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Background: Diagnosing chronic kidney disease (CKD) in clinical practice is quite difficult for patients presenting with uremia for the first time. Carbamylated haemoglobin (CarHb) may provide a better index of chronic uraemic exposure than a single measurement of urea. Objective: To evaluate the carbamylated haemoglobin as an early biomarker in the diagnosis of CKD. Methodology: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Nephrology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2019 to December 2019. A total of seventy (70) patients with renal impairment were enrolled. On the basis of developing CKD the study population was divided into two groups- group A (CKD) and group B (Non CKD). Relevant investigations like- urine routine microscopic examination, 24 hours urinary total protein, blood urea, serum creatinine, serum electrolytes, complete blood count, serum albumin, serum calcium, serum phosphate, serum parathyroid hormone, carbamylated haemoglobin levels and renal ultrasonography were done. These investigations were repeated in each patient after 3 months to define CKD according to KDIGO guideline. All data were analyzed and compared by statistical tests. Results: Among total 70 study subjects, 15(21.4%) patients had CKD and their mean age was 54.47(±11.84) years. Carbamylated haemoglobin (CarHb) level was significantly higher (107.2±9.3 µgVH/g Hb versus 86.2±15.2 µgVH/g Hb; p

36-years old man presenting with the complaint of sudden severe upper abdominal pain, vomiting and polyuria with raised serum creatinine (2.74 mg/dl), serum calcium (19.68 mg/dl) and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) (2014.70 pg/ml) level. His ultrasound image of neck region demonstrated hypoechoic mass (12×10 mm) at left inferior parathyroid gland. Parathyroid schintography reported positive for parathyroid adenoma (left lower). He underwent medical management followed by parathyroidectomy. Optimum serum calcium concentration is essential for homeostasis and function of multiple organ systems. Severe hypercalcaemia is rare but life threatening complication of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). In order to prevent mortality, it is necessary to provide immediate appropriate treatment by correcting hypercalcaemia and dehydration.

Ubiquitylation and ISGylation are protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) and two of the main events involved in the activation of pattern recognition receptor (PRRs) signals allowing the host defense response to viruses. As with similar viruses, SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, hijacks these pathways by removing ubiquitin and/or ISG15 from proteins using a protease called PLpro, but also by interacting with enzymes involved in ubiquitin/ISG15 machinery. These enable viral replication and avoidance of the host immune system. In this review, we highlight potential points of therapeutic intervention in ubiquitin/ISG15 pathways involved in key host–pathogen interactions, such as PLpro, USP18, TRIM25, CYLD, A20, and others that could be targeted for the treatment of COVID-19, and which may prove effective in combatting current and future vaccine-resistant variants of the disease.

Southern coastal people of Bangladesh are highly vulnerable to food insecurity and malnutrition due to coastal flooding, deforestation and increased soil salinity. A number of green leafy vegetables are found in the southern coastal belt being traditionally eaten as daily basis by local people. But they are unaware of nutritional and medicinal use of these vegetables. To contribute to their wider utilization, five common vegetables namely Hibiscus sabdariffa, Trianthema portulacastrum, Diplazium esculentum, Heliotropium indicum L. and Hygrophila auriculata were selected for analysis of nutritional proximate, micronutrients and antioxidant potential. Nutritional properties were analyzed in terms of moisture, pH, protein, lipid, ash, fibre, minerals and carbohydrate. Total flavonoid, tannin and antioxidant capacity were evaluated using established protocols. The results demonstrated that collected plants are rich in carbohydrate, fibre, proteins, moisture and ash content but low in lipid content. The mineral elements were high with remarkable amount of Na (19.9–21.5 mg/gm), K (7.9–13.5 mg/gm) and P (1.0–1.8 mg/gm). All the samples were found to have considerable amount of flavonoid (90.6–144.5 mg QE/gm) and tannin content (26.8–57.2 mg GAE/gm). The IC50 value of DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging was the lowest for H. indicum (37.1 and 83.4 μg/ml, respectively) whereas T. portulacastrum possessed high reducing power (IC50 53.7 μg/ml). Among the five investigated species, T. portulacastrum and H. indicum were found to have good nutritional and antioxidant properties, thus can be promoted as a significant source of nutritional and antioxidant food supplements., Natural product chemistry; Food analysis; Food composition; Food chemistry; Nutrition; Nutrient availability; Coastal vegetables; Nutritional and antioxidant potential; Micronutrient; Free radical.

In 1995 the Republic of Korea (ROK) was officially admitted to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This organisation groups together industrially developed countries of the world. Recently, the World Bank has also released a study of China that predicts that China is going to become the second biggest economy in the next fifteen years if its economic growth follows the pattern of the last fifteen years. ROK is the only country from among the developing countries to join the ranks of the developed industrialised countries in the last thirty years. However, it is still a small country compared to China. Hence when China completes its transformation into an industrialised country the whole world will be affected.

Background: Cardiac tamponade is a serious complication of central venous catheter (CVC) placement. Current guidelines strongly suggest that CVC tip should lie in the superior vena cava (SVC) outside the pericardial sac. Various landmarks and sophisticated techniques such as right atrial electrocardiography (ECG) and transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) have been recommended to decide a proper insertion depth (ID) of CVC. The purpose of this study was to devise a simple formula to determine the proper insertion depth based on an individual patient’s height when cannulation is via the right internal jugular vein (RIJV).Patients and Methods: We studied 100 patients. The right internal jugular vein was punctured by an anterior approach using the sternocleidomastoid muscle as a landmark midway between the mastoid process and the sternal notch. Insertion depth was theoretically determined as one-tenth of the patient’s height in cm. Post insertion bedside chest x-ray (CXR) was done to see the CVC tip position in relation to the level of the carina.Results: In 74.22% of the cases the tips of the CVCs were at or above the level of the carina. In the rest of the 25.78% patients the tips were within 2 cm below the level of carina. The standard error of proportion (SEP) between these two groups of observations was 4.4. It means the tip of the CVC will be positioned at or above the level of carina in 65% to 83% of the population (95% CI). Conclusion: Thus to place all the CVC tips above the pericardial reflection we propose a simple formula as: Insertion Depth in cm = (Patient’s height in cm/10) - 2cm, for cannulation via the right internal jugular vein when the puncture site is midway between the mastoid process and the sternal notch.Keywords: central venous catheter, internal jugular vein, insertion depth, carina