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Background: Individuals with congenital color vision defects (CVDs) are at greater risk of misidentifying colors, necessitating an investigation into their ability to distinguish colors accurately. This study aimed to assess how individuals with CVDs perceive the colors in the Worth four-dot (W4D) and duochrome tests. It also explored whether individuals with CVDs require more detailed instructions from optometrists and eye care providers during these tests. Method: Thirty-two participants with congenital CVDs were recruited for this study. Participants with ocular diseases were excluded based on a brief questionnaire. The participants underwent a W4D test to determine the colors of four circles and the duochrome test without using filters. Result: All the participants correctly identified the W4D colors, except for five participants (15.62%). Furthermore, among all the participants, two (one with deuteranopia and one with protanopia) failed to identify the colors correctly in the duochrome test (6.25%). Conclusions: The findings suggest that in the context of optometric assessment, it could be essential for optometrists to incorporate a preliminary inquiry into a patient's ability to identify colors prior to performing diagnostic tests such as the W4D or duochrome tests. Incorrect responses from patients with CVDs might mislead optometrists regarding the proper outcomes of the test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical relevance: Reading performance is important for evaluating near vision and predicting and prescribing near-vision correction. There is a significant gap in the literature on Arabic reading performance and its associated effects. Background: Normative data from control participants serve as the baseline for future studies involving groups with specific characteristics. This study aimed to assess baseline measures of Arabic reading performance. Methods: In total, 428 normally sighted adults aged 19–83 years read the Balsam Alabdulkader – Leat chart to measure their reading performance. The participants were divided into five age groups. The outcome measures were the maximum reading speed in standard-length words per minute, critical print size, reading acuity, and reading accessibility index. Results: The average reading performance measures were as follows: 171 ± 27 standard-length words per minute for maximum reading speed, 0.01 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution for critical print size, −0.17 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution for reading acuity, and 1.02 for the accessibility index. There were significant differences among the age groups, indicating a dependency on age and showing a plateau for the young adult group and a decline with age. The accessibility index had an almost perfect correlation with maximum reading speed and a weak but significant relationship with reading acuity and critical print size. Conclusion: Arabic exhibits an age-dependent trend in reading speed. However, owing to differences in orthography, visual demands, and reading strategies, the magnitude of the decrease and increase differs, potentially accounting for the variations between languages, especially when compared to English. This study serves as a foundation for future studies on Arabic reading performance. Future studies should examine the reading performance in patients with low vision, study the effects of common diseases on reading ability, evaluate the effectiveness of reading devices, and assess improvements in vision rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Ocular trauma is a major cause of visual impairment; however, little is known about its burden in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the epidemiological characteristics of ocular trauma in pediatric patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Patients and methods: Medical records of pediatric patients diagnosed with eye injuries between January 2016 and December 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic and injury characteristics were collected, and ocular trauma injuries were classified according to the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology. Results: A total of 855 injured patients were included in the study, of whom 525 (61.4%) were boys. Patient age ranged from one month to 18 years. Most ocular injuries occurred in children aged 5–9 years. The injuries were more prevalent in boys than in girls. Closed globe injuries accounted for 70% of cases, open globe injuries for 21%, and other injuries for 9%. Most ocular injuries occurred at home (n = 87, 42%), followed by school (n = 61, 30%). Conclusions: These results may inform the implementation and targeting of interventions to reduce or prevent eye injuries in children. Further, they highlight the importance of well-planned prevention programs to prevent eye injuries from occurring in children's daily lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background There is currently a lack of information regarding ocular tropism and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Globally, the cumulative number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases is increasing daily. Thus the potential for ocular transmission and manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 requires more investigation. Methods A systematic search of electronic databases for ocular transmission and manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 was performed. Pooled cross-sectional studies were used for conducting a meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of ocular transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to the respiratory system and ocular manifestations (associated symptoms) of SARS-CoV-2. Results The highest prevalence of SARS-CoV-2-positive tears using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was found to be 7.5%. However, the highest prevalence of ocular conjunctivitis associated with SARS-CoV-2 was 32%. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 can evidently infect the eye, as revealed in the conjunctival secretions of COVID-19 patients. Conclusion The available data reflect the influence of the ocular structure on SARS-CoV-2. The analysis showed that ocular manifestation is an indication for SARS-CoV-2, particularly conjunctivitis. Moreover, there is no evidence that the ocular structure can be an additional path of transmission for SARS-CoV-2, however, it warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The 3rd edition of the City University Colour Vision Test (CUT) was originally based on the Farnsworth‐Munsell D‐15 test (D15). The first part of the test is for detecting a defect, and the second part is used to diagnose the type and severity of the defect. This study evaluates the CUT 3rd edition relative to the Ishihara and the D15 colour vision tests. Methods: Fifty nine colour vision normal subjects and 60 subjects with a congenital red‐green colour vision defect were recruited. Subjects were tested with the Ishihara and CUT tests. Subjects who failed the Ishihara also performed the D15 test. Results: The agreement between the Ishihara and CUT screening plates was marginally higher when using the CUT failure criterion of >1 error compared with using >2 errors. If the diagnostic plates were included with the screening plates in determining the pass/fail outcomes, the agreement between the Ishihara and CUT was high, with a first‐order agreement coefficient (AC1) of 0.90. The AC1 coefficient agreement between the D15 and CUT diagnostic plates in terms of pass/fail was 0.81 when using the D15 failure criteria of >1 or >0 crossing. Conclusion: The level of agreement between the 3rd edition of the CUT and D15 was lower than the 2nd edition of the CUT. The primary reason for the lower agreement of the 3rd edition of the CUT was that it had a lower specificity relative to the D15 compared to the 2nd edition. Although the CUT predictive value for failing the D15 is over 90%, the predictive value for passing shows that 19%–25% of patients who pass the 3rd edition of the CUT test will fail the D15. The 3rd edition tends to misclassify protans as deutans or cannot classify the type of defect relative to the D15 and Ishihara. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the short-term effects of commercially available eyelid-cleaning wipes on film parameters., Methods: This study enrolled 48 healthy participants aged 20-35y (both males and females). Clinical assessment included the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, non-invasive tear break-up time (NITBUT), tear meniscus height (TMH), and lipid layer pattern (LLP). Based on these initial results, participants were categorized as either non-dry eye or dry eye. Participants in each group were randomly allocated to either Blephaclean ® or Systane ® treatments. Changes in NITBUT, TMH, and LLP levels before and after lid wipe treatment were assessed., Results: The dry eye group exhibited significantly higher OSDI scores and lower NITBUT and TMH levels than in the non-dry eye group ( P <0.001). Following the application of eyelid wipes (Systane ® wipes), dry eye subjects experienced a significant improvement in NITBUT levels ( P =0.0014) compared to the non-dry eye individuals. Although the remaining participants showed a marginal increase in TMH and NITBUT levels, these changes did not achieve statistical significance ( P >0.05). Similarly, the LLP levels were significantly improved with Systane ® ( P <0.001) post-treatment compared to individuals in the non-dry eye group. However, the dry eye subjects showed higher post-treatment LLP levels than the untreated group ( P <0.02)., Conclusion: The short-term effects of Systane ® eyelid wipes on tear film parameters suggest their effectiveness in dry eye disease. Nonetheless, further exploration of their long-term impact is essential to justify their cost effectiveness and efficacy in treating both aqueous deficiency and evaporative dryness., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: Aldarwesh A, None; Almustanyir A, None; Fagehi R, None; Alruways K, None; Bin Turki A, None; Alghamdi M, None; Alanazi MK, None; Alabdulkader B, None; Alotaibi W, None; Alhassan M, None., (International Journal of Ophthalmology Press.)

Clinical Relevance: Accurate colour vision assessment is important in clinical settings to minimise false-positive errors and enhance the reliability of diagnoses outcomes., Background: Colour vision testing is valuable in assessing the visual system, particularly given the high proportion of individuals with poor vision. This study aimed to determine the minimum visual acuity level required to perform a colour-vision test without errors., Methods: After fogging the right eyes of 52 healthy participants using plus lenses to 1.60 logMAR, vision was evaluated using Ishihara, Hardy - Rand - Rittler Standard Isochromatic, Waggoner Pseudo-isochromatic, City University, Waggoner Computerised, and Farnsworth D-15 tests. Participants then completed these tests at lower fogging degrees (in 0.1-logMAR intervals). The acuity at which 5% of the tested population was considered abnormal was determined., Results: Significant differences were found in the average visual acuity required to perform colour vision tests without errors ( p  < 0.05). The Waggoner Computerized test required the highest average visual acuity among the tests utilised. The Farnsworth D-15 test yielded the highest logMAR values. No significant differences were observed between the Waggoner Pseudo-isochromatic test and Hardy - Rand - Rittler Standard Isochromatic, Ishihara, and Farnsworth D-15 tests ( p  > 0.05). Additionally, no significant differences were found between the Ishihara and Hardy - Rand - Rittler tests ( p  > 0.1) or between the Waggoner Computerized and City University tests ( p  = 0.11). Colour vision testing maintained an accuracy ≤ 1.0 logMAR with the Ishihara and Hardy - Rand - Rittler tests, 1.1 logMAR with the Waggoner Pseudo-isochromatic and Farnsworth D-15 tests, and 0.9 logMAR with the Waggoner Computerized and City University tests., Conclusions: Insights are provided into the visual acuity thresholds required for accurate colour vision testing, which can serve as a basis for future research and provide a reference for clinical practice in this field.