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This study examined multivariate relationships of the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) and the First Certificate of English (FCE) and determined whether students' total score on the TOEFL or their overall score on the FCE tends to be a better predictor of success in university as measured by overall grade-point average (GPA). Subjects were 86 students enrolled at the University of Bahrain. (Author/VWL)

Fruit flies are important pests of fruits and vegetables. They cause significant economic losses to farmers. This study was conducted to determine the fruit fly species present in Oman, their distribution and host plants. Fruit samples were collected from different locations around Oman during 2019 and 2020. Fruits were kept in jars with sand until larvae emerged and pupated. Fruit flies were identified morphologically using characteristic features on the thorax, abdomen, and wings and molecularly via DNA extraction, PCR, and sequencing procedures. There were nine fruit fly species in Oman. The polyphagous Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera zonata were collected from fruits of different trees (mostly cultivated fruit trees), while Dacus ciliatus was collected from cucurbit fruits (cultivated and wild cucurbits such as Citrullus colocynthis or Handhal). Bactrocera cucurbitae was collected from fruits of cultivated cucurbits. Carpomiya vesuviana and Carpomiya incompleta were collected from fruits of Ziziphus species (wild and cultivated). Dacus persicus was collected from the wild plant, Calotropis procera (Sodom's apple or Shakhar). Bactrocera oleae was collected from fruits of wild olive (Olea europea) in AlJabal AlAkhdhar area. Capparimiya savastani was collected from flower buds of wild Capparis species, mostly from C. cartilaginea. Except for B. cucurbitae (not found so far in Dhofar) and B. olea (found only in Addakhilyyeh governorate), most fruit fly species were found in all of the surveyed governorates. Both B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitate have been recorded only on cultivated host plants. The most widely distributed fruit flies were B. zonata and D. ciliatus. Two species, C. savastani and B. olea, are confirmed to be present in Oman for the first time. Molecular fingerprinting allowed the correct identification of Dacus persicus, as specimens from Oman were previously known in error as D. longistylus, a closely related species found in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit fly species in Oman were investigated via sampling of fruits from cultivated and wild plants and hanging traps. A total of 13 species of tephritids were identified using morphological and molecular techniques. Three unidentified species could be new to science. Moreover, 2-3 species of braconid parasitoids and one figitid species, mostly associated with fruit fly infested Ziziphus fruits, were collected. A new lure for female fruit flies, consisting of a combination of urea and watermelon seeds, exhibited effectiveness on par with commercial lures such as torula yeast and Ceratrap. In terms of physical barriers, row covers significantly reduced zucchini fruit damage even when applied as a wall around the planting line. An experiment, involving combining growing melon in the greenhouse with a honeybee hive for flower pollination, proved successful in producing a large number of undamaged fruits. In terms of biological control, we managed to set up a system for rearing of major pestiferous fruit fly species and their parasitoids. We currently have two active cultures of Bactrocera zonata and B. dorsalis, and one active culture of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (DL), a braconid parasitoid imported from Kenya. We hope in the future to produce large numbers of DL wasps for augmentative release in Oman. Fruit fly cultures have served as stock for testing plant extracts as repellents against female B. zonata and B. dorsalis and for testing Beauveria bassiana formulations for control of adults and larvae of B. zonata. Studies of Fruit fly population dynamics and height of flight have shown that yellow sticky traps, set at different heights from 0.5 to 3.5 m, captured significantly more males than females. Additionally, most fruit flies were captured at 2m and lower. The population of male B. dorsalis in ME traps was highest from April to June, and lowest from November to January. Conversely, the population of male B. zonata in ME traps peaked from September to December, and dropped to its lowest levels from April to July. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With diagnostic and therapeutic advances, over 80% of children diagnosed with cancer become long-term survivors. As the number of childhood cancer survivors (CCS) continues to increase, dental practitioners become more likely to have CCS among their patients. CCS may develop late complications from damage caused by their cancer treatment to endocrine, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and other organ systems. These complications may surface decades after the completion of treatment. Adverse outcomes of childhood cancer treatment frequently involve oral and craniofacial structures including the dentition. Tooth development, salivary gland function, craniofacial growth, and temporomandibular joint function may be disturbed, increasing oral health risks in these individuals. Moreover, CCS are at risk of developing subsequent malignancies, which may manifest in or near the oral cavity. It is important that dental practitioners are aware of the childhood cancer history of their patients and have knowledge of potential late complications. Therefore, this narrative review aims to inform dental practitioners of late oral complications of cancer treatment modalities commonly used in pediatric oncology. Furthermore, selected common non-oral late sequelae of cancer therapy that could have an impact on oral health and on delivering dental care will be discussed.

Background: Chemotherapy treatment of cancer in children can influence formation of normal tissues, leading to irreversible changes in their structure and function. Tooth formation is susceptible to several types of chemotherapy that induce irreversible changes in the structure of enamel, dentin and dental root morphology. These changes can make the teeth more prone to fracture or to caries when they have erupted. Recent studies report successful treatment of brain tumors with the alkylating drug temozolomide (TMZ) in combination with veliparib (VLP) in a glioblastoma in vivo mouse model. Whether these drugs also affect tooth formation is unknown., Aim: In this study the effect of TMZ/VLP on incisor formation was investigated in tissue sections of jaws from mice and compared with mice not treated with these drugs., Materials and Method: The following aspects were studied using immunohistochemistry of specific protein markers including: (1) proliferation (by protein expression of proliferation marker Ki67) (2) a protein involved in paracellular ion transport (expression of tight junction (TJ) protein claudin-1) and (3) in transcellular passage of ions across the dental epithelium (expression of Na+, K+ 2Cl- cotransporter/NKCC1)., Results: Chemotherapy with TMZ/VLP strongly reduced immunostaining for claudin-1 in distal parts of maturation ameloblasts. No gross changes were found in the treated mice, either in cell proliferation in the dental epithelium at the cervical loop or in the immunostaining pattern for NKCC1 in (non-ameloblastic) dental epithelium. The salivary glands in the treated mice contained strongly reduced immunostaining for NKCC1 in the basolateral membranes of acinar cells., Discussion/conclusions: Based on the reduction of claudin-1 immunostaining in ameloblasts, TMZ/VLP may potentially influence forming enamel by changes in the structure of TJs structures in maturation ameloblasts, structures that are crucial for the selective passage of ions through the intercellular space between neighboring ameloblasts. The strongly reduced basolateral NKCC1 staining seen in fully-grown salivary glands of TMZ/VLP-treated mice suggests that TMZ/VLF could also influence ion transport in adult saliva by the salivary gland epithelium. This may cause treated children to be more susceptible to caries.

Antidote stocking represents a major challenge to hospitals all over the world, including Kuwait. In order to assist hospitals to reduce costs and improve patient care, an essential antidote list can be used as an initial foundation for securing sufficient antidote availability at healthcare institutions. The aim of our study is to generate a nationally relevant essential antidote list for emergency care hospitals in Kuwait using the e-Delphi method by establishing consensus through a multidisciplinary expert group of healthcare providers. An electronic survey with 47 essential antidotes was developed. The e-Delphi method was used, with three rounds of voting, to determine expert consensus on an essential antidote list for hospitals in Kuwait. A purposive sample of healthcare professionals from governmental and private hospitals were selected for this study (n = 30). Consensus was gained if ≥75% of the expert panel agreed on the inclusion of the antidote, without any strong disagreements. Round 1 of the e-Delphi resulted in 41 antidotes reaching consensus and seven new antidotes suggested by the expert panel. Round 2 had two antidotes (out of seven newly suggested ones) reaching consensus. Round 3 was a confirmatory round, where the expert group agreed on their previous rounds' opinions. This resulted in the development of an essential antidote list with 43 antidotes. The optimal approach for ensuring adequate availability of antidotes is continuous monitoring of local poisoning incidence and antidote requirements through collaborations between academic researchers and emergency care clinicians. The development of an essential antidote list, with expert consensus, is one of the initial steps in securing a foundation for appropriate provision of antidotes at all healthcare institutions. This is the first study that the authors are aware of that demonstrates that the e-Delphi technique can consolidate recommendations of experts in emergency medicine to provide a list of essential antidotes., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

During enamel development, formation of hydroxyapatite crystals and regulation of pH in the enamel matrix require massive transport of ions. Both ameloblasts and adjacent dental epithelial cells in the stellate reticulum co-express several transmembrane cotransporters/ion-exchangers for transport of ions across plasma membranes. Gap junctions (GJs) enable intercellular exchanges of ions between neighboring cells. This suggests that the ameloblasts and other cell layers of the enamel organ, form a functional unit. During the bell stage of tooth formation, the non-ameloblast dental epithelium highly expresses the Na-K-Cl cotransporter (Nkcc1). Nkcc1 -null mice are associated with enamel hypomineralization and increased expression of GJ protein connexin 43 (Cx43), suggesting that reduced ion transport in the Nkcc1 -null mouse is in part compensated by increased intercellular ion transport through GJs. To understand the role of GJs in ion transport and its effect on pH regulation, we examined in a mouse strain in which Cx43 was ablated selectively in DMP1 expressing cells (Cx43 flox/flox mice crossed with DMP1-8kb-Cre mice), including ameloblasts. Micro-CT analysis showed that the mineral density at late maturation stage incisal enamel of the Cx43 -null mice was 10% less than in controls, whereas that in dentin was unchanged. Maturation stage ameloblasts of mice lacking the pH regulating sodium/bicarbonate transporter NBCe1 ( Nbce1- null), or chloride channel Cftr ( Cftr- null) were found to have increased Cx43-immunostaining. These results support the possibility that GJs in the ameloblast-papillary complex at the maturation stage contribute to ion transport by enabling passage of ions directly from cells of the papillary layer into ameloblast layer. Increasing the number of GJs may partly compensate the reduction of ion-cotransporters and ion exchangers in dental epithelium.

Bone engineering opens the possibility to grow large amounts of tissue products by combining patient-specific cells with compliant biomaterials. Decellularized tissue matrices represent suitable biomaterials, but availability, long processing time, excessive cost, and concerns on pathogen transmission have led to the development of biomimetic synthetic alternatives. We recently fabricated calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffolds with variable macroporosity using a facile synthesis method with minimal manufacturing steps and demonstrated long-term biocompatibility in vitro. However, there is no knowledge on the potential use of these scaffolds for bone engineering and whether the porosity of the scaffolds affects osteogenic differentiation and tissue formation in vitro. In this study, we explored the bone engineering potential of CPC scaffolds with two different macroporosities using human mesenchymal progenitors derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-MP) or isolated from bone marrow (BMSC). Biomimetic decellularized bone scaffolds were used as reference material in all experiments. The results demonstrate that, irrespective of their macroporosity, the CPC scaffolds tested in this study support attachment, viability, and growth of iPSC-MP and BMSC cells similarly to decellularized bone. Importantly, the tested materials sustained differentiation of the cells as evidenced by increased expression of osteogenic markers and formation of a mineralized tissue. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the CPC scaffolds fabricated using our method are suitable to engineer bone grafts from different cell sources and could lead to the development of safe and more affordable tissue grafts for reconstructive dentistry and orthopaedics and in vitro models for basic and applied research., (Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Cancer is the second most frequent cause of death in children. Because the prognosis for childhood malignancies has improved, attention has now focused on long-term consequences of cancer treatment. The immediate effects of chemotherapy on soft tissues have been well described; however, there is less information about long-term effects of chemotherapy on the development of dental tissues. To test the association between the effect of chemotherapy on enamel development, we examined two groups of rats: one that had received an intraperitoneal dose of 200 mg/kg of irinotecan, whereas the other (control) group had received vehicle only. Rats were killed at 6, 48 and 96 hr post-injection; the mandibles dissected out, fixed for histological evaluation and scanned for mineralization defects by Micro-CT. Our results showed structural changes in the ameloblast layer along with a significant reduction in mineralization and thickness of enamel at 96 hr after chemotherapy. These data demonstrate that irinotecan induces structural changes in forming enamel that become apparent after anticancer chemotherapy treatment., (© 2017 The Authors. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Foundation for Cellular and Molecular Medicine.)

Purpose: To characterize the relationship of proximal internal iliac artery (IIA) occlusion or embolization on prostate volume (PV) and the presence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)., Materials and Methods: The study included 2 parts: Part 1 comprised 99 men ≥ 50 years old who underwent abdominopelvic computed tomography angiography for lower extremity claudication assessed in a retrospective cohort design; Part 2 comprised 18 patients who underwent iatrogenic IIA embolization during endovascular aneurysm repair assessed by a within-subjects approach. Prostate volume and IIA origin diameter were measured; IIA occlusion was noted. Chart review documented body mass index, LUTS, impotence, and buttock claudication., Results: Of 99 men in Part 1, 60 had no IIA occlusion, and 39 had IIA occlusion (17 unilateral, 22 bilateral). Prostate volume differed significantly between groups (no IIA occlusion, 27.3 mL; unilateral IIA occlusion, 20.7 mL; bilateral IIA occlusion, 17.1 mL; P = .001). Men without IIA occlusion had more LUTS (27%) than men with IIA occlusion (10%; P = .04). The number of men with complaints of impotence or buttock claudication was similar in both groups (40% vs 46%; P > .05). Multiple regression showed that age and IIA occlusion were independent predictors of PV (P < 0.05), whereas body mass index was not (P > .05), and that IIA occlusion was the only independent predictor of LUTS/BPH (P < .05). Among the 18 men in Part 2, PV declined by 29% after embolization (P = .00001); 6 men had improvement or resolution of LUTS., Conclusion: Proximal IIA occlusion is associated with nearly one-third reduction in PV and decreased findings of LUTS/BPH., (Copyright © 2015 SIR. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To compare the safety and efficacy of using 70-150 μm drug-eluting beads (DEBs) (LC BeadM1; Biocompatibles UK Ltd, Farnham, Surrey, United Kingdom) in addition to 100-300 μm DEBs with 100-300 μm DEBs alone in transarterial chemoembolization for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)., Materials and Methods: A cohort of patients with HCC who underwent transarterial chemoembolization with two vials of 100-300 μm DEBs (group 1, 55 procedures among 42 patients, 33 men, average Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score 10 ± 0.6, 67% Child-Pugh A, 33% Child-Pugh B) was retrospectively compared with a cohort of patients who underwent transarterial chemoembolization with one vial of 70-150 μm DEBs followed by one vial of 100-300 μm DEBs (group 2, 51 procedures among 42 patients, 29 men, average Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score 9 ± 0.6, 73% Child-Pugh A, 27% Child-Pugh B) in regard to adverse events and response on 1-month follow-up imaging using modified Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors criteria., Results: There was no difference in 1-month imaging response (P = .3). Patients in group 2 were readmitted more often within 1 month for hepatobiliary adverse events (group 2, 25%; group 1, 9%; P < .0001), including ascites, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, biliary dilatation, and cholecystitis., Conclusions: Despite similar efficacy based on short-term follow-up imaging, transarterial chemoembolization with smaller DEBs (70-150 μm) followed by larger DEBs (100-300 μm) may cause more hepatobiliary adverse events., (Copyright © 2015 SIR. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Treatment of damaged cardiac tissue in patients with high bleeding tendency can be very challenging, damaged myocardial tissue has a high rupture risk when being sutured subsequently on-going bleeding is a major risk factor for poor clinical outcome. We present a case demonstrating the feasibility in using a novel haemostatic collagen sponge for the management of a myocardial wound. This report is the first description in cardiac surgery where Hemopatch sponges are used to successfully seal a left ventricle wound. Our patient was diagnosed with endocarditis, had a low pre-operative haemoglobin count and underwent cardiac surgery for multiple valve repairs. The procedure was performed on cardiopulmonary bypass, which meant our patient had to be heparinized. Despite these major risk factors for bleeding Hemopatch managed to contain bleeding and seal the wound, no sutures were needed.

Oral mucositis induced by conventional cytotoxic cancer therapies is a common and significant clinical problem in oncology. Mucositis symptoms, which include severe pain, may lead to dose reductions and unplanned interruptions of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, and often affect patients' quality of life. In addition, ulcerative mucositis represents a risk factor for local or systemic infectious complications that may be life-threatening in immunosuppressed patients. The development of biologically based targeted cancer therapies, which aim to block the growth, spread, and survival of tumors by interfering with specific molecular targets, may have reduced mucosal injury, but did not eliminate it. This article will review the epidemiology, pathobiology, and management of oral mucositis associated with conventional cytotoxic therapies for malignant diseases and will briefly summarize emerging information on oral mucosal injury associated with targeted therapies. Considerations for future research aimed at the development of more efficient and effective supportive care approaches will be presented, with emphasis on the contribution of dental researchers and clinicians in these efforts.

Many reports indicated that small percentage of children with febrile seizures develop epilepsy and cognitive disorders later in adulthood. In addition, the neuronal network of the hippocampus was reported to be deranged in adult animals after being exposed to hyperthermia-induced seizures in their neonatal life. The aims of this study were to investigate (1) latency and probability of seizures, (2) spatial learning and memory, in adult rats after neonatal hyperthermia-induced febrile seizures (FS). Prolonged FS were elicited in 10-day old, male Sprague Dawleys (n=11/group) by exposure to heated air (48-52 °C) for 30 min; control rats were exposed to 30 °C air. After 1.5 months the animal's cognitive performance was assessed by 5 day trial in the Morris water maze. In another experiment the latency and probability of seizures were measured in response to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) injections (increased doses ranged from 7 to 140 mg/kg; i.p.). In water maze, both groups showed improvements in escape latency and distance swam to reach the platform; effects were significantly greater in control versus hyperthermia-treated animals on days 3 and 4. Latency and probability of PTZ-induced seizures were shorter and higher respectively, in hyperthermia-treated animals compared to controls. We concluded that FS in neonatal rats leads to enhanced susceptibility for seizures, as well as cognitive deficits in adults., (Copyright © 2014 ISDN. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Unstable plaques may cause clinical events. Plaque destabilization results from the synergy between intraplaque angiogenesis and inflammation. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) are considered to be involved in these processes. We investigated the efficacy of the anti-VEGFR mimic single-chain VEGF (scVEGF) to map intra-plaque VEGFR expression and atherosclerotic plaque instability using near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF)., Procedures: Human carotid plaques were retrieved from 15 symptomatic and five asymptomatic patients. NIRF plaque imaging was performed pre-/post-incubation with scVEGF/Cy5.5. Biopsies taken from regions with high (hot spot) and low (cold spot) NIRF signals were examined for VEGF-A, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 mRNA expression levels using real-time RT-PCR analysis. Immunohistochemistry for CD31 (endothelium), CD68 (macrophages) and αSMA (smooth muscle cells) was performed to evaluate plaque composition., Results: NIRF imaging of 20 plaques revealed a heterogeneous distribution of scVEGF/Cy5.5 binding. After incubation NIRF activity increased from 3.9×10(-5) ± 5.2×10(-6) to 3.0×10(-4) ± 2.2×10(-5) and 5.8×10(-5) ± 1.9×10(-5) to 3.1×10(-4) ± 1.9×10(-5) photons/s/cm(2)/sr/illumination intensity on the intraluminal and extraluminal side, respectively (both p < 0.001). Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed a ~1.2- and ~16.4-fold increased mRNA expression of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, respectively, in hot spots (vs. cold spots). Immunohistochemistry exhibited higher intraplaque capillary density in hot spots (vs. cold spots) (17.2 ± 3.7 vs. 5.4 ± 2.2 capillary/mm(2); p = 0.037). Hot spots contained significantly reduced numbers of α-SMA-positive cells (vs. cold spots) (2.2 ± 0.7 % vs. 6.9 ± 1.5 %; p = 0.038). Finally, a ~2-fold increase of CD68(+) infiltrating macrophages within hot spots (vs. cold spots) was observed (not significant, p = 0.17). Significant higher capillary density in hot spots (vs. cold spots) was observed in plaques from symptomatic patients but not in plaques from asymptomatic patients., Conclusion: Our data support that scVEGF/Cy5.5 is a suitable indicator for plaque instability and a promising diagnostic tool for risk assessment in cardiovascular diseases.

Although cells constantly adapt to external humoral cues, like cytokines and hormones, in practice, most cellular behavior is under locally guided control, via cell-cell interactions. The most prominent members of this group of molecules involved in this intercellular signaling are the galectins, a family of carbohydrate-binding proteins, which by binding specific receptors induce signaling. It has become clear that galectins are important in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, in particular atherosclerosis, stroke, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Modulation of galectin signaling holds great promise for the treatment of cardiovascular disease as evident from preclinical studies.

Aim: To determine the seroprevalence of Hepatitis A (HAV) amongst Saudi children and compare it with previously reported prevalence data from the same population., Methods: A total of 1357 students were randomly selected between the ages of 16 and 18 years (689 males and 668 females) from three different regions of Saudi Arabia (Madinah, Al-Qaseem, and Aseer) and tested for anti-HAV-IgG., Results: The overall prevalence of anti-HAV-IgG among the study population was 18.6%. There was no difference between males and females but there was a significant difference in the seroprevalence (P = 0.0001) between the three different regions, with Madinah region showing the highest prevalence (27.4%). When classified according to socioeconomic status, lower class students had a prevalence of 36.6%, lower middle class 16.6%, upper middle class 9.6%, and upper class 5.9% (P = 0.0001). Comparing the current study results with those of previous studies in 1989 and 1997 involving the same population, there was a marked reduction in the overall prevalence of HAV from 52% in 1989, to 25% in 1997, to 18.6% in 2008 (P < 0.0001)., Conclusion: Over the last 18 years, there has been a marked decline in the prevalence of HAV in Saudi children and adolescents. The current low prevalence rates call for strict adherence to vaccination policies in high-risk patients and raises the question of a universal HAV vaccination program.

This paper examined a number of variables pertaining to the sociocultural outlooks of 412 young Arab students learning English as a foreign language and the relation of their attitudes and motivations prior to their learning of the language. Analysis indicated clearly that certain variables appeared to be correlated with their attitudes and motivations more than others. Most of the students had maids in their homes, and the presence of a maid was associated with most of the psycholinguistic variables tested. Their previous learning experience of the language was positively correlated as was their knowledge of English stories. Having some sort of English games had the highest correlations (.25 to .41). Potential pedagogical implications of these results were discussed.

Introduction: This paper addresses an important pre-requisite for promoting child health; namely the promotion of sound child development., Objectives: The study aimed at identifying factors affecting child development in Madinah, Saudi Arabia., Design: A cross-sectional study with a multi-stage stratified random sample of children., Setting: Well-baby clinics of the primary health care centers in urban and rural areas of the Madinah region, North-western Saudi Arabia., Participants: A sample of 1219 "normal" children below the age of six., Intervention: Tools used for the study were the modified and translated Denver Revised-Pre-screening Developmental Questionnaire (R-PDQ), and the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) kit together with a social questionnaire. Logistic Regression analysis was used to show any significant association(s) between the study variables and the 104 developmental items in the R-PDQ., Results: Eight variables were found to be strongly associated with each of the developmental items. Mothers' education was found to be significantly associated with 21 developmental items. Number of children in the household was next to mothers' education in its association with child development. Place of residence and gender were found to be significantly associated with seven and one abilities respectively., Conclusion: Findings emphasized the importance of girls and mothers' education as an aid in stimulating the development of their children and enabling mothers to prepare children for school. Adequate birth interval, and prolonged breastfeeding are recommended to enable mothers to care for their children, communicate with them and foster sound development. Scrutinizing the child's home environment and involving parents in the developmental progress of their children are also considered important. More stimulation and educational play are recommended for rural children and male urban children.

A childâs development is largely connected with environment, and so tools used in developmental assessment and screening should be modified to match the local environment of children. The experience and findings of such modifications is important to child health workers. The objectives of this study were to describe the method applied in translating the Revised Denver Pre-screening Developmental Questionnaire (R-PDQ) as a developmental screening tool, and to describe and analyze changes introduced to the R-PDQ after translation, adaptation and validation for Saudi children. To adapt the R-PDQ, three steps were taken: translation from English to Arabic using cross-translation method, piloting the Arabic translation on 65 children and mothers, and conducting the questionnaire on a random sample of 1219 children to introduce final necessary changes. The English R-PDQ went through major changes to make it valid for use in Saudi culture for evaluation of a childâs development. Changes were made in the content of the questionnaire, age intervals, as well as normal age of developmental abilities and the order of acquiring them. Changes in the R-PDQ items were pertinent in language and personal-social items. No major changes were introduced in fine-motor or gross-motor items. This study demonstrates a model in adapting a developmental screening tool, and illustrates the need for standardization of âimportedâ developmental screening tools before using them.