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Jordan, ranked as the world's second most water-scarce country, faces severe water shortages. Treated wastewater (TWW) has become an essential part of Jordan's water budget to bridge the gap between water supply and demand, primarily used for agricultural and industrial purposes. The construction sector, especially concrete production, consumes larg amounts of water. This study explores the feasibility of using TWW to partially or completely replace fresh water in concrete production. Concrete mixtures were prepared with varying TWW ratios (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and tested for workability, compressive strength, microscopic properties (SEM-EDS), and interaction mechanisms (FTIR-ATR) to assess the impact of TWW on synergistic properties. The results showed that workability decreased proportionally with increasing TWW content. However, different TWW proportions did not affect the compressive strength of concrete or the 7-day to 28-day strength ratio. FTIR-ATR analysis revealed unique silicon-oxygen tetrahedral structures in calcium silicate hydrate, but no new bonds or components were produced by TWW. SEM-EDS microstructure testing indicated no chemical changes that could affect concrete properties. The study concludes that replacing fresh water with TWW in concrete production is feasible, conserving fresh water and supporting circular economy goals. Additionally, the study contributes to the development of low-cost concrete production and fresh water conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a significant challenge in Jordan, particularly regarding landfill leachate (LL). Al-Ghabawi landfill, the country's largest, lacks proper leachate treatment, with the current practice being limited to evaporation in open ponds, an environmentally unacceptable method. This study dealt with the coagulation process for treating LL produced from Al-Ghabawi landfills by using alum and moringa seeds as coagulants. The results showed that the optimum pH for the coagulation process was 5.5. The optimal dosages were 800 mg/L for moringa oleifera and 400 mg/L for alum (high dose), and 80 mg/L for moringa oleifera and 40 mg/L for alum (low dose). The use of moringa oleifera and alum together yielded the best removal rates for turbidity (48.9%), total suspended solids (TSS) (41.21%), total dissolved solids (TDS) (17.9%), and Mn (73.7%). Pb and Cr, however, exhibited lower removal rates, with the best achieved by using moringa seeds and alum together (42.8% and 46.58%, respectively). Notably, moringa oleifera seeds alone as a coagulant outperformed alum in removing COD (91.57%) and BOD (85.71%), indicating that moringa oleifera is a more effective option for increasing the biodegradability of the leachate, as evidenced by the increased BOD5/COD ratios, from 0.5159 to 0.875 and 1.206 for high and low doses, respectively. These findings suggest that the coagulation process can be significantly improved by utilizing moringa oleifera seeds, a natural and sustainable coagulant, in combination with alum for the treatment of Al-Ghabawi LL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Date pomace (DP), the primary source of the solid wastes generated from date processing industry, characterized by high sugar concentration and elevated moisture content, it constitutes about 30% of the weight of the processed dates. In addition to the safe disposal, incorporating DP in the medium for bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) production as nutrient source can significantly reduce the production cost. This study aims to investigate the influence of the operational conditions namely the initial pH, incubation temperature, and DP juice ratio in the medium on the yield, water holding capacity, moisture content and morphology of the produced BNC. samples with constant initial pH, and fixed juice ratio were incubated at different temperatures. To explore the optimal initial pH value samples with fixed juice ratio were incubated at 30 °C. Samples with different juic ratio and fixed initial pH value were incubated at 30 °C. The structure and morphology of the produced BNC were tested using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The Maximum BNC wet and dry yields of 31.6 g/L and 0.62 g/L were achieved at an initial pH of 6, an incubation temperature of 30 °C, and a juice ratio in the medium of 10%, respectively. The results FESEM revealed that doubling the DP juice ratio in the culture medium increased the porosity and regularity of the porous structure of the produced BNC. Increasing juice ratio in the medium decreased the yield, water holding capacity and moisture content of the produced BNC. Since oxygen is developed throughout the fermentation process and different types of sugars are produced from the degradation of starch elements in DP, it was difficult to establish a correlation between the sugar and oxygen consumption and the resultant BNC yield. The findings validated the feasibility of employing DP juice as a substrate for the manufacture of nanocellulose material with the added benefit of mitigating environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]