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Dengue fever disease is an important health issue in the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Chemical pesticides play a vital role in dengue control, through combating the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti L. Standard methods recommended by the World Health Organization were applied in the current work to conduct resistance experiments in both adult and larval stages of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes against eight types of pyrethroid and organophosphorus pesticides used in control programs in Jeddah. The results prove that Ae. aegypti is resistant against the pesticides deltamethrin 0.05%, α‐cypermethrin 0.05%, fenitrothion 1% and temephos, is tolerant with some degree of resistance against cyfluthrin 0.15% and λ‐cyhalothrin 0.5%, as well as tolerant against malathion 5% and pirimiphos‐methyl 0.25%. On the other hand, the bacterial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis (Bti) demonstrated high activity against the field strain of Aedes aegypti larvae, with a resistance ratio (RR) of 1.25. In general, we conclude from these findings that the continuous and frequent application of synthetic pesticides induces resistance in mosquitoes against pesticides. This, of course, forces us to reconsider the pesticides currently used in control programs and do our best towards finding alternative means to combat mosquitoes and the diseases that they can transmit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation on the study of colony collapse disorder revealed the presence of Nosema apis and Foulbrood in honey bee colonies as a prominent factor responsible for the colony collapse in North Indian climatic condition, nevertheless other infection causing pathogens like Varroa mite, Red ant, application of the hazardous pesticide, wax eating moth were nil in the infection carrying colony. Humanly contrived supplements such as Vitamin B Complex 15 ml, and 75 mg Oxytetracycline three times a day each in five days interval was recorded to give the phenomenal improvement in honeybee efficiency. The minimal transformation after the first medication in all the parameter were beholden after 5 days of observation, but after 2nd dose of medicine usage a significant improvement was seen in flight activity, pollen foraging efficiency, the death rate was inspected to lower upto 2-8 bees per day after 10th day of 3rd dose of medication and observation their flight activity ranges from 33-62 per 10 minute, pollen foraging efficiency was 21-56 per minute, death rate 0-2 per day and worker and queen were almost normal in health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current studies were conducted during 2018-2019 to evaluate the efficacy of various botanicals against Aedes aegypti. Mosquitoes from ancient times are kind of the insect creatures which are known to transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year. The number of problems prevailing such as resistance of synthetic insecticides, residue problems in the environment and bad effects on human population and non-target organism, researchers focus their whole area of research towards the formation of new plant based insecticides with less hazardous effects. Despite the huge operational costs, the application of synthetic chemical insecticides to control vector mosquitoes has resulted in physiological resistance and ruthless environmental consequences. Insecticides compound of botanical origin including phenolic, terpenoids and alkaloids have been reported as useful for control of mosquitoes and may result in jointly or independently contribution to the larvicidal activities of mosquitoes. The satisfactory results were exhibited by Pine oil extract used and established the efficiency when the results were drawn from the analysis. However, the mortality of the test species got increased with increase in plant extract concentrations and complete death was recorded at 8 to 10 percent concentration. The lower concentrations were also helpful as they showed restless movement for some times with abnormal wagging and then died. The LC50 and LC 99 of plant extract were extremely toxic after 40-48 hours of exposure. The maximum efficacy was observed in the pine oil extract. The LC50 and LC99 values of pine oil extract against adults of A. aegypti after 20-24 hour and 40-48 hour were 0.28, 0.891 ml and 0.082, 0.678 ml, respectively though; no evidence of mortality was recorded in controls. The lethalkilling percentage of Neem oil and Til oil considered low adulticidal activity within 20-24 hours exposure period nevertheless, pine oil put forththe huge adulticidal activity while after 40-48 hours exposure high killing activity against mosquito population were shownwhen treated with plant bio-extracts. From the results, it was determined thatthe crude extraction of pine oil extract was apotent killer for controlling dengue vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initiative for this study is taken to solve the mathematical model which is base-forming with population dynamics of the Anopheles mosquito using an advanced computational intelligence scheme named as genetic algorithm (GA), artificial neural network (ANN). This ANN is a famous global search method, active set (AS) scheme known as a quick local refinement, i.e. ANN-GA-AS. An error-based fitness function is optimized which is made by using the sense of the differential system and boundary conditions for solving the Anopheles mosquito control model. The ability of the stochastic ANN-GA-AS approach to solve the population dynamics of the Anopheles mosquito is examined to check the exactness, efficiency, precision, and consistency of the scheme. The numerical outcomes of the Anopheles mosquito control model through the ANN-GA-AS approach are compared with the reference Adams numerical results to show the significance of the designed scheme. Moreover, statistical considerations using the “semi-interquartile range”, “Theil’s inequality coefficient”, and “mean absolute deviation” have been applied to validate the precision and accuracy of the obtained results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four plants extracts were evaluated against Culex pipiens mortality and sub-lethal effects. All extracts killed the larvae increasingly with concentration. Lantana camara was the most active with LC50 equaled 29.3 ppm, followed by Acalypha fruticosa. and Rhazya stricta with 435.6 and 611.9 LC50 values, respectively. Ruta chalepensis caused <50%mortality. Pupation of larvae reached 95-36%, 86-14%, 94-29% and 97-51% by A. fruticosa, L. camara, R. stricta and R. chalepensis extracts with EC50 equaled 711.1, 355.7, 602.8 and >1000 ppm with adult emergence inhibition with EC50 values of 435.2, 363.3, 291.2 and 614.4 ppm, respectively. Several malformations in all stages were recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With rational water management programs, Saudi Arabia should not be an ideal place for mosquito problems due to its geographical location, weather conditions and, a small amount of exposed water for mosquito population buildup. The aimed to obtain an overview of the biodiversity of Mosquito strains and their bio-control. COI gene-based analyses were used to identify the mosquitoes. The mosquitoes were treated with different concentrations of black seed methanolic extract. About 20 species of mosquito vectors belonging to two genera, based on the morphology one Aedes and one culex was selected for further studies. Aedes and Culex were identified using COI gene sequencing. The partial COI sequence of Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens was submitted for the accession number. Our results showed remarkable larval activity as well as inhibition of adult emerging percent in the treated groups compared to the control group. This study adds basic knowledge to the molecular evolution of mosquito vectors of medical and veterinary importance and may be useful to improve biotechnological tools employed in the Culicidae control program. Furthermore, this study reveals that black seeds extract can be used for the bio-control of these vectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive analysis of methyltransferase (MTase) from Zika virus (ZIKV) is of interest in the development of drugs and biomarkers in the combat and care of ZIKA fever with impulsive joint pain and conjunctivitis. MTase sequence is homologous in several viral species. We analyzed the MTase domain from ZIKV using Bioinformatics tools such as SMART, PROSITE, PFAM, PANTHER, and InterProScan to glean insights on the sequence to structure to function data. We document inclusive information on MTase from ZIKV for application in the design of drugs and biomarkers to fight against the disease., (© 2020 Biomedical Informatics.)

The methyltransferase (MTase, a 265 amino acid residues long region at the N-terminal end of the viral nonfunctional supermolecule NS5 domain) is key for viral replication in Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV). Sequence to structure to functional information with adequate knowledge on MTase from JEV is currently limited. Therefore, it is of interest to document a report on the comprehensive analysis of predicted proteasomal cleavage data in the methyltransferase domain from JEV. This data is relevant in the design and development of vaccine and other therapeutic candidates for further consideration., (© 2020 Biomedical Informatics.)