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En Afrique, les peuples autochtones sont confrontés à de nombreux défis, allant de la marginalisation et de la non-reconnaissance par les gouvernements et les autres groupes ethniques à la pauvreté et à l’analphabétisme. Depuis 1992, certaines populations autochtones d’Afrique sont entrées dans l’arène internationale pour lutter pour leur reconnaissance, leurs terres, leurs langues et leurs cultures. Au Cameroun, où seuls les chasseurs-cueilleurs Baka, Bakola et Bagieli et les nomades Mbororos sont considérés par l’État comme « peuples autochtones », le chemin est encore long. Il est surtout long pour les groupes ethniques qui ont connu tour à tour les conquêtes islamo-peules, les colonisations allemande et française et la marginalisation dans l’État postcolonial. Cette étude examine l’autochtonie des primo-arrivants au Nord-Cameroun à la lumière des conditions de reconnaissance de l’identité autochtone établies par la Convention no 169 de l’OIT. Notre analyse des réalités historiques et contemporaines des peuples du Nord-Cameroun révèle que les critères objectifs et subjectifs d’autochtonie de l’OIT s’observent chez plusieurs d’entre eux. Par conséquent, il est grand temps que l’État du Cameroun et la communauté internationale élargissent leur spectre de reconnaissance des peuples autochtones pour inclure des primo-arrivants qui formulent de façon endogène ce voeu. Au demeurant, à cause de la polémique houleuse qui entoure les débats sur la reconnaissance de l’autochtonie, l’auto-identification se présente comme l’option la moins contradictoire.

Background: Although the safety of combination chemotherapy without primary tumor resection (PTR) in patients with stage IV colon cancer has been established, questions remain regarding a potential survival benefit with PTR. The objective of this study was to compare mortality rates in patients who had colon cancer with unresectable metastases who did and did not undergo PTR., Methods: An observational cohort study was conducted among patients with unresectable metastatic colon cancer identified from the National Cancer Data Base (2003-2005). Multivariate Cox regression analyses with and without propensity score weighting (PSW) were performed to compare survival outcomes. Instrumental variable analysis, using the annual hospital-level PTR rate as the instrument, was used to account for treatment selection bias. To account for survivor treatment bias, in situations in which patients might die soon after diagnosis from different reasons, a landmark method was used., Results: In the total cohort, 8641 of 15,154 patients (57%) underwent PTR, and 73.8% of those procedures (4972 of 6735) were at landmark. PTR was associated with a significant reduction in mortality using Cox regression (hazard ratio [HR], 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44-0.47) or PSW (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0. 44-0.49). However, instrumental variable analysis revealed a much smaller effect (relative mortality rate, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.87-0.96). Although a smaller benefit was observed with the landmark method using Cox regression (HR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.55-0.64) and PSW (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.54-0.64), instrumental variable analysis revealed no survival benefit (relative mortality rate, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.87-1.06)., Conclusions: Among patients with unresectable metastatic colon cancer, after adjustment for confounder effects, PTR was not associated with improved survival compared with systemic chemotherapy; therefore, routine noncurative PTR is not recommended. Cancer 2017;123:1124-1133. © 2016 American Cancer Society., (© 2016 American Cancer Society.)

Background and Objectives: Medical errors are a leading cause of death in the United States. Effective communication and speaking up are crucial factors in patient safety initiatives. We examined the reasons reported by pediatric residents for not speaking up about safety events when they are observed in practice. We also tested a priori hypotheses of associations between categories of barriers to speaking up with perceptions of safety and teamwork culture., Methods: Pediatric residents completed an anonymous electronic survey measuring safety and teamwork culture along with an open-ended question asking them to list the top 3 barriers to speaking up about patient safety concerns. Researchers independently coded the open-ended responses to identify themes, which were then categorized into a published framework. Data were collected in 2013 (response rate = 46%) and 2014 (response rate = 62%)., Results: The most common reported barriers to speaking up were as follows: perceived personal safety of speaking up (consequences, intimidation, and hierarchy concerns), individual barriers (communication skills and confidence), perceived efficacy of speaking up (feeling powerless), and contextual factors (high workload). Residents who reported barriers relating to efficacy of speaking up reported lower safety culture scores in 2013 and 2014. Residents who reported barriers related to safety reported lower teamwork culture scores in 2013., Conclusions: Pediatric residents reported individual barriers, personal safety concerns, lack of efficacy, and contextual factors as reasons to not speak up about patient safety. Concerns about the safety of speaking up and the efficacy of speaking up were correlated with teamwork and safety culture, respectively., (Copyright © 2016 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.)

Background: Ventral hernia repairs are one of the most common procedures performed by the general surgeon. They are also among the most complex procedures performed. We hypothesized that with each surgical failure, subsequent ventral hernia repair becomes more complicated and morbid., Study Design: We assessed a multicenter database of patients who underwent an elective ventral hernia repair from 2000 to 2012 with at least 6 months of follow-up and elective repairs. Patients were evaluated by the number of previous ventral hernia repairs they had: primary ventral hernia repair (PVHR), first time incisional hernia repair (IHR1), second time incisional hernia repair (IHR2), or third time or greater incisional hernia repair (IHR3). The main outcomes measured were abdominal reoperation, operative duration, surgical site infection (SSI), and hernia recurrence. Complications were assessed and compared between the 4 groups. Time to recurrence was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier curve method by study cohort (PVHR, IHR1, IHR2, IHR3)., Results: A total of 794 patients were assessed; of these, 481 (60.6%) had PVHR, 207 (26.1%) had IHR1, 78 (9.8%) had IHR2, and 28 (3.5%) had IHR3. Patients with multiple repairs were more likely to undergo subsequent reoperation, have a longer operative duration, develop SSI, and have a recurrence. At 140 months of follow-up, 37% of primary ventral hernias and 64% of incisional hernias have recurred. The highest recurrence rates are seen in IHR3, with 73% recurring., Conclusions: Previous ventral hernia repair increases the complication profile of repair, creating a vicious cycle of repair, complications, reoperation, and re-repair. Furthermore, long-term outcomes for ventral hernia repair are poor. Future studies should focus on hernia prevention and improving long-term outcomes after hernia repair., (Copyright © 2015 American College of Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Ventral incisional hernias (VIH) develop in up to 20% of patients after abdominal surgery. No widely applicable preoperative risk-assessment tool exists. We aimed to develop and validate a risk-assessment tool to predict VIH after abdominal surgery., Study Design: A prospective study of all patients undergoing abdominal surgery was conducted at a single institution from 2008 to 2010. Variables were defined in accordance with the National Surgical Quality Improvement Project, and VIH was determined through clinical and radiographic evaluation. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was built from a development cohort (2008 to 2009) to identify predictors of VIH. The HERNIAscore was created by converting the hazards ratios (HR) to points. The predictive accuracy was assessed on the validation cohort (2010) using a receiver operator characteristic curve and calculating the area under the curve (AUC)., Results: Of 625 patients followed for a median of 41 months (range 0.3 to 64 months), 93 (13.9%) developed a VIH. The training cohort (n = 428, VIH = 70, 16.4%) identified 4 independent predictors: laparotomy (HR 4.77, 95% CI 2.61 to 8.70) or hand-assisted laparoscopy (HAL, HR 4.00, 95% CI 2.08 to 7.70), COPD (HR 2.35; 95% CI 1.44 to 3.83), and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2) (HR1.74; 95% CI 1.04 to 2.91). Factors that were not predictive included age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, albumin, immunosuppression, previous surgery, and suture material or technique. The predictive score had an AUC = 0.77 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.86) using the validation cohort (n = 197, VIH = 23, 11.6%). Using the HERNIAscore: HERNIAscore = 4(∗)Laparotomy+3(∗)HAL+1(∗)COPD+1(∗) BMI ≥ 25, 3 classes stratified the risk of VIH: class I (0 to 3 points),5.2%; class II (4 to 5 points),19.6%; and class III (6 points), 55.0%., Conclusions: The HERNIAscore accurately identifies patients at increased risk for VIH. Although external validation is needed, this provides a starting point to counsel patients and guide clinical decisions. Increasing the use of laparoscopy, weight-loss programs, community smoking prevention programs, and incisional reinforcement may help reduce rates of VIH., (Copyright © 2015 American College of Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The purpose of the current study was to examine the association of serum copper and lipid concentrations with changes in cognitive function in elderly Jordanian individuals. The study population consisted of two groups: 52 dementia patients and 50 control subjects. All individuals were screened using the Mini-Mental State Examination and Clock Drawing Test. Serum copper and lipid profile were also assessed. Results were statistically evaluated at p < 0.05 level of significance. The dementia group had 10.1% higher copper level than control subjects that was not statistically significant. No significant differences could be found between the two groups in lipid profile levels. There was no significant correlation between serum copper, lipid profile, and cognitive decline in elderly Jordanians. Demographic variables indicated that educational level less than 12 years and illiterate demonstrated a 3.29 fold (p = 0.026) and 6.29 fold (p = 0.002) increase in risk of developing dementia, respectively. Coffee intake demonstrated a protective effect against cognitive decline with 6.25 fold lower risk with increased coffee intake.