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Peruvian Andes region has been proven in multiple studies to be one of a few regions have poor performance of many global precipitation estimations, due to its complex terrain and extreme interruption of atmospheric movement by the Andes mountain. This study provides an evaluation over two Peruvian local precipitation products PISCO and RAIN4PE, along with a regional dynamic downscaled WRF model simulation, and GPM-IMERG. The precipitation products were evaluated against local rain gauge data and used as the forcing data for CREST-VEC model to test the uncertainties of the precipitation products in a extremely dry region in Peru. This study readdress the accuracy issue of precipitation products in the Peruvian Andes region, and highlights the importance of using WRF modeling simulation to ‘fill-the-blank’ of heterogenous rain gauge distribution, when remote-sensing technologies fail to perform in this area.

Masteroppgave i energi ENERGI399 MAMN-ENERG

Water quality tools are necessary to control and prevent eutrophication in reservoirs, particularly reservoirs with aquaculture cages because these lead to nutrient loads from fish food. A combined bioenergetic and water quality model was implemented in this study to assess the contribution of aquaculture activity to algal growth in El Pane Reservoir, Peru. In addition to its complexity, four different algal groups (Chlorophyta, Cyanobacteria, Chrysophyta, and Cryptophyta) were modeled according to their dominance in the water column of El Pane Reservoir. Moderately reasonable distribution plots of chlorophyll-a were obtained when calibrating the model despite data scarcity and low R2 values (0.04 in the intermediate zone and 0.16 in the dam zone of the reservoir). Six scenarios of annual aquaculture production were analyzed, and the scenario with an annual fish production of 100 000 kg increased Cyanobacteria blooms to a dangerous level. Furthermore, the results indicate that an annual aquaculture production of 36 000 kg still requires careful consideration in terms of its impact on the water quality of El Pane Reservoir.

Water quality models are important tools for facilitating assessment of the main processes occurring in an aquatic system. To this end, a water quality analysis simulation programme (WASP8) was used to assess the eutrophication process in El Pane Reservoir. The reservoir has a useful water volume of 99.6 hm³ and is connected to six other reservoirs located in the Chili Basin of the Arequipa Region. El Pane Reservoir, which is the basin head, has exhibited eutrophication problems since 2014, causing water treatment problems for human consumption and a high probability of cyanotoxin releases from intensive algal blooms. Accordingly, the reservoir was divided into 11 segments, ammonia, nitrate, phosphate, total phosphate, dissolved oxygen, water temperature and chlorophyll‐a being the simulated water quality parameters. The simulations were set in a steady state condition for 3 years from October 2015 to October 2018, subsequently determining aquaculture activity and benthic flux as being meaningful nutrient sources impacting the phytoplankton community. The results of the present study provide necessary evidence of the need to exhaustively quantify both sources in future research, which will aid decision makers in identifying the best management option that can help guarantee the sustainable development of the involved human activities.

Con base en la experiencia de los autores como asesores de trabajos de grado e investigación, se encontraron dificultades en los estudiantes o investigadores para redactar los resultados, conclusiones y recomendaciones en todo tipo de textos de investigación, aspectos importantes a la hora de escribir un informe final. En este escenario, se elaboró este artículo, cuyo objetivo se encuentra en el marco de la investigación cuantitativa. En este, se hacen sugerencias para escribir resultados, conclusiones y recomendaciones del trabajo de grado o investigación, con el fin de contribuir al proceso formativo de investigadores y estudiantes y mejorar la redacción de las secciones en las que se refleja, de forma integral, la totalidad de los componentes de toda investigación. Ahora bien, con respecto a los resultados, estos se consideran el eje principal del documento final. A partir de estos, se presentan las conclusiones, es decir, los hallazgos, y se responde al problema planteado y a los objetivos. Por último, en las recomendaciones se evidencian los temas que, normalmente, van unidos a las conclusiones; que, en ocasiones, se confunden o se redactan sin determinar las diferencias.

Bacheloroppgave i ingeniørfag, energiteknologi. Fakultet for ingeniør- og naturvitskap/ Institutt for maskin- og marinfag/ Høgskulen på Vestlandet, campus Bergen. MAS154

Krym Nash (Crimea is ours) provides insights into how the Russian authorities currently influence their opponents by way of deception. This research is based on forms of deception, such as maskirovka, reflexive control, active measures, agents of influence, spetspropaganda, agitprop, disinformation and fake news, as used in the past by Russian and Soviet authorities, including their security and intelligence services. In addition, it was examined whether other forms of deception could also be recognized. Until now hardly any research has been done into uncertainty, the pre-condition for deception. Also, little was known about the effects of deception, namely surprise and manipulated perception. Krym Nash, therefore, elaborates on uncertainty, surprise and manipulated perception. Although a great many publications on conflict have circulated in the last fifty years, hardly any academic research on deception has taken place in the West, evidently because it lacked sophistication. Moreover, in the West there is a fascination for the physical attrition of the opponent instead of systemic disruption, a method often used by non-Western countries. The main conclusion of Krym Nash is that during the Russo-Georgian armed conflict in 2008 and the annexation of Crimea in 2014, there are six striking elements of Russian deception, complementing the aforementioned forms of that deception: (1) creating uncertainty by issuing Russian passports and using the Olympics as a distractor, (2) applying conspiracy theories, (3) employing rapid and stealth intervention with Special Forces, organized civilians and private military companies, (4) making use of military demonstrations, (5) increasing activities in cyberspace and information sphere, and (6) finding ways to ensure that manipulated perceptions are maintained.

Electrical machines form part of our everyday life at home and in industry plants. Currently induction machines are the backbone of the industry machine installation as these are robust, reliable and have relatively high efficiency. However as the price of energy increases and stricter efficiency regulations are put into place there is a need for more efficient electrical machines. The majority of induction machines on Sasol's plants are between 2.2 kW and 22 kW. Of these, 95% machines are connected to pump loads and 2% to fan loads. Thus the majority of the machines operate at a constant speed. Rather than try to improve an induction machine, this project proposes the design for a more efficient LS PMSM that can also be used in the same applications as mentioned above. Although LS PMSMs aren’t a new concept, the demand and industry interest in this technology has increased in recent years. Since 2000 the number of research publications with regards to this machine has increased significantly. The goal of this project is to gain a better understanding of these machines by designing a prototype. The design entitles the stator and rotor. As Sasol provided the funding for the project it was decided to design a three phase, 7.5 kW 525V, four-pole machine. During the design phase several design techniques done by other researchers were incorporated into the prototypes. The design is done with the aid of two FEM software packages namely FEMM and ANSYS Maxwell® and verified against calculated values. The final prototype is tested and compared to the predicted values determined during the design. An industry available LS PMSM from Weg, the WQuattro is also used to compare the results of the prototype. The prototype machine’s no-load, full load and locked rotor behaviour is tested as well as the back-emf waveform. From the results gained the machine is validated. The machine did not perform as predicted and further investigation into the reason is needed. Due to the incorrect wiring of the stator and some other rotor manufacturing issues the prototype cannot be fully validated. However it was found that several of the designed values correlated to the measured values. Further investigation into the under performances as well as more relevant testing and practical manufacturing method is needed. MIng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Polymer optical fibers are being investigated with a view to overcoming some of the disadvantages of glass optical fibers in communications applications. Dense cross-linked polymers, such as the polyisocyanurate discussed here (see figure), have been found to be superior in some respects to the thermoplastic polymers used today. Details are given of the fabrication of a polyisocyanurate network using a rare-earth complex as a catalyst.

Lymphoscintigraphy (LS) with sentinel node (SN) biopsy is proposed to provide a feasible method to complete lymphatic staging in breast cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical value of parasternal SN biopsy.A total of 984 consecutive patients with clinical stage T1/2N0 invasive breast cancer who underwent LS and SN biopsy were included in the study. A prospectively collected database was used. An intratumoral injection of 50 to 145 MBq of (99m)Tc-labeled human albumin colloid (Nanocoll) was used for preoperative LS.LS showed the axillary SN in 844 (86%) cases and the parasternal SN in 138 (14%) cases. The median number of visualized parasternal SN was 2 (range, 1-6). Visualization of the parasternal SN was more common in patients with mediocentral tumors (81 of 399; 20%) and in patients with lateral tumors (56 of 585; 10%; P.0001). Parasternal SNs were visualized more often, in 100 (17%) of 584 patients without axillary metastases compared with 38 (10%) of 400 patients with metastatic axillary nodes (P = .0006). Parasternal SNs were harvested successfully in 121 (88%) patients with visualization of those nodes. Parasternal SN metastases were detected in 18 patients, with a median of 1 metastasis (range, 1-4 metastases). Eight of these 18 patients were axillary node negative.Parasternal SN biopsy results in upstaging in 2% of all breast cancer patients who undergo SN biopsy. The clinical value of the procedure seems insignificant, although it may influence the adjuvant treatment regimen in some patients.

The invention presents a new method to prepare biomedical polyurethanes with high tensile and tear strengths. Such polyurethanes are especially interesting for making foams thereof, e.g. as meniscus implants. A new method, applicable to the biomedical polyurethanes, has been found to make such foams, that can be used as scaffolds. This method is based on salt leaching and phase separation.

Contains fulltext : 19267_diffexged.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Human cutaneous melanoma, the skin cancer originating from the pigment producing melanocyte, is one of the most aggressive types of tumors due to its early dissemination. The progression of melanoma surpasses several stages from common nevi to metastatic tumors. For diagnostic and clinical purposes it is crucial to have a set of marker genes that can distinguish between these different stages of melanocytic tumor progression. Using mRNA differential display and suppression subtractive hybridization we compared expression profiles of melanocytic samples with different metastatic capacities. With these technique we detected several differentially expressed genes. Two of these were novel members of the growing family of cancer/testis-associated genes (CTAs): SPAN-Xc and XAGE-1b. Expression of these genes is restricted to germ cells (and precursors) and cancerous cells.The putative proteins of XAGE-1b and SPAN-Xc share many features. Next to their nuclear localization they both are highly charged proteins encode by X-chromosome linked genes. Their characteristic expression patterns qualify CTAs as candidate antigens for anti-tumor immunotherapeutic strategies. We compared the expression profiles of three melanoma differentiation antigens with those of eight CTAs in melanoma metastases. These data show that CTAs can indeed increase the number of lesions positive for putative target antigens in immunotherapy. The last chapter of this thesis discusses the known and putative functions of various CTAs in testis and cancer. Many of them seem to have a role in transcriptional and cell cycle regulation. Preliminary results on putative interactants of XAGE-1b and SPAN-Xc point to a possible role in telomere-associated functions. In conclusion, CTA expression in tumors may be the result of an aberrant activation of testis-specific genes. Unraveling the functional role of CTAs and their possible use in immunotherapy against tumors depends on future in-depth studies. Such efforts may clarify the link CTAs seem to represent between gametogenesis and tumorigenesis. 184 p.

El manejo integral de los residuos sólidos es principalmente una necesidad que las entidades territoriales deben cubrir con el fin de prevenir colapsos en el sistema sanitario del territorio, en este sentido debe mantener convenios con los prestadores de servicios públicos que efectúen de manera óptima el servicio de recolección y disposición además de ejecutar acciones que contribuyan al cumplimiento de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, acuerdos internacionales y normatividad vigente. Con la proyección del PGIRS (Plan de Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos) en cada municipio y localidad se programa una ruta de ejecución a través del cual se efectuarán metas en recolección de residuos sólidos, aumento en la separación en la fuente, aprovechamiento de orgánicos e inorgánicos generados dentro de las zonas de cobertura para el servicio de recolección de residuos sólidos, disminución de los riesgo por mala disposición de residuos peligrosos entre otras actividades, en este sentido disminuir los efectos negativos en la salud a nivel local, regional y/o internacional. Todo PGIRS requiere de un diagnóstico de comportamiento social sobre el avance de las acciones programadas para los pobladores de cada territorio con el fin de identificar los elementos de la dinámica cotidiana con características positivas o negativas en temas de manejo de residuos sólidos, de esta manera proyectar planes de mejora y/o dar continuidad a los procesos de acuerdo a lo programado en el plan, en consecuencia dentro de las necesidades del Plan de Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos del municipio de Choachí Cundinamarca, es necesario efectuar el levantamiento de información y análisis del comportamiento de los usuarios de la empresa EMSERCHOACHI en el manejo de residuos sólidos en el área residencial y comercial ubicadas dentro las zonas de cobertura del servicio de recolección, posterior se ejecutan campañas de sensibilización en temas de separación y clasificación en la fuente de los residuos sólidos también el fortalecimiento de presentación de los mismo al momento de entregar al operador, en este marco el municipio de Choachí cuenta con un PGIRS desde el año 2016 donde se proyectan acciones de sensibilización; la eficacia de la ejecución se mide a través de datos recolectados con la ayuda de una herramienta tipo encuesta realizada por el profesional ambiental de la alcaldía municipal. De este modo el trabajo de práctica se enfocó en la ejecución de las actividades de levantamiento de datos y elaboración del diagnóstico sobre la separación de residuos sólidos dentro de las áreas cubiertas por el servicio de la empresa EMSERCHOACHI, a partir de la información recolectada se midió la separación en la fuente, los mecanismos de almacenamiento de residuos aprovechables tanto orgánicos como inorgánicos, conocimiento en la clasificación según las características así como las formas de disposición de los residuos, días de recolección conocidos por los usuarios según su tipo y percepción de los usuarios sobre la calidad de servicio prestado por la empresa de servicios públicos. Administrador Ambiental y de los Recursos Naturales Pregrado

Los modelos hidrológicos son herramientas que contribuyen a comprender, explorar y analizar los procesos de ocurrencia y obtener opciones de gestión sostenibles. Los resultados que generan estos modelos constituyen una información muy valiosa para la toma de decisiones estratégicas a futuro o en tiempo real. El objetivo de esta revisión es identificar las tendencias de los modelos hidrológicos asociados al estudio y planificación de la agricultura entre los años 2011 a 2021 a escala mundial. Se utilizó un método de revisión sistemática de literatura, que incluyó un índice de frecuencia de citación mediante cuartiles (Q) (Ome y Zafra, 2018). Se evidenció a Estados Unidos a nivel mundial como país tendencia de la aplicación de los modelos hidrológicos en el estudio y planificación de la agricultura, seguido por China y México. Además, se pudo identificar que el modelo RZWQM2 fue el de mayor tendencia, debido a su integralidad al evaluar eficazmente el impacto de las prácticas de gestión agrícola en la producción de cultivos y la calidad del agua y del suelo. Finalmente, esta revisión servirá como insumo para investigaciones futuras de entes gubernamentales e instituciones ambientales para la elección de herramientas de gestión del recurso. Hydrological models are tools that help us understand, explore and analyze the processes of occurrence and obtain sustainable management options. The results generated by these models constitute very valuable information for making strategic decisions in the future or in real time. The objective of this review is to identify trends in hydrological models associated with the study and planning of agriculture between the years 2011 to 2021 on a global scale. A systematic literature review method was used, which included a citation frequency index by quartiles (Q). The United States was evidenced worldwide as a trend country for the application of hydrological models in the study and planning of agriculture, followed by China and Mexico. In addition, it was possible to identify that the RZWQM2 model was the one with the greatest trend, due to its comprehensiveness when effectively evaluating the impact of agricultural management practices on crop production and the quality of water and soil. Finally, this review will serve as input for future research by government entities and environmental institutions for the choice of resource management tools. Especialista en Ordenamiento y Gestión Integral de Cuencas Hidrográficas Especialización

El presente trabajo propone una estrategia de valoración de residuos sólidos orgánicos, provenientes de los cultivos de fresa que se desarrollan en el municipio de Chocontá, Cundinamarca, con el propósito de hacerlos aprovechables en el mismo cultivo, promoviendo la producción más limpia y la economía circular . The present work proposes a strategy for the valuation of organic solid residues, coming from the strawberry crops that are developed in the municipality of Chocontá, Cundinamarca, with the purpose of making them usable in the same crop, promoting cleaner production and the circular economy. . Administrador Ambiental y de los Recursos Naturales Pregrado

En concordancia con el objetivo principal del trabajo el cual busca la implementación del sistema de gestión ambiental SGA en la Oficina local del ICA ubicada en la ciudad de Chiquinquirá, se realizaron actividades encaminadas al cumplimiento de dicho objetivo; la primera actividad realizada fue la evaluación del desempeño ambiental de la oficina mediante la observación directa en el sitio evidenciando las falencias existentes, en respuesta a las falencias encontradas y con base en el previo conocimiento de los lineamientos del Plan Integrado de Gestión Ambiental PIGA, con el que cuenta el instituto, se buscó la implementación de acciones aplicables en la oficina tales como la sensibilización dirigida a los funcionarios, diligenciamiento y análisis de fichas de control relacionadas con los planes establecidos en el PIGA, socialización de buenas prácticas ambientales acompañado de material visual que permitiera la generación de una conciencia ambiental ante las actividades que se realizan diariamente, entre otras. Como resultado se obtuvo la consolidación de medidas correctivas aplicadas a las falencias encontradas en la evaluación inicial. In accordance with the main objective of the work, which seeks the implementation of the EMS environmental management system in the local ICA Office located in the city of Chiquinquirá, activities were carried out aimed at its fulfillment; First of all, an evaluation of the environmental performance of the office is carried out through direct observation at the site, evidencing the existing shortcomings, in response to the shortcomings found and based on prior knowledge of the guidelines of the Integrated Environmental Management Plan PIGA, with the one that the institute has, the implementation of applicable actions in the office was sought, such as raising awareness directed at officials, filling out and analyzing control sheets related to the plans established in the PIGA, socialization of good environmental practices accompanied by visual material that would allow the generation of an environmental conscience before the activities that are carried out daily, among others. As a result, the consolidation of corrective measures applied to the shortcomings found in the initial evaluation was obtained. Administrador Ambiental y de los Recursos Naturales http://www.ustadistancia.edu.co/?page_id=3956 Pregrado