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Cristalle Soman,1 Tariq Wahass,2 Hatem Alahmari,2 Nader Alamri,2 Assaf Albiebi,2 Mohammed Alhabashy,2 Abdulrahman Talha,2 Nasser Alqhtani3 1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Science, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Science, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Tariq Wahass, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, 4078, Alshabareqah St, Ishbiliyah District, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 0112402529, Email Wahasstariq@gmail.comAim: The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and morphological characteristics of the bifid mandibular canal in a Saudi Arabian subpopulation, to aid in preventing surgical complications near the mandibular canal.Patients and Methods: Using CBCT images obtained from the Radiology unit database in a University Hospital Clinics. A total of 488 CBCT images were investigated (244 Female – 178 Male). In the present study, the Naitoh classification was used to categorize the bifid mandibular canal into the following types: 1) Retromolar canal; 2) Dental canal; 3) Forward canal (with or without confluence); and 4) Buccolingual canal. Additional variation (Trifid canal) was included. All CBCTs were assessed in coronal, sagittal, axial, as well as panoramic views using specialized software.Results: The prevalence of BMC was 28.7% (95% CI, 24.5 to 33.2), Gender (p = 0.404) and age (p = 0.654) had no statistical significances, laterality of BMC, patients with unilateral BMC were significantly older than those with bilateral BMC (mean ± SD ages of 40.5 ± 13.5 and 32.9 ± 13.8, respectively, p = 0.009). About two-thirds (67.5%) of the investigated BMC cases were found unilateral. The most common reported type of BMC was retromolar canal.Conclusion: The incidence of bifid mandibular canal using CBCT is considered relatively high in Saudi Arabian subpopulation, with the most common type was the retro-molar canal.Keywords: mandibular canal, bifid mandibular canal, cone-beam computed tomography, anatomical variation, surgical complications, dental implant

Nora AlFaris,1 Jozaa ALTamimi,1 Nora AlKehayez,1 Fatema AlMushawah,2 AbdulRhman AlNaeem,2 Nadia AlAmri,3 Ebtisam AlMudawah,3 Malak Alsemari,4 Jawaher Alzahrani,5 Layla Alqahtani II,6 Wedad Alenazi,2 Ashwaq Almuteb II,3 Hessa Alotibi3 1Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2King Fahd Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 3King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 4King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAAUH),Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 5Ministry of Health (Saudi Arabia), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 6King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Nora AlFaris; Jozaa ALTamimiPrincess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi ArabiaEmail naalfaris@pnu.edu.sa; Jzaltamimi@pnu.edu.saBackground: Iron deficiency is known to be the most common nutritional disorder. About 30% of the world’s population is iron deficient (ID). Women are more likely to be exposed to anemia than men, which is an epidemic public health problem.Objective: A cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of anemia and associated risk factors among non-pregnant women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Methods: Non-pregnant women (n = 250) aged 20– 65 years were involved in this study. Sociodemographic, nutritional status, menstrual history, anthropometric and haematological properties were calculated. Anaemia proxies including haemoglobin (HB), serum ferritin (IDA), Haematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were determined as well as BMI.Results: The respondents were varied according to demographic factors and according to anemia proxies, the majority of them suffered from anemia. The Student’s t-test analysis showed that the average daily food intake was lower than that of the dietary requirement intake (DRI). Correlation and logistic regression analysis between sociodemographic factors and anemia proxies revealed that most of such factors significantly and negatively affected anemia proxies. Moreover, the correlation of daily food intake and anemia proxies showed that the nutrients responsible for the improvement of anemia proxies were not taken in sufficient amount as indicated by a significant and positive correlation.Conclusion: In conclusion, various factors including demographic factors, daily food intake appeared to be associated with anemia proxies, which are the most important risk factor for anemia among non-pregnant women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Keywords: anemia, nutrient deficiency, dietary intake, hemoglobin, anthropometric

Climate change is affecting all habitats and faucets of life, rural as well urban environs. Urban localities are the main contributors to global warming due to the carbon emissions released through human intervention in the climate system. City dwellers also become the victims of climate change and natural vagaries, Climate change disasters. In order to reduce these risks, cities have adopted strategies to enhance their resilience to climate change disasters and to create resilience. In this context, the United Nations has adopted several legal tools, most notably the Framework Convention on Climate Change. However, these tools have not been effective due to the minimal role of the organizations responsible. Also, the inability of major nations to meet their obligations in decreasing greenhouse gas emissions constitutes a primary contributor to the hazards endangering the survival of urban habitants. The aim of the research study was also to demonstrate the impact of resilience in reducing climate change and mitigating its effects, thereby increasing the elasticity of the environmental system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landfills are used in Saudi Arabia to dispose industrial and domestic wastes. The absence of effective management leads to pollution of the groundwater sources. This research focuses on the impact of landfills on soil and groundwater pollutions in Rabigh city in Saudi Arabia. The analysis involved 14 groundwater and 17 soil samples. The permissible limits were based on Saudi General Authority for Meteorology and Environmental Protection (GAMEP) while the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) standards for the soil. The cations exceeding the standard were Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2 + while the anions were SO42-, Cl-, HCO3-, and NO3-respectively. Total dissolve solids (TDS) distribution indicated high salinity near landfills. Two hydrogeochemical type facies were identified NaCl and CaCl2. The highest concentrations of heavy metals, As, Cu, Co, Cr, Mn, Al, and Fe, were estimated as 0.059, 0.261, 0.640, 2.96, 3.30, 4.75, and 1170 mg/l respectively. They were below the permissible limits. The pH of the soil ranged from 7 to 9.6 suggesting strongly alkaline soil, due to the occurrence of Sodium Carbonate or Sodium Bicarbonate. The distribution of soil pH indicates the highest value is far upstream landfills. The Chromium and Nickel in the soil exceeds the permitted limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundFordyce granules, sometimes referred to as Fordyce dots, are aberrant sebaceous glands that present as diminutive, non-painful, elevated lesions exhibiting a yellowish or whitish hue, measuring 1 to 3 mm in diameter, and manifesting inside the oral cavity. Likewise, these particles may also be seen in the vaginal region and inside the oral cavity. AimThe primary objective of the current study is to evaluate the potential association between Fordyce granules and the skin type of individuals who seek dental care at the Dental Clinics of Qassim University. Materials and MethodsThe current cross-sectional research was undertaken at the Dental Clinics of Qassim University, with a sample of 87 patients diagnosed with Fordyce’s granules. The research consisted of a heterogeneous sample of participants, including individuals of all genders, ranging in age from 18 to 85 years. The study included a comprehensive evaluation of several anatomical regions to identify the existence of Fordyce’s granules. This examination was conducted by a single examiner who had undergone calibration. Additionally, the participants’ skin types were established using the Baumann Skin Typing System questionnaire. The data that was gathered was afterward analyzed utilizing statistical methods via the use of SPSS software. A pre-set significance level was established at P < 0.05. ResultsThe distribution of skin types among the study participants with Fordyce’s granules were found to be oily skin (51.3%), dry skin (47.9%), sensitive skin (49.3%), and resistant skin (56.3%). The results of the research showed that there was no statistically significant correlation between the two variables, i.e. skin type and the presence of Fordyce’s granules. This conclusion is supported by the increased P values of 0.941 for those with oily skin and 0.785 for individuals with dry skin. ConclusionNo relation between skin type and Fordyce’s granules in the current study.

Background: The involvement of husbands and male partners in childbirth no longer ceases at conception and pregnancy, rather fathers wish to be more involved in supporting their partners during childbirth. This aligns with the World Health Organization's (WHO) call for promoting male participation in childbirth, emphasising the benefits of support and the positive impact attending childbirth has for husbands/partners, and their maternal partner. This knowledge has led to global initiatives promoting "humanised" birth and a family-approach. To gain in-depth insight and understanding of childbirth attendance from the perspectives of fathers, a qualitative evidence synthesis is proposed., Methods: To explore fathers' experiences, views, and perspectives of childbirth attendance. All studies that used qualitative methodologies to explore the phenomenon of interest will be included. MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, MIDIRS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar will be systematically searched from their dates of inception to present, supplemented by a search for grey literature and a search of the reference list of included studies. Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies (PRESS) will be used to ensure the comprehensiveness of the search strategy. Methodological quality assessment of included studies, using The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme assessment tool, and will be extracted from the included studies by two reviewers independently using a standard data extraction form. Thomas and Harden's three-stage approach will be used to thematically synthesise the data: coding of data, developing descriptive themes, and generation of analytical themes. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation-Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research (GRADE-CERQual confidence in the synthesised findings Comprehensive insight and understanding of fathers' perspectives of childbirth attendance will be ascertained., Prospero Registration No: CRD42023470902., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2024 AlAmri N et al.)

Objective: There is growing evidence supporting the presence of oral manifestations associated with COVID-19. The study investigates the knowledge of dental undergraduates and recently graduated dentists concerning oral presentations related to COVID-19., Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study in Saudi Arabia comprised 305 individuals, including undergraduate dental students, interns, and freshly graduated dentists. Data were collected using a questionnaire disseminated to approximately 500 subjects via WhatsApp groups and other applications. The questionnaire was tested in a pilot study for validity, edited, and validated by 2 supervisors at the College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire consisted of questions regarding sociodemographic attributes, the level of expertise of dental practitioners, and their knowledge and perspectives regarding COVID-19 and the implementation of oral lesions interrelated to it. The data was subjected to analysis through the utilization of descriptive statistics and chi-square tests, employing the statistical software SPSS (version 24)., Results: About 43.9% of subjects stated that COVID-19 causes oral symptoms. Respondents most frequently reported COVID-19-related dry mouth. Oral ulcers, Candida infection, Hyperpigmentation, tongue coating, atrophy, Petechiae, Herpes, white lesions, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis are further symptoms. COVID-19's oral manifestation was unknown to 41.0% of subjects, and 37.7% of respondents lacked knowledge regarding the most impacted locations of oral manifestations. Oral signs and COVID-19 symptoms are debated and significantly associated with higher educational levels., Conclusion: The dental students and freshly graduated dentists in this study have proper knowledge of COVID-19 and its symptoms. Also, most dental students and newly graduated dentists recognize the potential correlation between COVID-19 and oral manifestations with an average to excellent knowledge of the types and sites commonly affected. The level of awareness was associated with higher educational levels., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Study Purpose: The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of social media applications on donor engagement and retention within the blood donation system in Saudi Arabia., Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was adopted in this study. The population aged above 18 years and living in Saudi Arabia was included in the study. Using convenience and snowball sampling techniques, an online questionnaire was distributed using social media channels such as WhatsApp, Facebook, and Instagram. A total of 463 participants were included in the study., Results: The majority of the study participants (78.1%) engage on social media applications multiple times a day for charity causes such as blood donation by responding to requests, while 51.8% of them engage on social media applications for the same reason a few times a month. Focusing on donor engagement, 46.8% and 27.3% of the total participants were likely to engage in the blood donation process; 60% were likely to continue to use social media applications for blood donation. The ANOVA findings showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between participant groups characterized by age and educational level on their engagement on social media applications for the blood donation process. Younger participants and participants with bachelor's degrees and above were more likely to engage in social media applications for the blood donation process compared to minimum educated and older participants (p<0.05)., Conclusion: Charity or blood donation organizations must adopt strategies to actively engage the donors on the platforms, as social media can effectively contribute to donor engagement and retention., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Alanzi et al.)

Background: During COVID-19, major change occurred in the governmental regulations to combat the pandemic. Lifestyle factors are changeable habits and routine behaviors with an impact on physical and mental health. With the pandemic, sudden and radical changes occurred in the lifestyle of people worldwide. The main purpose of the study is to assess the impact of COVID-19 on lifestyle factors including (dietary habits, physical activity, sleeping patterns, smoking, and alcohol use) among the Saudi population., Design and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study on a convenient sample of adults residing in Saudi Arabia. An online survey was distributed via social media channels. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the distribution of demographic variables using Chi-square χ 2 tests for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables. Bowker test, and McNemar's Test were performed to evaluate the effects of lockdown on lifestyle factors., Results: A total of 1051 participants were included in the study. There was a slight decrease in the overall diet score during the pandemic (14.98%) compared to before the pandemic (15.05%) ( p -value = 0.02), indicating poorer dietary intake during the lockdown. Approximately one-fourth of the participants (26.1%) reported following specific eating habits or a restricted diet during the pandemic ( p -value = 0.0001). There was increased consumption of most components of dietary intake categories, during the lockdown. An increase in physical activities for three or more times was reported. A higher proportion of respondents reported sleeping nine or more hours a day during the lockdown (10.8%). Similarly, a higher percentage of individuals reported smoking daily during the lockdown (12.2%). As of overall health status, higher percentage of respondents reported poor health status during lockdown (6.1%)., Conclusion: This study revealed major changes in lifestyle factors, negative shifts were revealed in dietary habits and smoking patterns. Positive changes were shown in physical activity, drinking water, and sleeping patterns. Our findings suggest that COVID-19 played a major role in changing lifestyle factors among adults in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare providers and public health officials are encouraged to increase awareness of healthy lifestyle factors that strengthen the immune system to combat COVID-19. The Saudi population needs increased awareness programs about healthy lifestyles to be prepared during pandemics., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2022.)

(1) Background: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) as a primary or secondary diagnosis during physiotherapy practice. No other studies have investigated the prevalence and associations of DDH within the practice of pediatric rehabilitation. (2) Methods: This retrospective review was performed on 12,225 physiotherapy referrals to the King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital (KASCH), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from May 2016 to October 2021. Only DDH referrals for conservative treatment were included in the study. The plan for brace treatment was carried out by the pediatric orthopedics clinic in KASCH. The diagnostic methods were either a pelvic radiograph or ultrasound, depending on the participant's age. DDH is considered one of the most common secondary complications for children with other medical diagnoses. (3) Results: The most common indication for referral was neurological diagnosis (44%), followed by orthopedic (28%), genetic (19%), cardiac (5%), ophthalmologic (3%), dermatologic (1%) and rheumatologic (0.5%) diagnoses. (4) Conclusion: The prevalence of DDH among all referrals in this study was 6%. In physiotherapy practice, neurologic, genetic, and orthopedic primary or secondary diagnoses were the most prevalent when DDH referrals were investigated. A relatively high prevalence of DDH in the pediatric rehabilitation clinic at KASCH in Riyadh was reported in this study.

Background: Neurological manifestations have increasingly become recognized in COVID-19. People from different ethnic backgrounds are experiencing different outcomes related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several cohort studies reported the common neurological manifestations and complications associated with COVID-19 disease around the world however, the prevalence of neurological complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Arab countries and Saudi Arabia is still unknown. Objective: To study the prevalence, risk factors, and characteristics of the neurological complications associated with COVID-19 and their relationship with clinical outcomes. Methods: We conducted a prospective, single-center, observational, cohort study of consecutive hospitalized adults COVID-19 patients with and without neurological manifestation admitted between March 2020 until the end of December 2020. Data was collected prospectively using electronic medical records; Cases and controls were observed until they either get discharged from the hospital or died. The primary outcomes were death, survival, and survival with sequalae. Results: Among 497 patients with COVID-19, 118 patients (23.7%) had neurological complications, 94 patients (18.9%) had encephalopathy, and 16 patients (3.2%) had cerebrovascular accidents (CVA). Patients with COVID-19-related neurological complications were older and more likely to have a pre-existing neurological disease. The most common neurological syndrome associated with COVID-19 were encephalopathy (18.9%) and headache (13.7%). Pre-existing neurological disease and an elevated neutrophil count were the strongest predictors of developing any neurological complications. Death form COVID-19 was associated with age (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02-1.10, P = 0.001), invasive ventilation (OR 37.12, 95% CI 13.36-103.14), COVID-19-related-neurological complications (OR 3.24, 95% CI 1.28-8.21, P = 0.01), and elevated CRP level (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.01, P = 0.01). Conclusions: COVID-19 is associated with a wide range of neurological manifestations in people living in Saudi Arabia, with older individuals and those with underlying neurological disorders being most at risk. The presence of neurological complications was associated with increased mortality and poor outcomes., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Alkeridy, Alanazy, Alamri, Alqahtani, Alhazzani and Muayqil.)

Introduction: Formally counting fetal movements in pregnancy is one of the oldest methods to assess fetal well-being. Although not routinely recommended in contemporary maternity care, due to a lack of evidence of its effectiveness, formal fetal movement counting is still practiced in many birth settings. Requesting women to formally count their fetal movements in a structured, objective way that can potentially improve maternal subjective outcomes such as worry or concern. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of formal fetal movement counting versus no formal counting, on maternal worry, concern or anxiety, and maternal-fetal attachment (MFA). Secondary outcomes were compliance with the intervention (counting method) and hospital admission/attendance for fetal activity concerns., Methods: CINAHL, MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched systematically for eligible studies from inception dates to June 2020, supplemented by searches of trial databases, grey literature and the reference lists of included studies. Randomized controlled and quasi-randomized trials were included in the review., Results: Nine studies reported across 15 publications were included involving 70824 pregnant women. The results showed that MFA levels were significantly higher in women who formally counted fetal movements than those who did not (standardized mean difference=0.72; 95% CI: 0.10-1.33, five studies, 1565 women). There were no differences between the groups in maternal anxiety or worry/concern outcomes. Attendance or admission rates for reduced fetal movements, or concern for fetal activity, did not differ between the groups (OR=1.36; 95% CI: 0.97-1.91, three studies, 1947 women). Compliance in completing fetal movement charts varied, ranging 45-90%, although definitions of compliance differed across studies, which may have affected rates., Conclusions: This review has found that formal fetal movement counting in pregnancy has no detrimental effects on maternal psychological or emotional status and positively affects maternal-fetal attachment. Although current evidence does not support the use of formal fetal movement counting for improving perinatal outcomes, such as stillbirth and neonatal death, the results of this review are helpful for clinicians in discussing fetal movements in pregnancy and in discussing the optional methods available to women who may be advised to or choose to objectively assess fetal movements using a formal fetal movement counting method., Competing Interests: The authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest and none was reported., (© 2022 AlAmri N. and Smith V.)

Introduction: Anthropometry and bone mineral density are linked to hormonal imbalance, which plays a possible role in breast carcinogenesis. The current study was designed to explore the relationship between selected anthropometric and bone mineral density parameters and the risk of breast cancer in premenopausal and postmenopausal Saudi women., Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among premenopausal ( n = 308) and postmenopausal ( n = 148) women at two Medical Cities in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from May 2015 to June 2016. Selected anthropometric measurements were obtained from 456 women; 213 of them had breast cancer. Bone mineral density was also measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry., Results: Greater waist circumference was significantly correlated with a higher breast cancer risk in premenopausal women (OR = 1.02, p = 0.03) but not in postmenopausal women. Greater triceps skinfold thickness had been found to be significantly correlated with a higher risk of breast cancer in premenopausal (OR = 1.06, p = 0.001) and postmenopausal (OR = 1.06, p = 0.001) women. However, bone mineral density was not significantly associated with breast cancer risk in either group of participants., Conclusions: Breast cancer risk was significantly associated with waist circumference and triceps skinfold thickness in premenopausal women and with only triceps skinfold thickness in postmenopausal women., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Termedia & Banach.)

Aim: This study presents a rare case of pseudoaneurysm mimicking a tumor on the back, with no history of fever, trauma, or surgical intervention. In which no identifiable symptoms or warning signs were present. This pseudoaneurysm arises from intercostal arteries and segmental arteries. Both of which, to the limit of our knowledge, have not been discussed before., Method: This study was done using chart and literature review. We present a case of a 46-year-old man with a known case of left-sided intracranial hemorrhage due to hypertension and an old cerebrovascular accident. The patient has a positive history of hypertension, which could have attributed to the pseudoaneurysm; however, he has no history of vascular disease otherwise. The patient reports of back swelling and intermittent back pain for the past 3 years. On MRI, the mass showed a pulsating pattern around it. It also showed a layering effect because of different wall thicknesses and enhanced patterns, and the enhancement ratio was increased. In addition, it showed flow artifacts with T1 hyperintense areas because of associated thrombus and blood products. These changes noted on the MRI prompted the team to do a color Doppler study to confirm the presence of an aneurysm and if present, to do a CT angiography. The color Doppler showed a turbulent flow, that is, there was a bidirectional pulsatile flow which further confirms the presence of a pseudoaneurysm. Spine CT with contrast showed a right paraspinal lesion at the T9-T11 level. It had contrast enhancement and flow inside, consistent with a partially thrombosed aneurysm. The CT also showed evidence of bone remodeling in the adjacent thoracic vertebrae. The patient opted for spinal vascular emobilization and vascular sheath removal. The right and left intercostal arteries were selected at the level of left and right T4, left T8, bilateral T9, and bilateral T10., Conclusion: Differentiating between pseudoaneurysms and osteogenic tumors is essential to target later investigations accordingly. In addition, if pseudoaneurysms are left untreated, they could cause bony erosions of the vertebra, which lead to compression fractures. They can further compress the adjacent neurovasculature, which worsens the morbidity.

Computerized insulin dosing software provides decision support in the form of pattern management identification, standardized dosing, and ease of use in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. The purpose of this analysis article is to review the features of all three electronic glycemic management systems available in the United States and to discuss the potential benefits of an automated insulin dosing system compared to a paper protocol or electronic order set. Four articles will be presented in this inpatient focused issue that examine the safety and efficacy of the Glytec® eGlycemic Management system in a variety of patient populations.