Search

The concepts of three - dimensional (3D) real property have been the subject of increased interest in land use management and research since the late ‘90s . L iterature provides various examples of extensive research towards 3D Cadastres as well as those that are already implementing 3D cadastral systems. However, i n most countries the legal aspects of 3D real property and its incorporation into 3D cadastral sy stems have not been so rigorously examined. This paper compares and discusses 3D property concepts in 15 cadastral jurisdictions , based on the authors’ national experience, covering Europe, North and Latin America, Middle East and Australia. Each of the le gal system in these cadastral jurisdiction are based on different origins of Civil Law, including German, Napoleonic and Scandinavian Civil Law, which can prove useful to research in other Civil Law jurisdictions interested in introducing 3D cadastral syst ems. These jurisdictions are at different stages of introducing and implementing a 3D cadastral system . T his contribute s to the detection of the 3D real property concepts that apply as well as deficiencies that prohibit introduction of 3D cadastral systems , while highlighting challenges that may have not yet surfaced in individual jurisdictions . This paper aims to present the different legal concepts regarding 3D real property in the examined countries, focusing on the characteristic features of cadastral o bjects described as 3D within each country’s legal and cadastral framework. The analysis of the case studies revealed that the countries are on different stages of 3D Cadastr al implementation, starting from countries with operational 3D cadastral systems, to others where there is yet no interest in introducing a 3D cadastral system. This paper presents the nature of 3D cadastral objects in each country, as well as differences in the regulatory framework regarding definition, description and registration. Th e paper continues the legal workshop

In the legal systems of many countries the delimitation of waterbodies is a problem that has led to different approaches. In general, its multidimensional character is recognized when delimited by the level at which the water arrives and by the morpho-hydrological variability of these elements of the landscape. In Argentina, publicly owned waterbodies have legal boundaries established by the "the maximum ordinary floods average level " (Riparian Line). The waterbodies thus delimited define a spatial unit subjected to alterations in the location or composition of those bounds, revealing the multitemporal question as a significant aspect. The variability of the fluvial bounds is recognized in the Argentine legal corpus, however, for the cadastral institutions it has always been difficult to register and it is a problem little treated in the international scientific literature. It is necessary to address the registration of waterbodies as Legal Land Objects (LLO) in four dimensions: 3D + time (4D). The general objective of this paper is to evaluate the rivers as LLO in the 4D Cadastre. The discussions in this paper analyze the need to implement multidimensional registers, considering the current legal and technical framework of the Argentine cadastre, reflecting on the fact that an adequate modeling of legal land multidimensional objects becomes a land management tool. The modeling of 4D-LLO is an open discussion that needs the analysis of the general theory of the cadastre, its meaning and purpose, as well as the approach of technological advances and multidisciplinary study approaches.

The concepts of three - dimensional (3D) real property have been the subject of increased interest in land use management and research since the late ‘90s . L iterature provides various examples of extensive research towards 3D Cadastres as well as those that are already implementing 3D cadastral systems. However, i n most countries the legal aspects of 3D real property and its incorporation into 3D cadastral sy stems have not been so rigorously examined. This paper compares and discusses 3D property concepts in 15 cadastral jurisdictions , based on the authors’ national experience, covering Europe, North and Latin America, Middle East and Australia. Each of the le gal system in these cadastral jurisdiction are based on different origins of Civil Law, including German, Napoleonic and Scandinavian Civil Law, which can prove useful to research in other Civil Law jurisdictions interested in introducing 3D cadastral syst ems. These jurisdictions are at different stages of introducing and implementing a 3D cadastral system . T his contribute s to the detection of the 3D real property concepts that apply as well as deficiencies that prohibit introduction of 3D cadastral systems , while highlighting challenges that may have not yet surfaced in individual jurisdictions . This paper aims to present the different legal concepts regarding 3D real property in the examined countries, focusing on the characteristic features of cadastral o bjects described as 3D within each country’s legal and cadastral framework. The analysis of the case studies revealed that the countries are on different stages of 3D Cadastr al implementation, starting from countries with operational 3D cadastral systems, to others where there is yet no interest in introducing a 3D cadastral system. This paper presents the nature of 3D cadastral objects in each country, as well as differences in the regulatory framework regarding definition, description and registration. Th e paper continues the legal workshop, 0