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Hemophilia is a hemorrhagic disorder with a sex-linked inherited pattern, characterized by an inability to amplify coagulation due to a deficiency in coagulation factor VIII (hemophilia A or classic) or factor IX (hemophilia B). Sequencing of the genes involved in hemophilia has provided a description and record of the main mutations, as well as a correlation with the various degrees of severity. Hemorrhagic manifestations are related to levels of circulating factor, mainly affecting the musculoskeletal system and specifically the large joints (knees, ankles, and elbows). This document is a review and consensus of the main genetic aspects of hemophilia, from the inheritance pattern to the concept of women carriers, physiopathology and classification of the disorder, the basic and confirmation studies when hemophilia is suspected, the various treatment regimens based on infusion of the deficient coagulation factor as well as innovative factor-free therapies and recommendations for the management of complications associated with treatment (development of inhibitors and/or transfusion-transmitted infections), or secondary to articular hemorrhagic events (hemophilic arthropathy). Finally, relevant reviews of clinical and treatment aspects of hemorrhagic pathology characterized by acquired deficiency of FVIII secondary to neutralized antibodies named acquired hemophilia.La hemofilia es un trastorno hemorrágico con patrón de herencia ligado al sexo, caracterizado por una incapacidad en la amplificación de la coagulación ocasionada por la deficiencia del factor VIII (hemofilia A o clásica) o del factor IX (hemofilia B). La secuenciación de los genes involucrados en la hemofilia ha permitido la descripción y registro de las principales mutaciones, así como la correlación con los diversos grados de severidad. Las manifestaciones hemorrágicas se relacionan con los niveles de factor deficiente circulante, afectando principalmente al sistema musculoesquelético y en particular a las grandes articulaciones (rodillas, tobillos y codos). El presente documento hace una revisión y consenso de los principales aspectos genéticos de la hemofilia, desde el patrón de herencia y el concepto de mujeres portadoras, la fisiopatología y clasificación de la enfermedad, los estudios básicos y de confirmación ante la sospecha de hemofilia, y de los diversos esquemas de tratamiento basados en la infusión del factor de coagulación deficiente hasta las terapias innovadoras libres de factor, así como de las recomendaciones para el manejo de las complicaciones asociadas al tratamiento (desarrollo de inhibidores y/o infecciones transmitidas por transfusión) o secundarias a los eventos hemorrágicos a nivel articular (artropatía hemofílica). La parte final del documento revisa los aspectos clínicos y de tratamiento relevantes de una patología hemorragica caracterizada por la deficiencia adquirida del FVIII mediada por anticuerpos neutralizantes denominada hemofilia adquirida.

espanolPara identificar una patologia cada vez mas comun, conocida como mieloma multiple, es necesario hacer alusion de los factores especificos que la caracterizan. Para ello existen los clasicos criterios conocidos como CRAB (hipercalcemia, insufi- ciencia renal, anemia y lesiones liticas), siendo la insuficiencia renal una de sus complicaciones mas frecuentes. Reciente- mente se han descrito tres biomarcadores indiscutibles para el apoyo diagnostico del mieloma multiple, que son: mas del 10% de celulas plasmaticas clonales en medula osea o biopsia que corrobora la presencia de un plasmocitoma, relacion de cade- nas ligeras ≥ 100 mg/dl y mas de una lesion focal en resonancia magnetica. Se debe tomar siempre en cuenta el diagnostico diferencial con leucemia de celulas plasmaticas, plasmocitoma oseo solitario y plasmocitoma extramedular. Al ser una enfer- medad incurable, se ha investigado mucho en cuanto al manejo terapeutico, el cual tiene como objetivo principal la desapa- ricion de las celulas plasmaticas y la mejoria clinica del paciente. El primer farmaco que demostro algun beneficio fue el melfalan en el ano 1958 y posteriormente al adicionar un esteroide como segundo farmaco se logro mejorar las tasas de respuesta. Despues se fueron estudiando diferentes moleculas, con las que se han realizado multiples combinaciones, alcan- zando mejores tasas de supervivencia global y supervivencia libre de progresion. Anos mas tarde, con la llegada de los inhi- bidores de proteosoma como el bortezomib, asi como de los agentes inmunomoduladores como la talidomida y la lenalido- mida, se presenta un giro importante en la enfermedad, ya que se logran respuestas mas profundas, periodo de remisiones mas prolongadas y mejoria en la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Este consenso tiene la finalidad de integrar a un grupo de especialistas mexicanos y promover la actualizacion de esta patologia. EnglishTo identify this increasingly common pathology, known as Multiple Myeloma, it is necessary to refer to the specific factors that characterize it; to this end, the classic criteria known as CRAB (hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia and lytic lesions) are available, in which renal failure is one of the most frequent complications. Recently, 3 indisputable biomarkers have been described for the diagnostic support for Multiple Myeloma, which are: more than 10% of clonal plasma cells in BM or, a biop- sy that corroborates the presence of a plasmacytoma, light chain ratio ≥100 mg/dL and more than one focal lesion on mag- netic resonance imaging (MRI). A differential diagnosis for plasma cell leukemia, solitary bone plasmacytoma, and extramed- ullary plasmacytoma should always be considered. Being this an incurable disease, a lot of research has been done regarding its therapeutic management, whose main objective is the disappearance of plasma cells and the patient clinical improvement. Melphalan was the first drug that showed a benefit in 1958 and afterwards, with the addition of a steroid as a second drug, it was possible to improve response rates. Subsequently, different molecules were studied, forming multiple combinations, and achieving better rates of Overall Survival and Progression-Free Survival. Years later, with the arrival of proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib, and immunomodulators such as thalidomide and lenalidomide, an important turnaround in the disease has been seen, as deeper responses, more prolonged remissions, and improvement in the quality of life of patients have been achieved. This consensus has the purpose of integrating a group of Mexican specialists and promoting the updating of this pathology.

Hemophilia is a hemorrhagic disorder with a sex-linked inherited pattern, characterized by an inability to amplify coagulation due to a deficiency in coagulation factor VIII (hemophilia A or classic) or factor IX (hemophilia B). Sequencing of the genes involved in hemophilia has provided a description and record of the main mutations, as well as a correlation with the various degrees of severity. Hemorrhagic manifestations are related to levels of circulating factor, mainly affecting the musculoskeletal system and specifically the large joints (knees, ankles, and elbows). This document is a review and consensus of the main genetic aspects of hemophilia, from the inheritance pattern to the concept of women carriers, physiopathology and classification of the disorder, the basic and confirmation studies when hemophilia is suspected, the various treatment regimens based on infusion of the deficient coagulation factor as well as innovative factor-free therapies and recommendations for the management of complications associated with treatment (development of inhibitors and/or transfusion-transmitted infections), or secondary to articular hemorrhagic events (hemophilic arthropathy). Finally, relevant reviews of clinical and treatment aspects of hemorrhagic pathology characterized by acquired deficiency of FVIII secondary to neutralized antibodies named acquired hemophilia.

To identify this increasingly common pathology, known as multiple myeloma (MM), it is necessary to refer to the specific factors that characterize it; to this end, the classic criteria known as CRAB (hyperkalemia, renal failure, anemia, and lytic lesions) are available, in which renal failure is one of the most frequent complications. Recently, three indisputable biomarkers have been described for the diagnostic support for MM, which are: more than 10% of clonal plasma cells in bone marrow or, a biopsy that corroborates the presence of a plasmacytoma, light chain ratio ≥ 100 mg/dL and more than one focal lesion on magnetic resonance imaging. A differential diagnosis for plasma cell leukemia, solitary bone plasmacytoma, and extramedullary plasmacytoma should always be considered. Being this an incurable disease, a lot of research has been done regarding its therapeutic management, whose main objective is the disappearance of plasma cells and the patient clinical improvement. Melphalan was the first drug that showed a benefit in 1958 and afterward, with the addition of a steroid as a second drug, it was possible to improve response rates. Subsequently, different molecules were studied, forming multiple combinations, and achieving better rates of overall survival and progression-free survival. Years later, with the arrival of proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib, and immunomodulators such as thalidomide and lenalidomide, an important turnaround in the disease has been seen, as deeper responses, more prolonged remissions, and improvement in the quality of life of patients have been achieved. This consensus has the purpose of integrating a group of Mexican specialists and promoting the updating of this pathology.

To identify this increasingly common pathology, known as multiple myeloma (MM), it is necessary to refer to the specific factors that characterize it; to this end, the classic criteria known as CRAB (hyperkalemia, renal failure, anemia, and lytic lesions) are available, in which renal failure is one of the most frequent complications. Recently, three indisputable biomarkers have been described for the diagnostic support for MM, which are: more than 10% of clonal plasma cells in bone marrow or, a biopsy that corroborates the presence of a plasmacytoma, light chain ratio ≥ 100 mg/dL and more than one focal lesion on magnetic resonance imaging. A differential diagnosis for plasma cell leukemia, solitary bone plasmacytoma, and extramedullary plasmacytoma should always be considered. Being this an incurable disease, a lot of research has been done regarding its therapeutic management, whose main objective is the disappearance of plasma cells and the patient clinical improvement. Melphalan was the first drug that showed a benefit in 1958 and afterward, with the addition of a steroid as a second drug, it was possible to improve response rates. Subsequently, different molecules were studied, forming multiple combinations, and achieving better rates of overall survival and progression-free survival. Years later, with the arrival of proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib, and immunomodulators such as thalidomide and lenalidomide, an important turnaround in the disease has been seen, as deeper responses, more prolonged remissions, and improvement in the quality of life of patients have been achieved. This consensus has the purpose of integrating a group of Mexican specialists and promoting the updating of this pathology.Para identificar una patología cada vez más común, conocida como mieloma múltiple, es necesario hacer alusión de los factores específicos que la caracterizan. Para ello existen los clásicos criterios conocidos como CRAB (hipercalcemia, insuficiencia renal, anemia y lesiones líticas), siendo la insuficiencia renal una de sus complicaciones más frecuentes. Recientemente se han descrito tres biomarcadores indiscutibles para el apoyo diagnóstico del mieloma múltiple, que son: más del 10% de células plasmáticas clonales en medula ósea o biopsia que corrobora la presencia de un plasmocitoma, relación de cadenas ligeras ≥ 100 mg/dl y más de una lesión focal en resonancia magnética. Se debe tomar siempre en cuenta el diagnóstico diferencial con leucemia de células plasmáticas, plasmocitoma óseo solitario y plasmocitoma extramedular. Al ser una enfermedad incurable, se ha investigado mucho en cuanto al manejo terapéutico, el cual tiene como objetivo principal la desaparición de las células plasmáticas y la mejoría clínica del paciente. El primer fármaco que demostró algún beneficio fue el melfalán en el año 1958 y posteriormente al adicionar un esteroide como segundo fármaco se logró mejorar las tasas de respuesta. Después se fueron estudiando diferentes moléculas, con las que se han realizado múltiples combinaciones, alcanzando mejores tasas de supervivencia global y supervivencia libre de progresión. Años más tarde, con la llegada de los inhibidores de proteosoma como el bortezomib, así como de los agentes inmunomoduladores como la talidomida y la lenalidomida, se presenta un giro importante en la enfermedad, ya que se logran respuestas más profundas, periodo de remisiones más prolongadas y mejoría en la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Este consenso tiene la finalidad de integrar a un grupo de especialistas mexicanos y promover la actualización de esta patología.