Search

Xeroderris stuhlmannii (Fabaceae) is a medicinal reported in Cameroonian herbal medicine to treat hypertension. The aim of the study was to assess the antihypertensive and antioxidant activities of X. stuhlmannii aqueous leaf extract (AEXS) on cadmium chloride-induced hypertensive rats. The in vitro antioxidant activities of AEXS were investigated for their radical scavenging potency using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS), Nitric oxide (NO) and OH- assays completed with oxidative stress markers analyses. Antihypertensive activity of AEXS (35, 100, and 300 mg/kg) was assessed in CdCl2 induced-hypertensive rats. Antihypertensive activities performed include systolic (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) variation, followed by evaluation of selected biochemical parameters in urine, blood (Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)), creatinine, urea and total protein) and histological examination of tissue samples (aorta, heart, kidneys and liver). The amount of the phenols of the leaf extract was estimated in mg gallic acid equivalent and identification of some compounds was done by UPLC-UV-ESI-TOF-MS. Accordingly, the identified phenols were stuhlmannione A (1), formononetin (2), stuhlmarotenoid A (3), 9-methoxymaackiain (4), 4-hydroxymaackiain (5) and 7-hydroxy-3′,4′-methylenedioxy-isoflavone (6). The extract exhibited a significant (P

Garcinia lucida is used in Cameroonian folk medicine to handle a variety of ailments, including arterial hypertension. This study aimed at determining the phytochemical profile and the antihypertensive effect of the stem bark aqueous extract of G. lucida (AEGL). AEGL was subjected to LC-MS analysis, and its effect (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg/day; by gavage) was evaluated against Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 40 mg/kg)-induced hypertension in adult male Wistar rats for four consecutive weeks. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored weekly using tail-cuff plethysmography. The vasorelaxant effect of cumulative concentrations (3–10–30–100–300 μg/mL) of AEGL was examined on endothelium-intact and denuded thoracic aorta rings which were precontracted with KCl (90 mM) or norepinephrine (NE; 10−5 M), and in the absence or presence of L-NAME (10−4 M), indomethacin (10−5 M), methylene blue (10−6 M), tetraethylammonium (TEA, 5 × 10−6 M), glibenclamide (10 × 10−6 M) or propranolol (5 × 10−6 M). The influence of AEGL on the response to NE, KCl, and CaCl2 was also investigated. Six compounds, including Garcinia biflavonoids GB1 and GB2, were identified. AEGL prevented the development of hypertension (p

BackgroundLaboratory dissections are essential to acquire practical skills to perform neurosurgical procedures. Despite being traditionally done on cadavers, they are often unavailable and suffer from cultural barriers in the African context. Non-cadaveric UpSurgeOn neurosurgery models have been developed to bridge this barrier, providing an almost similar experience with the human body. This study aimed to assess the impact of the UpSurgeOn hands-on-touch non-cadaver model training amongst selected Cameroon medical students.MethodsAn anonymous 35-item questionnaire was distributed online using Google drive systems to medical students who attended UpSurgeOn's hands-on-touch non-cadaver model training course. These questions aimed to capture data on previous experience with neuroanatomy and neurosurgery practicals and the perception, attitudes, and impact of the UpSurgeOn neurosurgery tool.ResultsEighty-six students completed the survey. The mean age was 21.2 ± 1.868 years, 61.6% were males with 62.8% of respondents being medical students in preclinical years. Before the training, 29.4% had a fair knowledge of neuroanatomy. Textbooks and Youtube videos were the main sources of neuroanatomy and neurosurgery knowledge for more than half of the respondents. Up to 91.5% had no prior exposure to a neuroanatomy/neurosurgery cadaver laboratory dissection, and 22.6% and 17.6% had witnessed and performed at least one craniotomy before, respectively. There were 11.1%, 15.5%, and 31.3% of our respondents who had used a surgical microscope, a neurosurgical instrument, and the UpSurgeOn Neurosurgery tool before, respectively. The majority perceived the UpSurgeOn tool easy to use and felt they needed to learn just a few things before getting going with the box. Most thought of increasing the use of the UpSurgeOn Box and saw the need to be part of the training curriculum. Finally, the majority felt this tool helped to increase familiarity and acquire neurosurgical skills, and to develop the orientation skills needed during neurosurgical approaches.ConclusionUndergraduate exposure to traditional neurosurgery/neuroanatomy labs is limited in Cameroon. Neurosurgery/neuroanatomy practical skills are gained essentially using non-practical means. Most students found the UpSurgeOn tool user-friendly, saw the need to incorporate it as part of their training, and perceived it to be essential in getting acquainted with neurosurgical skills.

Diospyros mespilliformis (DM) is a plant of the Ebonaceae family that is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat epilepsy and schizophrenia. Radial arm mazes (RAM), Y mazes, and the novel object recognition test (NOR) were used to assess working and reference memory in mice. After the different tests, the hippocampus of the animals was separated for the determination of biochemical markers such as acetylcholinesterase (AchE), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The plant extract produced a significant rise in the percentage of alternation of mice in the Y-maze test, the time to observe the new object at the dose of 50 mg/kg (p

Introduction: Ficus vogelii is a terrestrial tree, used in Cameroonian pharmacopeia to treat various inflammatory diseases such as rheumatism. Accordingly, the present work aimed at evaluating anti-inflammatory potential of Ficus vogelii aqueous extract and identified phytochemicals of interest. Methods: The characterization of the phytochemicals was carried out by HPLC-ESI-MSn. The anti-inflammatory potential of the aqueous extract of Ficus vogelii (100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) was investigated using acute inflammatory models induced by chemicals, and chronic inflammatory models induced by formalin and Complete Freund Adjuvant (CFA) in rats. Results: Ficus vogelii significantly (p

The decline in efficiency and the frequent toxicity effects observed with antibiotics has urge researchers to turn to food as alternative. The present work aimed at valorizing boiled Chrysicthys nigrodigitatus against Salmonella Typhi infections. Flesh of C. nigrodigitatus was boiled in 4.7 L with a ratio of 1/1.5 (Kg/V) for 17 min at approximately 100 °C. Oil extraction was done using Bligh and Dyer method. In vivo activity of different diets formulated with boiled fish oil, oil + amoxicillin and boiled fish was evaluated on rat-induced Salmonella Typhi infection. The bacterial load in blood, dietary intake and weight gain of treated rats were used to monitor the disease progression. The hematological and lipid parameters were evaluated after treatment. Diets formulated with oil and flesh of C. nigrodigitatus healed the infected rats between the 16th and 18th day. Moreover, the fish-based diet corrected the anorexia involved in the infection, increased the body weight of infected rats and normalizing the levels of red blood (6.01 ± 0.58 × 106 cells/μL) and white blood cells (22.85 ± 1.20 × 103 cells/μL). This diet also lowered total cholesterol (76.44 ± 3.57 mg/dL), LDL-cholesterol (24.32 ± 4.60 mg/dL), atherogenic index (0.850 ± 0.367 mg/dL) and increased HDL-cholesterol level (41.62 ± 3.41 mg/dL). The overall results indicated that boiled C. nigrodigitatus can be used alone or associated to amoxicillin to overcome typhoid fever and regulate the levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, atherogenic index and HDL-cholesterol associated in S. Typhi infection.

The phytochemical study of the ethanolic extract of the leaf of Xeroderris stuhlmannii led to the isolation of five hitherto unreported compounds including two isoflavones (1–2), and three rotenoids (3–5), along with eight known isoflavonoid derivatives (6–13) and one pterocarpan derivative (14). The structures of the new compounds and those of the known ones were established by the spectroscopic (1D and 2D NMR) and spectrometric (HRESIMS) techniques as well as a comparison of their spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature. The leaf extract, fractions, and isolated compounds were tested for their antibacterial effects against nine bacterial strains. Compounds 3, 8, 11, and 12 showed a significant antibacterial effect, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 62.5 µg/mL each, against Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Klessiella pneumonae, and Escherichia coli, respectively. In addition, the leaf extract, fractions, and isolated compounds were tested for their antifungal effects against four fungal strains. The hexane fraction showed a significant antifungal effect with an MIC value of 125 µg/mL against Candida parasilosis, whereas compounds 3, 8, and 12 showed significant antifungal activity with an MIC value of 62.5 µg/mL, each against Candida parasilosis, Candida albicans, and Candida krusei, respectively.

Objective: To evaluate the anti-infectious and antioxidant activities of hydroethanolic extract of Canarium schweinfurthii on broiler chickens infected by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, known to be threatening public health. Methods: Animals were divided into six groups of eight animals per group: the normal control group, negative control group, positive control group and three test groups receiving the plant extract at 5, 19 and 75 mg/kg bw, respecively. The evolution of the disease as well as the effectiveness of the treatment were monitored by stool culture from the second day post infection until the end of the treatment. In addition, the effects of treatment on growth performances and feed conversion efficiency of broilers were evaluated. For the assessment of antioxidant status, enzymatic and non-enzymatic biomarkers such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide were evaluated in the serum and tissues of animals. Results: The infected chickens treated with oxytetracycline recovered on day 7 after treatment, while animals treated with 19 and 75 mg/kg of Canarium schweinfurthii extract recovered on day 9 and those with 5 mg/kg of the extract on day 10. Salmonella infection caused a decrease on catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities; the administration of various doses of Canarium schweinfurthii extract increased these enzymatic activities. Animals receiving the extract at 5 mg/kg showed a significant increase in catalase activity in serum, heart and lungs while all concentrations of the extract significantly increased glutathione peroxidase activity in the serum, liver and spleen. Concerning non-enzymatic biomarkers, Salmonella infection caused a significant increase of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde concentration in the liver and lungs. Treatment with 75 mg/kg of the extract significantly reduced nitric oxide concentration in the heart and lungs while each dose of the extract reduced and normalized the malondialdehyde level in the serum. Additionally, malondialdehyde production was significantly decreased in the liver, heart and lungs after administration of Canarium schweinfurthii extract at all doses. Conclusions: The hydroethanolic extract of Canarium schweinfurthii attenuates oxidative stress, and is effective in the treatment of avian salmonellosis.

Abstract Background Maytenus senegalensis is a common shrub which is scattered in tropical Africa. Different parts of this plant have been reported to be useful in traditional medicine against gastrointestinal disorders and intestinal worms. This study evaluated the anthelmintic activity of the aqueous stem bark extract of M. senegalensis using egg hatch assay (EHA), larval migration inhibition assay (LMIA) and adult worms’ motility inhibition assay (AMIA). Results On EHA, the extract concentrations tested resulted in a significant (p 50%). Conclusions These in vitro results suggest the presence of some anthelmintic properties in M. senegalensis extract, which is traditionally used by small farmers in west and central Africa. These effects may be due to the flavonoids and proanthocyanidins present in the extract and need to be studied under in vivo conditions.

Four direct inoculation malolactic starters were used in this study. They conducted malolactic fermentation in a merlot wine in barrels. We compared the behaviour of these strains at multiple levels. Inoculation efficiency was evaluated, and great differences were observed among the starters. Implantation controls were also carried out. They were ail clearly positive. The rates of malate degradation were compared. They were ail different, but MLF in the inoculated barrels always finished before the non-inoculated control. Physicochemical and sensory analysis were done. No major differences were seen concerning chemical data. However, some significant differences were observed at the sensory level. Positive implantation controls allowed to conclude that these differences originated from the starter strains used in this study.

This paper examines the influence of viticultural and winemaking parameters in the 2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine level in wines. Variety, state of maturity of grapes and maceration duration controlled decisively the amount of this compound.

L'addition d'écorces de levure ou de lies fraîches dans un milieu alcoolique entraîne une augmentation de la teneur en acides gras libres suivie d'une diminution progressive; les lies fraîches ne cèdent pratiquement pas d'acide palmitoléique, inhibiteur de l'activité malolactique. La teneur en acides gras libres augmente au cours de la macération des raisins rouges, mais elle est peu affectée par la macération préfermentaire des raisins blancs. Par ailleurs, les teneurs des vins en acides gras libres varient en fonction du cépage. +++ This work deals with the free latty acids (C12 to C18:3) content of different mediums; these substances seem to have an activity on the alcoholic and the malotactic fermentations. ln a first step we have studied the influence of the addition to the medium of yeast ghosts and fresh yeast cells (lees). We have also determined free fatty acids in red wines (Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Malbec) in function of the time of maceration (0 to 10 days) and in white wines (Semillon and Sauvignon blanc) in function of skin contact time (0 to 6 hours) and SO2 which have been added, or not, to the medium belore skin contact. The free fatty acids were extracted from 20 ml of wine by three times 10 ml of dichloromethane ; the organic phase was concentrated under vacuum to 1 ml. The extract was analysed by gas chromatography with a capillary CP WAX 57 column from Chrompack (10 m x 0,22 mm); the chromotograph was equiped with a spitless system injector. The addition of yeast ghosts and fresh lees into an alcoholic medium causes a temporary increase of the free fatty acids followed by a constant decrease. However, the fresh lees do not give palmitoleic acid which is an inhibitor of the malolactic activity. The time of maceration plays a positive part on the free fatty acids content of the wine; this is more important for the red wines than for the white ones. The free fatty acids content of the wines changes according to the grape variety.

This note presents the first results of a work conducted on the future of the folpet grape must and the relationship between the behavior of the fungicide and the onset of fermentation alcoholic.

This note presents a newly developed assay method of the dimethyl sulphide, and the assay of this compound in various red wines of Bordeaux and Greece, in order to determine its possible organoleptic impact.

The content of N-(3-methylthiopropyl) acetamide was determined in 176 wines coming from different origin, cultivar and winemaking process. In some cases it can be founded at concentrations of 2 mg/1. The cultivar seems to be determinant on the amount founded of this compound in wine. In some wines the concentration of N-(3-methylthiopropyl) acetamide can be as high as methionol. During winemaking, the time of maceration increases the concentrations of this compound. The same effect occurs when bentonite is added during fermentation of white wines. A second compound, 3-methylthiopropionic acid, was determined in 75 white wines and 55 red wines. Its concentration varies respectively on a range of 0 to 70 µg/1 and 0 to 140 µg/1. This compound has been described in the literature as, having a butter/« rancio » taste, and is likely to contribute to the wine aroma. Its formation is related with methionol. Evolution of methionol during ageing may lead to 3- methylthiopropionic

Ce travail se propose de doser les acides gras estérifiés, les stérols et le squalène dans deux échantillons d'écorces de levure du commerce de marques différentes.

La procymidone, qui appartient à la famille chimique des dicarboximides est un fongicide largement utilisé en agriculture, et notamment en viticulture. Elle agit par contact préventivement. Considérant que cette substance n'avait pas reçu le visa des autorités américaines, la F.D.A. a décidé, début mars 1990, de bloquer l'importation de vins ou spiritueux contenant des doses appréciables de cette substance. Devant l'afflux massif d'échantillons pour lesquels un certificat d'analyse était requis, la Fédération des exportateurs de vins et spiritueux nous a demandé de mettre au point une méthode rapide d'analyse pouvant s'appliquer au traitement d'un grand nombre d'échantillons.

Ricinodendron heudelotii is a plant of the Euphorbiaceae family, used in traditional medicine to treat numerous diseases, including high blood pressure. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant and vasorelaxant effects of the aqueous extract of the stem bark of R. heudelotii. The pharmacological studies were carried out using the aqueous extract obtained by infusion. The antioxidant capacity of R. heudelotii was assessed by in vitro tests with DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picryl‐hydrazyl), ABTS (2,2 ′‐azino‐bis (3‐ethylbenz‐thiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid), iron‐reducing capacity (FRAP), and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) release. In vitro studies, the aortic rings obtained from adult Wistar albino rats of both sexes were used to determine the vasorelaxant effects of the extract of R. heudelotii on the NO and prostacyclin (PGI2) pathways as well as its involvement on various potassium channels were determined on intact or naked fragments of rat aorta precontracted with phenylephrine (10-6 M) or KCl (60 mM). The aqueous extract of R. heudelotii exhibited a remarkable DPPH (EC50: 1.68 μg/mL) and ABTS (EC50: 106.30 μg/mL) and nitric oxide (53.71% inhibition at 1000 μg/mL) radical scavenging activities as well as reducing power (absorbance of 1.56 at 1000 μg/mL). The nitric oxide inhibitor, NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME), and prostacyclin inhibitor, indomethacin, significantly attenuated the vasodilatory effect of R. heudelotii. Tetraethylammonium could not inhibit the vasodilatory effect of the extract, unlike glibenclamide and barium chloride. Ricinodendron heudelotii extract possesses antioxidant properties and vasorelaxing effect linked to endothelium‐related factors, and this relaxation was partially mediated mainly through the inhibition of Kir and KATP channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When yeast ghosts are added to grape must they have the effect of limiting endocellular and parietal accumulations of fatty acids toxic to the yeasts. However the concentration of hexanoic, octanoic, decanoic and dodecanoic acids in the must is only siightly affected. The concentration of ethyl esters is unchanged. This result is particularly important for white wines, where these substances contribute to the aromatic characteristics.

L'acide sorbique, acide hexadiène-2,4 trans, trans, est un antiseptique autorisé, sous forme libre ou sous forme de sel, comme agent de conser vation des vins. Dans la pratique, on utilise fréquemment la méthode approximative de GUIMBERTEAU (1962) séparant l'acide sorbique par chromatographie sur papier après extraction du vin par l'éther. Cette méthode rapide est souvent suffisante pour déterminer si la teneur en acide sorbique est inférieure à la limite légale. La méthode proposée est une application de cette technique qui est rendue quantitative par l'utilisation d'un étalon interne (l'acide undécanoïque) et la mise en oeuvre de la chromatographie en phase gazeuse.

Le dosage du carbamate d'éthyle dans les boissons alcoolisées peut être réalisé de manière simple, avec une bonne précision et une bonne sensibilité par chromatographie en phase gazeuse capillaire en utilisant un détecteur à ionisation de flamme de type NP (un sel de silicate de rubidium est placé dans la flamme). On utilise le carbamate de méthyle comme étalon interne. Pour les eaux-de-vie on procède par injection directe; pour les vins une extraction par l'éther est réalisée sur l'échantillon déshydraté par le sulfate de sodium. +++ A gas chromatographie method for the determination of ethyl carbamate in wines and brandies is established. We use a capillary carbowax 20M (30 m x 0,32 mm) column and a NP type FID detector (Carlo Erba). A rubidium silicate salt is placed in the flame. Methyl carbamate is used as internai standard. The method is sensitive to 20 µg/l (20 ppb) with a 2 µl injection volume in the splitless mode. Linearity is tested in brandies, wines and with quantified addition of ethyl carbamate. The reproductibility shows a 12 per cent variation coefficient. Assays in brandies are taken with direct injection. In wines, an extraction is performed at pH = 7 alter deshydratation by sodium sulphate followed by concentration. One µg/l (1 ppb) ethyl carbamate can be determinated.

Le butanol-2, présent dans les eaux-de-vie de vin de qualité médiocre, est dosé par chromatographie en phase gazeuse. Cet alcool pourrait provenir de la dégradation du butanediol-2,3 par les bactéries lactiques dans les lies de vin. 80 souches bactériennes ont été étudiées en milieu synthétique sucré et dans du vin, à différents pH et en présence de doses variables de butanediol-2,3 ; trois souches seulement forment du butanol-2 à des doses pouvant atteindre 528 mg par litre en milieu synthétique et une seule souche dans le vin à pH 4,5. +++ The concentration of butanol-2 present in brandies of mediocre quality was determined by gas chromatography. This alcohol may result from the decomposition of butanediol-2,3 by lactic bacteria in wine lees. Eighty bacterial strains were studied in a sugared synthetic medium and in wines, at varying levels of pH and concentrations of butanediol-2,3. Only three strains formed butanediol-2,3 up to a maximum level of 528 mg per liter in the synthetic medium and one, to the same level, in wine with a pH raised to 4,5.

Il a été procédé à la distillation de différents vins issus d'un même moût, à l'aide d'un alambic de laboratoire, selon la méthode charentaise. L'analyse par C.P.G. des différentes fractions de la distillation montre que la plupart des substances volatiles du vin se retrouvent à 90 p. 100 dans les eaux-de-vie. La fleur entraîne une diminution des teneurs en esters. La distillation des lies et des bourbes augmente les taux des esters supérieurs. +++ The distillation of different wines coming from the same must was carried out, with the help of a laboratory still, according to the Charente method. The analysis by C.P.G. of the different fractions of distillation shows that most of the volatile substances in wine are also found in spirits to a degree of 90 %. The flower produces a decrease in the amount of ether-salt. The distillation of the lees and the mud increases the amount of superior ether-salts.

Le débourbage pose différents problèmes qui sont envisagés dans cette publication : • 1) réalisation pratique de l'opération ; • 2) influence sur les caractères des vins (composition chimique et dégustation) ; • 3) influence sur la marche de la fermentation.

Au cours d'une expérimentation dans laquelle seules variaient les températures de fermentation, un vin banc sec élaboré à 13 °C s'est révélé gustativement le meilleur. Une température plus basse (7 °C) n'a pas apporté d'amélioration; la qualité du vin était très nettement diminuée par fermentation à température élevée (30 °C). +++ During an experiment in which the fermentation temperatures were the only variable, dry white wine treated at 13 °C was found to have the best flavour. A lower temperature (7 °C) brought about no improvement; the wines quality was very clearly diminished by fermentation at a high temperature (30 °C). * Travail effectué avec la collaboration de M. Laporte

La recherche et le dosage de l'acide salicylique, éventuellement ajouté dans des vins, peuvent être effectués par chromatographie en phase gazeuse de l'extrait par l'éther du vin acidifié. Il est possible de doser l'acide sorbique en utilisant le même extrait. +++ The search for and measurement of salicylic acid, possibly added to wines, can be carried out by chromatography during the gazeous phase of the extract by ether of the acidified wine. It is possible to dose the sorbic acid using the same extract.

En vinification en blanc, le débourbage des moûts est nécessaire pour obtenir des vins de qualité. Cette opération doit être conduite avec un très grand soin. En effet, d'une part les bourbes grossières confèrent au vin des odeurs végétales et, d'autre part, en présence de lies fines la synthèse des esters par les levures est faible. L'hypothèse de « nutriments des levures apportés par les bourbes » a été émise (RIBÉREAU-GAYON et al., 1975). L'objet de la présente note est de montrer l'incidence de la clarification des moûts sur leurs teneurs en acides gras totaux.

On étudie l'évolution de la concentration des acides amines de vins rouges (3 cépages) en fonction de la durée de macération. Les analyses sont effectuées par chromatographie en phase gazeuse. Les résultats sont traités par méthodes statistiques : analyse de variance, classification hiérarchique ascendante, analyse factorielle des correspondances. +++ The influence of the time of skin contact of the must on the concentration of amino acids of red wines (Three cultivars) is studied. The analysis are carried out by gas chromatography. Results are treated by statistical methods : variance analysis, cluster analysis (hierarchical ascendant classification), correspondance factor analysis.

La différenciation des vins rosés authentiques des vins blancs colorés en rouge par coupage avec un vin rouge est analytiquement difficile à résoudre. C'est la constitution même du vin, au niveau individuel de chaque substance qui pourra éventuellement nous renseigner. C'est ainsi que nous avons entrepris l'étude des variations des concentrations d'un grand nombre de constituants du vin en fonction de la durée de macération pour différents cépages du Bordelais.

A l'issue du débourbage statique, des essais de filtration des dépôts bourbeux d'une part, du moût clair soutiré d'autre part, ont été réalisés. L'incidence de ces traitements sur la fermentescibilité des moûts et la formation de substances volatiles par la levure a été examinée. +++ After static settling, filtration tests were carried out on both the sediment and the clear must drawn off. The effect of these treatments on the fermentability of the musts on the formation of volatile compounds by yeast was examined.