which negatively influence the agricultural sector and also the environment. In this work, the potential of solar power in Somalia is assessed while estimating the cost of solar panels per household. The aim of this study is to assess the cost, ecological and economic efficiency of the off-grid PV home system in residential buildings in Baidoa, Somalia. A stand-alone solar home system of 1.98kW PV capacity with battery backup is designed by using HOMER software. The daily primary load considered is 7.530 kWh, with a peak of the nominal power of 1.60 kW. The results show that renewable energy sources can replace conventional energy sources and that they would be a viable solution for generating electrical energy in residential houses in Baidoa with a reasonable investment. It was also found that the amount of power produced by solar panels is 7,400kWh/year. With an initial investment of $5580, the annualized life cycle cost of the system is $0.483, the payback period of initial investment is 2 years and 8 months period, and the net present cost (NPC) of the project is $18,684.

Solar energy is well-known renewable energy that has been widely used nowadays. Given that Solar energy is green, inexhaustible, pollution-free and simple to use, it has received significant interest all over the world including in Indonesia. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to evaluate and compare the potential of solar energy in six stations on Java Island in Indonesia. The methodology has used the renowned Angstrom-Prescott mathematical method while estimating the global solar radiation in the six stations on java island as a potential to utilize solar energy to be a source of electricity generation. The meteorological data used in this assessment is recorded in daily format for five consecutive years starting from 2015 until 2019. The results show that the area that has the highest global solar radiation potential is Banten city with an average value of 5.43 kWh/m2 while the city with the lowest global solar radiation potential is Yogya city with an average value of only 5.40 kWh/m2 . The highest clearness index value among the six provinces is in Jeteng with a value of 0.52 and the lowest is in the province of Jabar with a value of 0.50. Whereas the difference in the daily ratio of the duration of sunlight between one province and another province is very small. Moreover, each province has extraterrestrial solar radiation values increasing from January until June and then decreasing from July until December. Thus, in this study, it is expected that it can raise awareness to reduce conventional energy by utilizing domestic renewable energy.

In this paper, the deformation characteristics of engineering AA6061 aluminium in the Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) are performed using the deformed 3D software. This study is designed to use 0.01 friction, 80,000 number of elements, and 450C, 500C, 550C preheating temperature. The study investigates the effects of die factors such as ECAP outer or inner ingles, die displacement, strength coefficient applied punch force, strain homogeneity, and strain distribution. Moreover, the hot ECAP die factors have played an essential role in the magnitude of material effective strain. On the one hand, decreasing die angles leads to imposing more strain with higher punch force on the workpiece, which results in more homogeneity of the processed materials. On the other hand, stress distribution mainly occurs at the die corner of the die, raising the temperature gradient. In comparison mechanical and physical properties which show an important agreement to support the importance of temperature processing gradient investigations. The study confirms that preheating temperature and friction values play a significant role in hot ECAP materials forming and die safety

Wind resource assessment is a key stage in planning for a wind energy project to predict the output power. Therefore, a full understanding of the wind characteristics at the potential site is required. This study examines the potential wind power of twelve meteorological stations in the Chittagong division over a tenure of ten-year ranges from 2010 to 2019. The statistical analyzer as the Weibull two-parameter distribution method has been utilized to determine the characteristics of wind speed and wind energy potential at the selected locations. The "WRPLOT" software has also been used to display the wind direction and the corresponding wind speed direction. Among these stations, Ambagan has a high wind factor, ranging from 2.1 to 3.2 m/s. The highest wind speed for Ambagan station was recorded in April (3.26 m/s) and the lowest was in November (1.06 m/s) compared to other selected stations. The Weibull form parameter (k) and scale parameter (c) at Ambagan station had the highest values of 1.5 and 3.5 m/s, respectively. With additional analysis and observation of these parameters, it became possible to predict the location in Chittagong with the greatest wind energy potential. In terms of wind direction, the prevailing wind direction of all stations is generally in the south. Furthermore, the results concluded that all of the analyzed parameters considered for wind behavior were numerically higher for Ambagan in contrast to other stations of the Chittagong division. This study clearly indicates that the Ambagan station should be used to maximize the potential of wind energy to attain the future goals of sustainable development for Bangladesh.

In this paper, the deformation characteristics of engineering AA6061 aluminium in the Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) are performed using the deformed 3D software. This study is designed to use 0.01 friction, 80,000 number of elements, and 450C, 500C, 550C preheating temperature. The study investigates the effects of die factors such as ECAP outer or inner ingles, die displacement, strength coefficient applied punch force, strain homogeneity, and strain distribution. Moreover, the hot ECAP die factors have played an essential role in the magnitude of material effective strain. On the one hand, decreasing die angles leads to imposing more strain with higher punch force on the workpiece, which results in more homogeneity of the processed materials. On the other hand, stress distribution mainly occurs at the die corner of the die, raising the temperature gradient. In comparison mechanical and physical properties which show an important agreement to support the importance of temperature processing gradient investigations. The study confirms that preheating temperature and friction values play a significant role in hot ECAP materials forming and die safety.

In the era of Industry 4.0, the digital capture of products has become a critical aspect, which prompts the need for reliable inspection methods. In the current technological landscape, the Internet of Things (IoT) holds significant value, especially for industrial devices that require seamless communication with local and cloud computing servers. This research focuses on the advancements made in roundness measurement techniques for industrial automation by leveraging an IoT architecture, computer vision, and image processing. The interconnectedness enables the efficient collection of feedback information, meeting the demands of closed-loop manufacturing. The accuracy and performance of assemblies heavily rely on the roundness of specific workpiece components. In order to address this problem, automated inspection methods are needed. A new method of computer vision for measuring and inspecting roundness is proposed in this paper. This method uses a non-contact method that takes into account all points on the contours of measured objects, making it more accurate and practical than conventional methods. The system developed by AMMC Laboratory captures Delrin work images and analyzes them using a specially designed 3SMVI system based on Open CV with Python script language. The system can measure and inspect several rounded components in the same part, including external frames and internal holes. It is calibrated to accommodate various units of measurement and has been tested using sample holes within the surface feature of the workpiece. According to the results of both techniques, there is a noticeable difference ranging from 2.9 µm to 11.6 µm. However, the accuracy of the measurements can be enhanced by utilizing a high-resolution camera with proper lighting. The results were compared to those obtained using a computer measurement machine (CMM), with a maximum difference of 8.7%.

Solar energy is well-known renewable energy that has been widely used nowadays. Given that Solar energy is green, inexhaustible, pollution-free and simple to use, it has received significant interest all over the world including in Indonesia. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to evaluate and compare the potential of solar energy in six stations on Java Island in Indonesia. The methodology has used the renowned Angstrom-Prescott mathematical method while estimating the global solar radiation in the six stations on java island as a potential to utilize solar energy to be a source of electricity generation. The meteorological data used in this assessment is recorded in daily format for five consecutive years starting from 2015 until 2019. The results show that the area that has the highest global solar radiation potential is Banten city with an average value of 5.43 kWh/m2 while the city with the lowest global solar radiation potential is Yogya city with an average value of only 5.40 kWh/m2 . The highest clearness index value among the six provinces is in Jeteng with a value of 0.52 and the lowest is in the province of Jabar with a value of 0.50. Whereas the difference in the daily ratio of the duration of sunlight between one province and another province is very small. Moreover, each province has extraterrestrial solar radiation values increasing from January until June and then decreasing from July until December. Thus, in this study, it is expected that it can raise awareness to reduce conventional energy by utilizing domestic renewable energy.

Solar energy is well-known renewable energy that has been widely used nowadays. Given that Solar energy is green, inexhaustible, pollution-free and simple to use, it has received significant interest all over the world including in Indonesia. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to evaluate and compare the potential of solar energy in six stations on Java Island in Indonesia. The methodology has used the renowned Angstrom-Prescott mathematical method while estimating the global solar radiation in the six stations on java island as a potential to utilize solar energy to be a source of electricity generation. The meteorological data used in this assessment is recorded in daily format for five consecutive years starting from 2015 until 2019. The results show that the area that has the highest global solar radiation potential is Banten city with an average valueof 5.43 kWh/m2 while the city with the lowest global solar radiation potential is Yogya city with an average value of only 5.40 kWh/m2 . The highest clearness index value among the six provinces is in Jeteng with a value of 0.52 and the lowest is in the province of Jabar with a value of 0.50. Whereas the difference in the daily ratio of the duration of sunlight between one province and another province is very small. Moreover, each province has extraterrestrial solar radiation values increasing from January until June and then decreasing from July until December. Thus, in this study, it is expected that it can raise awareness to reduce conventional energy by utilizing domestic renewable energy.

In this paper, the deformation characteristics of engineering AA6061 aluminium in the Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) are performed using the deformed 3D software. This study is designed to use 0.01 friction, 80,000 number of elements, and 450C, 500C, 550C preheating temperature. The study investigates the effects of die factors such as ECAP outer or inner ingles, die displacement, strength coefficient applied punch force, strain homogeneity, and strain distribution. Moreover, the hot ECAP die factors have played an essential role in the magnitude of material effective strain. On the one hand, decreasing die angles leads to imposing more strain with higher punch force on the workpiece, which results in more homogeneity of the processed materials. On the other hand, stress distribution mainly occurs at the die corner of the die, raising the temperature gradient. In comparison mechanical and physical properties which show an important agreement to support the importance of temperature processing gradient investigations. The study confirms that preheating temperature and friction values play a significant role in hot ECAP materials forming and die safety.

In this paper, the deformation characteristics of engineering AA6061 aluminium in the Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) are performed using the deformed 3D software. This study is designed to use 0.01 friction, 80,000 number of elements, and 450C, 500C, 550C preheating temperature. The study investigates the effects of die factors such as ECAP outer or inner ingles, die displacement, strength coefficient applied punch force, strain homogeneity, and strain distribution. Moreover, the hot ECAP die factors have played an essential role in the magnitude of material effective strain. On the one hand, decreasing die angles leads to imposing more strain with higher punch force on the workpiece, which results in more homogeneity of the processed materials. On the other hand, stress distribution mainly occurs at the die corner of the die, raising the temperature gradient. In comparison mechanical and physical properties which show an important agreement to support the importance of temperature processing gradient investigations. The study confirms that preheating temperature and friction values play a significant role in hot ECAP materials forming and die safety.

This study presents an analysis of wind power potentials for two meteorological stations in the eastern part of Malaysia using the statistical Weibull distribution method over a period of ten years stretching from 2010 to 2019. As the estimation of the resource potentials is crucial towards the planning of a wind energy project, the primary objective of this study is to reveal the characteristics and potentials of the two selected sites. The results show that the highest annual average wind speed was 3.4 m/s at Kudat station and 2.3 m/s at Santubong station. The maximum shape and scale parameters were respectively 1.68 and 2.88 m/s and both appeared at Kudat station. The wind power density ranged between 9.45 W/m2 and 24.24 W/m2. The maximum energy density at Kudat was 207.60 kWh/m2/year and 106.01 kWh/m2/year at Santubong. The most probable wind speeds and wind carrying maximum energy were predicted at 1.68 m/s and 4.59 m/s and both speeds were observed at Kudat in 2019. The maximum deviation between observed frequencies and Weibull frequency distributions was around 27%. While the wind power at each site differs considerably, both of these two stations fall outside of the category of pacific northwest national laboratory (PNNL) classifications due to their low mean wind speeds. Nevertheless, it can be categorized for a smaller scale of wind power generation at a wind turbine elevation of more than 10 m.

The production of light metals reinforced with ceramic particles via Solid-State Recycling (SSR) is a cost-savings and have significant impacts on energy and green house. In this study, recycled aluminium 6061 (AA6061) chips reinforced with a different volumetric fraction of Boron Carbide (B4C), and Zirconia (ZrO2) by employing Response Surface Methodology (RSM) under 450°C, 500°C, 550°C preheating temperature to be processed by hot Equal Channel Angular Processing (ECAP). Considering the ECAP routes A the billet is to be pressed without rotation, route BA, the billet rotates 90° clockwise or counter clockwise, route BC the billet rotates 90° clockwise between the channels and route C the billet will rotate at an angle of 180°. Thus, the findings will be compared to the as-received materials. To reveal this, series of mechanical and physical tests on the aluminium chip-based composite to be developed needs to be carried out thoroughly. The compressive strength and hardness were 59.2 MPa and 69 HV that achieved at 5% of B4C and, 158 MPa and 74.95 HV achieved at routes A, B, C and D. Thus, it concluded that the B4C and number of passes have a significant effect on recycled AA6061 chips. But, for recycled AA6061/ZrO2 samples were obtained at 9.28% volume fraction and 550°C preheating temperature with values of (119.26MPa) compressive strength and 65.55 HV for microhardness. The distribution of particles with different mixed particles volume fractions were investigated by employing Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopes (AFM) tests. Furthermore, deformed-3D investigated the effects of die factors which have played an essential role in the magnitude of materials effective strain. Decreasing die angles leads to imposing more strain with higher punch force to the workpiece, which results in more homogeneity of the processed materials. Thus, the SSR via hot ECAP recycling process can produce a net shape structure utilises materials bonding consolida

In recent years, the interest on solid-state recycling of aluminum chips increases over the years due to the less energy consumption of the process. This research studies the quantitative effects of preheating temperature and volume fraction of Zirconium Dioxide when it is reinforced to the Aluminum alloy AA6061 on its mechanical properties. The parameters of the experiment are preheating temperature and volume fraction of ZrO . Temperature are varied between 450 and 550 ℃ according to the boundary parameters. The volume fraction of ZrO consists of 5, 10 and 15% of the reinforcement. Increasing the volume fraction of ZrO correlates with the increase of mechanical and physical properties. Design of Experimental with factorial design was implemented to analyse the magnitude of response on the mechanical properties from the variable of parameters. The preheating temperature was revealed to be the most significant factor affecting the yield strength and the microhardness of the composite followed by the volume fraction of ZrO . It is revealed that the most optimum temperature is 550 ℃ and the optimum percentage of volume fraction is 9.28%. Both highest microhardness and yield strength were obtained from these optimum temperatures. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) revealed on how elongation in Zirconia chips is affected by the amount of ZrO reinforcement. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis performed revealed on the arbitrary weight out of total weight for every element in the composite such as Al, Zr, O and Si.

A new and promising MMC approach to the reduction of pollution, greenhouse effects, and emissions is to develop a technology related to materials composite forming. Hot extrusion followed by hot ECAP is a combination of solid-state recycling method (direct recycling) that consists of chip preparations, cold compaction, and hot extrusion, followed by the ECAP process. The developed process is used to consolidate the chips for direct chip recycling purposes without the remelting phase. In this study, finished or semi-finished products from B4C-reinforced particles and AA6061 aluminium chips were produced. The samples made by hot extrusion were compared with samples obtained from hot extrusion followed by the hot ECAP process in terms of mechanical properties. Additional plastic deformation by hot ECAP after hot extrusion significantly increased the mechanical properties of the MMC compared with the samples obtained from the hot extrusion only. The density and microstructure of the samples were also determined.

In this contribution, researchers have provided a summary of the agricultural and industrial waste recoveries to be deployed as the composite reinforced materials. It covers the work of previous researchers related to this area and addressed the key challenge to overcome for further development and advancement. The major contributions of this work were a comprehensive review on a wide variety of Sever Plastic Deformation (SPD) techniques implementation in development of the waste materials based reinforced metal matrix composite. The waste materials can be derived from either industrial or natural sources. Also, it discusses the range of Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) applications in engineering and related manufacturing techniques with further emphasized on the process parameters which directly determine the material properties. Some useful suggestions were proposed to the industrialists, academicians and scientists to further improve the performance aspect of MMCs for commercialization reason. Furthermore, industrial and natural waste enhancement materials have been strongly proposed because of their higher reinforced content particulates such as alumina (Al2O3) and silica (SiO2). Also, the mechanical and physical properties are directly influenced by the size, shape and weight-volume fraction of the composites as same as the potential reactions between matrixes/reinforced materials interface.

Products by solid-state recycling of aluminum chips in hot extrusion process were controlled by temperature related parameters using preheating temperature 450 °C, 500 °C, and 550°C for 1 hr, 2 hr, and 3 hr preheating time. By using Design of Experiments (DOE), the results found that the preheating temperature is more important to be controlled rather than the preheating time in analysis both mechanical and physical properties. The results also found that increasing of temperature led to the high tensile strength and low microhardness. The profile extruded at 550 °C with 3 hr duration had gained the optimum case to get the maximum tensile strength and the profile extruded at 450 °C with 1 hr had result the optimum case to gain the maximum microhardness. For the optimum cases, heat treatment was carried out using quenching temperature at 530 ºC for 2 hr and aging process at 175 ºC for 4 hr. The tensile strength and microhardness of extrudes specimens were improved significantly by heat treatment.

This paper presents a modeling of the Brushless DC motor based on the system identification method. The input and output data were collected and simulated based on the real-time experiment. Taking a continues time form for the system model, a transfer function was selected in this work. The potentiometer has been used to send  Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals as input signal to the Brushless DC motor to determine the open-loop model of brushless DC motor (BLDC). LM2907 Tachometer attached with Brushless DC motor driver to measure the output speed. The input signal and measured output data were interfaced to plant by C code generation Matlab/Simulink through Arduino Mega controller. System identification toolbox was used for collecting data to obtain the estimates model. The best fit found for the system was 90.2%. The PID controller was developed to control the desired speed based on the given speed to demonstrate the feasibility of the given method.  &nbsp