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Influenza and coronaviruses, zoonotic respiratory RNA viruses, cause global pandemics with major public health issues. These viruses exist as quasispecies due to the to rapid evolution driven by their error-prone viral RNA polymerases and/or genomic organizations. They also show similar waves of infections/cases during the pandemic. However, there are some dissimilarities like severe disease in coronaviruses is due to cytokine-induced hyperactivity of the immune system, while secondary bacterial infection is a significant cause of death in influenza. Furthermore, unlike coronavirus, the segmented nature of influenza virus genome makes it easier for new strains to emerge through genetic reassortment, making its prevention and control more difficult. In this mini-review, we summarize the historical events of influenza and coronavirus pandemics or epidemics and the roles played by RNA viral genomes and pathogenesis in modulating viral evolution and generation of pandemic strains. Collectively, influenza and coronavirus diagnostics, vaccination, and other measures are critical for mitigating and controlling future pandemics. These pandemics might be regarded as a wake-up call to prepare us for future disasters

Along with other contaminants, bacterial contamination in the dried fishes is a common issue which severely affects the quality of cured fishes. Hence, the present study was aimed to isolate and identify different bacterial flora contaminating different dried fishes, sold at different retail markets within Dhaka Metropolitan city, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 25 different dried fishes were collected from Dhaka North city corporation area (Town Hall kacha bazar, Krishi market, and Mohammadpur kacha bazar) and Dhaka South city corporation area (New market kacha bazar, and Jatrabari chowrasta bazar). Each sample was divided into three regions (head, body, and tail) and bacterial isolation and identification was done by studying their cultural, staining and biochemical properties. Of the 25 dried fishes, Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp. and unidentified bacteria isolation rates were 44%, 56%, 80%, 48%, and 24%, respectively. The presence of E. coli and Salmonella spp. in various dried fish samples could be considered as indication of lack of hygienic condition during dried fish processing. Confirmation through molecular detection methods, pathogenicity, and antibiogram of the isolated bacteria could be included for future study. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.8(1): 109-115, April 2021

The study was conducted to detect various pathogenic as well as spoilage bacteria present in goat meats and also their antibiogram. Different body regions such as brisket, neck and thigh, supplied at different places like Krishi market, Mohakhali kacha bazar, and Charulata market within Dhaka City Corporation area, were taken and the bacteria were isolated. The isolated bacteria were identified on the basis of cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics. The isolated bacterial agents were: Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., Citrobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Pseudomonas spp. Antibiotic susceptibility test using disc diffusion method revealed that most of the isolates were found to be more or less resistant to tetracycline, ampicillin and erythromycin indicating that these may be a threat to consumer’s health. It is emphasized that the present sanitary conditions, as revealed through this study, of meat processing need to be improved so as to minimize microbial contamination. Suggestions are made to introduce Longitudinally Integrated Safety Assurance (LISA) system and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) principles. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.8(1): 135-143, April 2021

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.

The study was attempted to explore the small scale broiler farming of Tangail district. Bhuapur, Ghatail, Kalihati, Shakhipur, Delduar and Basail Upazilas were selected purposively for this study. Primary data were collected through face to face interview with the respondents of broiler farmers during February to July, 2016. Secondary data were collected from the BBS, poultry production and marketing reports, journals, DAM, DLS and MS theses. A total of 30 broiler farm owners and 54 intermediaries were selected by applying purposive sampling technique. In the production and marketing system of broiler, many intermediaries were involved such as Bepari, Paiker, Wholesaler and Retailer. Marketing of broiler, produced in Tangail district, was moved from producers to the consumers through four separate chains. The average production cost of farmer for 500 birds was BDT 54781.25, and marketing cost of paiker, wholesaler and retailer were BDT 1230, BDT 1310 and BDT 440, respectively. However, beparies received highest marketing cost which was BDT 1370/500 birds. Transportation was found as the highest cost item which was 37.96%, 39.02% and 40.46%, in case of bepari, paiker, and wholesalers, respectively, but there was no transportation cost of retailer. Broiler farmers sold 90% of their broiler to paiker/bepari and remaining 10% to retailer (distance paiker) sold directly. Paikers sold 85.63% of their broilers to retailers and 14.34% to retailers through wholesalers. Consumer purchases100% of broiler from the retailers in the study areas. Broiler producers did not get fair price due to lack of economic storage facilities, existence of stronger middlemen, inadequacy of veterinary care and services, inefficient transportation facilities, and lack of proper marketing information. It could be concluded that institutional credits, timely supply of inputs and stable price of broiler should be ensured along with the provision of transport and market facilities. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(2): 243-254, August 2020