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ABSTRACT: Due to the economic importance of maize, it is essential to evaluate the performance of genotypes under environmental variations (years, locations, and seasons). Consequently, researchers have scrutinized genotype-environment (G×E) interactions to ensure reliability in genotype recommendations. Furthermore, when a G×E interaction exists, adaptability and stability analysis can be performed. This analysis enables one to identify genotypes with predictable responses and adaptability to environmental variability. Hence, this study sought to determine if there is a G×E interaction and evaluate the response of 16 maize genotypes across seven environments through adaptability and stability analyses. Seven experiments were conducted with 16 maize genotypes using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Tassel length (TL), tassel branch number (TBN), tassel dry matter (TDM), and grain yield (GY) were evaluated. Individual and joint variance analyses were performed, along with the F-test at a 5% significance level. The complex parts of the interaction between genotypes and pairs of environments were estimated, followed by adaptability and stability analyses using the Eberhart and Russell method. A genotype-environment interaction was found for TL, TBN, TDM, and GY, indicating that genotypes respond differently in various environments. However, considering all four traits, there is no indication of the ideal genotype.

ABSTRACT: The state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) is the third largest sunflower producer in Brazil. This study verified the existence of linear relationships between grain yield, oil content, and oil yield in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes evaluated in RS. The data on grain yield (GY), oil content (OC), and oil yield (OY) were obtained from 73 sunflower cultivar trials in 21 municipalities in RS from 1999 to 2018. Scatter diagrams were createdto investigate the relationships between the variables GY, OC, and OY. Then, Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient (r) was calculated between the variables, and the Student’s t-test was performed at a 5% significance level. There is a positive and significant linear relationship between PG and OY. However, no linear relationship was found between grain yield and oil content in sunflower genotypes. Additionally, a positive linear association of high magnitude (r = 0.9672) was observed between grain yield and oil yield, while a low magnitude (r = 0.2245) was found between oil content and oil yield.

ABSTRACT: Fungal diseases in Brazilian regions with tropical and subtropical climates reduce the production potential of corn crops. The use of fungicides is one of the strategies to maintain productivity. This study evaluated the agronomic performance and grain quality of corn hybrids associated with the preventive use of fungicides in subtropical environments. Six experiments were conducted in Santa Maria-RS, São Vicente do Sul-RS, and FredericoWestphalen-RS during two sowing seasons. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement, in which the main plot consisted of two levels of the fungicide factor (with and without) and the sub-plot consisted of six levels of corn hybrids (AG9025, AS1730, P3016, MG300, DKB230, and FEROZ). A total of 216 experimental plots were evaluated for grain productivity, and eight plants per plot were evaluated for other traits, totaling 1,728 evaluated plants. Therefore, environmental conditions influence the interaction between the factors of fungicide use and hybrid cultivar positioning, with no significant interaction in years with a water deficit. Early sowings in subtropical environments indicate better agronomic performance and a lower percentage of moldy grains regardless of the cultivation location, contributing to grain quality.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to fit the Logistic growth model for plant height and number of nodes of two buckwheat cultivars at sowing times, as well as comparing the cultivars and sowing times. Twenty uniformity trials were carried out, formed by the combination of two buckwheat cultivars (IPR91-Baili and IPR92-Altar), sown at five times, for two consecutive years. Evaluations were carried out twice a week throughout the vegetative stage until the end of flowering. In each evaluation, five plants were randomly collected from each trial to measure plant height and count the number of nodes on the main stem. The logistic model was fitted with the values of the five plants of each evaluation. Model parameters were estimated, as well as their respective confidence intervals. The goodness of fit of the model was assessed through the coefficient of determination, Akaike information criterion, and residual standard deviation. The plant height and number of nodes of buckwheat, cultivars IPR91-Baili and IPR92-Altar, were described by the Logistic model. The Logistic model satisfactorily describes the growth of buckwheat plants, and a specific fit considering each cultivar and sowing time is needed.

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the sample size necessary for estimating the means of wheat (Triticum aestivum) traits, obtained through measurement, counting, and weighing. Seventeen uniformity trials were performed with 1,790 plants harvested randomly, whose following traits were evaluated: lengths of the main stem and main stem ear (measurement); number of leaves, stems, and ears (counting); and mass of fresh and dry matter of leaves, stems, and ears (weighing). The Bartlett and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and Welch’s analysis of variance were performed. Skewness, central tendency, and variability were determined, and sample size was calculated to estimate the means of the 13 evaluated traits, considering estimation errors (semi-amplitudes of the 95% confidence interval) equal to 5, 10, 15, and 20% of the mean. There is a decrease in the sample size to estimate the means of wheat traits obtained through weighing, counting, and measuring, in this order. In an experiment to estimate the mean of wheat traits obtained by weighing, counting, and measuring with a maximum error of 10% of the mean at a 95% confidence interval, 117, 76, and 9 plants per treatment are needed, respectively.

ABSTRACT: It is important to determine the number of plants to be evaluated to allow accurate inferences about the traits under evaluation. Investigating the linear relations among traits is important for identifying traits for indirect selection. So, the objectives of this study were to determine the sample size (number of plants) necessary to estimate the means of forage pea traits and to investigate the relations among the traits. Experiments were carried out in 2021 with three sowing dates (May 3, May 26 and July 13). Five hundred plants were randomly sampled, 100 plants in each of the five evaluation dates (June 25, August 30, July 24, September 17, September 16). In these 500 plants, the traits plant height, number of branches, number of nodes, number of leaves, number of pods, fresh matter of leaves, fresh matter of stems, fresh matter of pods, fresh matter of shoots, dry matter of leaves, dry matter of stems, dry matter of pods, and dry matter of shoots, were evaluated. The sample size was calculated to estimate the means of these traits, based on Student’s t-distribution, and the relations among traits were investigated through correlation and path analysis. In an experiment, to estimate the means of these 13 traits of forage pea, with an estimation error of approximately 10% of the mean, 99 plants per treatment should be sampled. The numbers of pods and leaves have a positive linear relations with fresh and dry matter of shoots.

ABSTRACT Multicollinearity must be diagnosed in multivariate analyses. Among the indicators, the condition number can be used to quantify the degree of multicollinearity. Hence, this study sought to determine the number of measurements (trials) necessary to estimate the number of condition in linear correlation matrices between rye traits. Five uniformity trials were carried out with ‘BRS Progresso’ rye, and eight morphological traits and eight productive traits were evaluated, forming two groups. In each group of traits, six cases (combinations of traits) were planned and the multicollinearity diagnosis was performed. Repeatability analyses were performed using the following methods: analysis of variance, principal component analysis, and structural analysis, and the number of measurements (trials) was determined for different levels of precision. A higher condition number of repeatability coefficients was obtained by the principal component methods (based on correlation and variance and covariance matrices) and structural analysis based on the variance and covariance matrix. A greater number of measurements (trials) is necessary to estimate the number of conditions in productive traits compared to morphological ones. One trial is enough to efficiently estimate the condition number with a minimum accuracy of 80% in morphological and productive traits of rye, whereas at least three trials are required for 95% accuracy.

Abstract The objective of this work was to select wheat genotypes aiming to increase the essential amino acids in their grains. The study was carried out in the 2019 crop year, in a randomized complete block design, organized in a 5x5 factorial arrangement – five environments in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Cachoeira do Sul, Cruz Alta, Santo Augusto, São Gabriel, and Vacaria), and five wheat genotypes ('BRS Parrudo', 'Marfim', 'Quartzo', 'TBIO Mestre', and 'TBIO Sinuelo') –, with two replicates. Polar metabolites were extracted from the flour of the ground wheat grains, derivatized, and evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both variance components and genetic parameters were estimated for the metabolites. To select the genotypes for the traits of interest, the multi-trait index based on factor analysis and ideotype design, the multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index, and the multi-trait stability index were applied. The wheat genotypes express a high genetic variability and selection possibility for gentiobiose, butyric acid, galactopyranosyl, phenylalanine, tryptophan, leucine, and isoleucine. The 'Marfim' genotype remains stable for essential amino acid levels in the studied environments. The 'Quartzo' genotype stands out in the expression of leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan in its grains.

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to determine the optimal plot size (Xo) to evaluate the fresh matter productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and check whether Xo differs between three determination methods. Five uniformity trials were carried out. Trials 1 and 2 were carried out, respectively, with the cultivars TBIO Sossego and TBIO Toruk, both sown on August 3, 2018. Trials 3, 4 and 5 were carried out with the cultivar TBIO Audaz, sown, respectively, on June 7, 2019, June 27, 2019 and July 18, 2019. Fresh matter productivity was evaluated in 540 basic experimental units (BEU) of 1 m × 1 m (108 BEU per trial). The BEU was formed by five rows of 1.0 m in length, spaced 0.20 m apart, totaling 1.0 m2. The optimal plot size was determined using the methods of modified maximum curvature, linear response and plateau model and quadratic response and plateau model. The optimal plot size differs between the methods and decreases in the following order: quadratic response and plateau model (15.78 m2), linear response and plateau model (7.11 m2) and modified maximum curvature (2.56 m2). The optimal plot size to evaluate the fresh matter productivity of wheat is 7.11 m2 and the experimental precision stabilizes from this size on.

It is important to adequately size the number of plants that should be evaluated to allow precise inferences about the traits under evaluation. The study of the linear relations among traits provides important information, especially in the identification of traits for indirect selection. So, the objectives of this work were to determine the sample size (number of plants) to estimate the mean of Crotalaria spectabilis traits and investigate the relations among traits. Were randomly selected 200 and 110 plants of C. spectabilis in the experiments conducted, respectively, in 2019/2020 and 2020/2021. In these 310 plants, the following traits were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, number of nodes, number of leaves, leaf fresh matter, stem fresh matter, shoot fresh matter, leaf dry matter, stem dry matter and shoot dry matter. The sample size was calculated to estimate the mean of these traits, based on Student’s t-distribution, and the relations among traits were investigated through correlation and path analysis. To estimate the mean of these ten traits of C. spectabilis, with a maximum error of 10% of the mean and 95% confidence level, 64 plants are needed. In an experiment, to estimate the mean of each treatment with 10% precision, 64 plants per treatment must be evaluated. The number of leaves has a positive linear relation with the amount leaf, stem and shoot fresh and dry matter.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar três métodos de estimação do tamanho ótimo de parcela para avaliar a produtividade de matéria fresca de aveia branca (Avena sativa L.), cultivar IPR Suprema. Foram conduzidos seis ensaios de uniformidade (experimentos em branco), sendo três na primeira data de semeadura (03 de maio de 2021) e três na segunda data de semeadura (26 de maio de 2021). Foi avaliada a produtividade de matéria fresca em 216 unidades experimentais básicas (UEB) de 1 m × 1 m (36 UEB por ensaio). A UEB foi formada por cinco fileiras de 1,0 m de comprimento, espaçadas 0,20 m entre fileiras, totalizando 1,0 m2. Foi determinado o tamanho ótimo de parcela por meio dos métodos da curvatura máxima modificado, do modelo linear de resposta com platô e do modelo quadrático de resposta com platô. O tamanho ótimo de parcela difere entre os métodos e decresce na seguinte ordem: modelo quadrático de resposta com platô (11,09 m2), modelo linear de resposta com platô (7,65 m2) e curvatura máxima modificado (4,00 m2). O tamanho ótimo de parcela para avaliar a produtividade de matéria fresca de aveia branca é 7,65 m2 e a precisão experimental estabiliza a partir desse tamanho.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar dois métodos de estimação do tamanho ótimo de parcela para avaliar a massa de matéria fresca de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) e crotalária spectabilis (Crotalaria spectabilis Roth.). Foram conduzidos 15 ensaios de uniformidade com sorgo e crotalária spectabilis, em cultivo solteiro e em consórcio. Foi avaliada a massa de matéria fresca em 540 unidades experimentais básicas (UEB) de 1 m × 1 m (36 UEB por ensaio). Foi determinado o tamanho ótimo de parcela por meio dos métodos da curvatura máxima modificado e do modelo linear de resposta com platô. Maior tamanho ótimo de parcela e, consequentemente, maior precisão experimental é obtido pelo modelo linear de resposta com platô em comparação ao método da curvatura máxima modificado. O tamanho ótimo de parcela para avaliar a massa de matéria fresca de sorgo e crotalária spectabilis, em cultivo solteiro e em consórcio é 8,23 m2.

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the optimal plot size and the number of replicates for the evaluation of the fresh weight of ryegrass sowed in rows. Seventy uniformity trials were performed with 'Barjumbo' ryegrass, in 16 basic experimental units (BEUs) of 0.51 m2 each. The fresh weight of ryegrass in the BEUs of 18, 18, 6, 6, and 22 uniformity trials was determined, respectively, at 130, 131, 133, 134, and 137 days after sowing. The optimal plot size was determined through the method of the maximum curvature of the coefficient of variation. The number of replicates was determined in scenarios formed by combinations of treatments and differences between means to be detected as significant by Tukey’s test, at 5% probabilit y. The optimal plot size ranged from 1.73 to 3.18 m2, and the variation coefficient in the optimal plot size from 7.58 to 13.96%. The number of replicates varied from 3.95 (~4) to 32.27 (~33), depending on the experimental design, the number of treatments, and the adopted minimum difference. The optimal plot size is 2.29 m2, and, in experiments with up to 50 treatments, eight replicates are required to identify as significant the differences between treatment means of 20.24%.

Abstract The objective of this work was to define the optimal plot size and number of replicates for the evaluation of the fresh weight of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) hybrids. Thirty-two uniformity trials were carried out with two hybrids, in two sowing dates and four evaluation periods. Each trial was divided into 48 basic experimental units (BEUs) of 0.5 m2, and fresh weight was determined for each BEU. The mean, variance, coefficient of variation, first-order spatial autocorrelation coefficient, optimal plot size, and coefficient of variation of the optimal plot size were calculated. The number of replicates was determined on the basis of the largest calculated plot size, through an iterative process, for the combinations of number of treatments and differences among means to be detected as significant by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. The optimal plot size ranged from 1.79 to 2.58 m2, and the number of replicates from 2.6 (~3) to 49.2 (~50). The optimal plot size is 2.58 m2, and five replicates are sufficient to identify as significant the differences between treatment means of 35%.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar três métodos de estimação do tamanho ótimo de parcela para avaliar a produtividade de matéria fresca de sorgo forrageiro (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) semeado em fileiras, avaliada em três cortes. Foram conduzidos dois ensaios de uniformidade (repetições). Em cada ensaio foram realizados três cortes das plantas, totalizando seis ensaios de uniformidade (2 ensaios por corte × 3 cortes). O primeiro corte foi realizado aos 41 dias após a semeadura (DAS), o segundo aos 82 DAS e o terceiro aos 133 DAS. Foi avaliada a produtividade de matéria fresca em 216 unidades experimentais básicas (UEB) de 1 m × 1 m (36 UEB por ensaio). A UEB foi formada por duas fileiras de 1,0 m de comprimento, espaçadas 0,50 m entre fileiras, totalizando 1,0 m2. Foi determinado o tamanho ótimo de parcela por meio dos métodos da curvatura máxima modificado, do modelo linear de resposta com platô e do modelo quadrático de resposta com platô. O tamanho ótimo de parcela difere entre os métodos e decresce na seguinte ordem: modelo quadrático de resposta com platô (9,10 m2), modelo linear de resposta com platô (7,16 m2) e curvatura máxima modificado (4,13 m2). O tamanho ótimo de parcela para avaliar a produtividade de matéria fresca de sorgo forrageiro semeado em fileiras, avaliada em três cortes, é 7,16 m2 e a precisão experimental estabiliza a partir desse tamanho.

Objectives of this work were to determine the sample size (number of plants) to estimate the mean of slender leaf rattlebox (Crotalaria ochroleuca) traits and investigate the relations among traits. In an experimental area of 8 m × 20 m (160 m2), at 147 days after sowing, 110 plants were randomly selected. The following traits were evaluated for each plant: plant height, stem diameter, number of nodes, number of leaves, leaf fresh matter, stem fresh matter, shoot fresh matter, leaf dry matter, stem dry matter and shoot dry matter. Measures of central tendency, variability, skewness and kurtosis were calculated. Normality was verified using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the sample size was calculated to estimate the mean of the traits, assuming estimation errors (semi-amplitudes of the 95% confidence interval) equal to 1%, 2%, …, 30% of the mean. The relations among traits were investigated by scatter plots, correlation and path analysis. To estimate the mean of these ten traits, with a maximum error of 10% of the mean and 95% confidence level, 67 plants are needed. In an experiment, to estimate the mean of each treatment with 10% precision, 67 plants per treatment must be evaluated. The number of leaves has a positive linear relation with leaf fresh and dry matter. Number of leaves and stem diameter have a positive linear relation with stem and shoot fresh and dry matter.

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the number of plants required to estimate the eigenvalues of the principal components analysis in corn (Zea mays) traits. Twelve traits were measured in 361, 373, and 416 plants of single-, three-way, and double-cross hybrids, respectively, in the 2008/2009 crop year; and in 1,777, 1,693, and 1,720 plants of single-, three-way, and double-cross hybrids, respectively, in the 2009/2010 crop year (six cases), totaling 6,340 plants. Principal component analysis was performed for the six cases. Sample size (number of plants) for the eigenvalue estimations of the principal components was determined by resampling with replacement and application of the model linear response and plateau model. The measurement of 267 plants is sufficient to estimate the eigenvalues of the principal components in corn traits.

ABSTRACT Maize tassels with a longer length and higher number of branches prevent the passage of solar radiation into the upper plant canopy and act as a drain for photoassimilates that could be used for grain production. This study aimed to verify if there is genetic divergence regarding grain yield and tassel traits among maize cultivars in three agricultural years. Twenty maize cultivars were evaluated and 11 tassel traits and grain yield were measured. Individual and joint analyses of variance were performed for each trait. Principal component analysis was performed, the generalized Mahalanobis distance matrix between cultivars was determined, and the genetic divergence analysis was performed, using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), which allowed constructing the dendrogram. The cophenetic correlation coefficient was calculated to validate the cluster. There is genetic divergence among maize cultivars and six groups of cultivars were formed. Tassel length, total number of branches, central spike dry matter, and grain yield are the traits that most contribute to the genetic divergence among maize cultivars.

ABSTRACT - The objective of this study was to determine the optimal plot size to evaluate fresh matter in millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) and slender leaf rattlebox (Crotalaria ochroleuca), in scenarios formed by combinations of numbers of treatments, numbers of replicates, and levels of precision. Fifteen uniformity trials with millet and slender leaf rattlebox, in single cropping or intercropping, were carried out. Fresh matter was evaluated in 540 basic experimental units (BEU) of 1 m × 1 m (15 trials × 36 BEU per trial). The soil heterogeneity index of Smith (1938) was estimated. Plot size was determined by the method of Hatheway (1961) in scenarios formed by combinations of i treatments (i = 5, 10, 15 and 20), r replicates (r = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8), and d precision levels (d = 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18% and 20%). To evaluate the fresh matter of millet and slender leaf rattlebox, in single or intercropping, in experiments in completely randomized or randomized block designs, with 5 to 20 treatments and with five replicates, plots with 10 m² of usable area are sufficient for differences between treatments of 10% of the overall mean of the experiment to be considered significant at 0.05 probability level.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine the harvest interval for phytomass production of marjoram (Origanum majorana) in summer and winter transplants. Two independent experiments were performed in off-ground cultivation: one with a summer and another with a winter transplant, in a completely randomized design with five harvest intervals (30, 45, 60, 72, and 90 days) and four replicates. The fresh and dry masses of leaves, branches, and aerial part were determined. For each plant, the production accumulated in the harvests was calculated as affected by days after the transplant. The fresh matter mass of the leaves was higher at the intervals of 60 and 90 days, in the summer transplant, and of 72 and 90 days, in the winter transplant. Harvesting at intervals of 60 days in the summer transplant and of 72 days in the winter transplant are appropriate for marjoram phytomass production.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi modelar e identificar os melhores modelos para a estimação da área foliar determinada por fotos digitais, de trigo mourisco (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) das cultivares IPR91-Baili e IPR92-Altar, em função do comprimento, ou da largura e/ou do produto comprimento vezes largura do limbo foliar. Foram conduzidos dez ensaios de uniformidade (experimentos em branco), sendo cinco com a cultivar IPR91-Baili e cinco com a cultivar IPR92-Altar. Os ensaios foram realizados em cinco datas de semeadura. Em cada ensaio e cultivar foram coletadas, aleatoriamente, folhas expandidas dos terços inferior, médio e superior das plantas, totalizando 1.815 folhas. Nessas 1.815 folhas, foram mensurados o comprimento (C) e a largura (L) e calculado o produto do comprimento vezes a largura (CL) do limbo foliar. Determinou-se a área foliar de cada folha, por meio do método de fotos digitais (Y). Para cada data de semeadura, cultivar e terços da planta foram separadas, aleatoriamente, 80% das folhas (1.452 folhas) para a geração de modelos e 20% das folhas (363 folhas) para a validação dos modelos de estimação da área foliar em função das dimensões lineares. Para o trigo mourisco, cultivares IPR91-Baili e IPR92-Altar, os modelos quadrático (? = 0,5217 + 0,6581x + 0,0004x2, R2 = 0,9590), potência (? = 0,6809x1,0037, R2 = 0,9587), linear (? = 0,0653 + 0,6892x, R2 = 0,9587) e linear sem intercepto (? = 0,6907x, R2 = 0,9587), são indicados para a estimação da área foliar determinada por fotos digitais (Y) com base no produto comprimento vezes largura do limbo foliar (x), podendo, preferencialmente, ser utilizado o modelo linear sem intercepto, devido a sua maior simplicidade.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar três métodos de estimação do tamanho ótimo de parcela para avaliar a massa de matéria fresca de trigo mourisco (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) das cultivares IPR91-Baili e IPR92-Altar. Foram conduzidos 16 ensaios de uniformidade (experimentos em branco), sendo oito com a cultivar IPR91-Baili e oito com a cultivar IPR92-Altar. Os ensaios foram realizados em oito épocas de semeadura. Foi avaliada a massa de matéria fresca em 576 unidades experimentais básicas (UEB) de 1 m × 1 m (36 UEB por ensaio). Foi determinado o tamanho ótimo de parcela por meio dos métodos da curvatura máxima modificado, do modelo linear de resposta com platô e do modelo quadrático de resposta com platô. O tamanho ótimo de parcela difere entre os métodos e decresce na seguinte ordem: modelo quadrático de resposta com platô, modelo linear de resposta com platô e curvatura máxima modificado. O tamanho ótimo de parcela para avaliar a massa de matéria fresca de trigo mourisco, das cultivares IPR91-Baili e IPR92-Altar é de 7,60 m2. Esse tamanho pode ser utilizado como referência para futuros experimentos com trigo mourisco.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar a taxa de aparecimento de nós (TAN), o número final de nós (NFN) e o período de emissão de nós (PEN) em duas cultivares de trigo mourisco (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) em datas de semeadura e verificar a variabilidade da TAN, do NFN e do PEN entre as cultivares e as datas de semeadura. As cultivares IPR91-Baili e IPR92-Altar foram avaliadas em 29 e 31 datas de semeadura, nos anos agrícolas 2017/2018 e 2018/2019, respectivamente, durante os meses de outubro a maio. Nos dois experimentos foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. Em cada planta (repetição) foi contado o número de nós (NN) da haste principal, duas vezes por semana, a partir da emissão do primeiro nó até o final do ciclo. Para cada planta foi ajustada a regressão linear (y=a+bx) do número de nós (NN, y) em função do número de dias após a emergência (DAE, x). A taxa de aparecimento de nós (TAN), em dias nó-1, foi determinada pelo inverso do coeficiente angular da regressão linear entre o NN e o DAE (TAN=1/b). A TAN foi calculada para o período de emissão de nós (PEN, em dias), ou seja, entre a emergência até a emissão do último nó. O número final de nós (NFN) foi contabilizado na avaliação em que a planta cessou a emissão de nós. Há variabilidade da taxa de aparecimento de nós (TAN), do número final de nós (NFN) e do período de emissão de nós (PEN) entre as cultivares e as datas de semeadura. A taxa de aparecimento de nós oscila entre 2,20 e 8,23 dias nó-1, o número final de nós entre 2,20 e 17,20 nós e o período de emissão de nós entre 16,60 e 49,20 dias. As plantas das cultivares IPR91-Baili e IPR92-Altar, apresentam melhor desenvolvimento vegetativo (menor TAN, maior NFN e maior PEN) nas semeaduras nos meses de novembro, dezembro, janeiro e fevereiro em comparação com as semeaduras realizadas em outubro, março, abril e maio.

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study were to analyze whether there is genetic variability and assess the linear relationships between plant architecture and maize grain yield. Three experiments were carried out in a complete randomized block design. A group of 51 cultivars was assessed in relation to 22 traits: number of leaves, plant height, ear height, leaf angle, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, and grain yield. Individual analyses of variance were performed, the assumptions of normality of errors and homogeneity of residual variances were tested, and means were grouped by the Scott-Knott test. The phenotypic correlation matrix was constructed using the 22 traits of the 51 cultivars. Results showed that there is genetic variability among cultivars for number of leaves, plant height, ear height, leaf angle, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, and grain yield. Leaves close to the ear have smaller leaf angle and larger length, width, and area of the leaves. Leaf angle gradually increases towards the lower and upper ends of the plant. Length, width, and area gradually decreases in leaves towards the lower and upper ends of the plant. Cultivars with higher number of leaves and larger leaf area are associated with higher grain yield.

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study were to fit the Gompertz and Logistic models for the fresh and dry matter of leaves and the fresh and dry matter of shoots of three lettuce cultivars and indicate the best model to describe their growth in autumn-winter. The lettuce cultivars Gloriosa, Pira Verde, and Stella were evaluated in the autumn-winter of 2016 and 2017, in soilless in a protected environment. After transplantation, the fresh and dry matter of leaves and shoots were weighed every seven days. These dependent variables were fit using the accumulated thermal sum. The parameters of the Gompertz and Logistic models were estimated, the assumptions of the models were verified, the indicators of fit quality and critical points were calculated and the parametric and intrinsic curvature measures quantified. The Logistic and Gompertz models presented a satisfactory adjustment for the fresh and dry matter of leaves and the fresh and dry matter of shoots, for the lettuce cultivars Gloriosa, Pira Verde and Stella, in autumn-winter. The Logistic model best describes the growth of the lettuce cultivars.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar o tamanho ótimo de parcela e o número de repetições, para avaliar a massa de matéria fresca de capim-sudão [Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf.]. Foram realizados 26 ensaios de uniformidade com duas cultivares (BRS Estribo e CG Farrapo), em quatro épocas de semeadura (20 de dezembro; 20 de janeiro; 7 de fevereiro; e 24 de fevereiro) e sob duas formas de avaliação da massa de matéria fresca (em cortes e somente no florescimento). A massa de matéria fresca foi avaliada em 936 unidades experimentais básicas (UEB) (26 ensaios × 36 UEB por ensaio). A UEB foi formada por três fileiras de plantas com 1 m de comprimento (1,2 m2). O tamanho ótimo de parcela foi determinado por meio do método da curvatura máxima do modelo do coeficiente de variação. O número de repetições, para experimentos nos delineamentos inteiramente casualizado e blocos casualizados, em combinações de número de tratamentos e níveis de precisão experimental, foi determinado por processo iterativo. O tamanho ótimo de parcela para avaliar a massa de matéria fresca de capim-sudão é 7,95 m2. Oito repetições, para avaliar até 50 tratamentos, nos delineamentos inteiramente casualizado e blocos casualizados, são suficientes para identificar, como significativas a 0,05 de probabilidade, pelo teste de Tukey, diferenças entre médias de tratamentos de 30,2% da média do experimento.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the optimal plot size for evaluating the fresh weight of black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb) and the common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) in scenarios comprising combinations of the number of treatments, number of replications and levels of precision. Fifteen uniformity trials were conducted with single-crop and intercropped black oats and vetch. Fresh weight was evaluated in 540 basic experimental units (BEU), each of 1 m × 1 m (36 BEU per trial). The Smith index of soil heterogeneity (1938) was estimated. Plot size was determined using the HATHEWAY method (1961), in scenarios comprising combinations of i treatments (i = 5, 10, 15 and 20), r replications (r = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8) and d levels of precision (d = 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18% and 20%). To evaluate the fresh weight of monocropped or intercropped black oats and vetch in a completely randomized or randomized complete block design, with from 5 to 20 treatments and five replications, plots of 10 m2 are sufficient to identify, at a probability of 0.05, significant differences between treatments of 10% of the overall mean value of the experiment.

ABSTRACT Multivariate analysis helps to understand the relationships between dependent variables; this methodology has great potential in several areas of knowledge. The aim of this study was to adjust and compare the univariate and multivariate Gompertz and Logistic nonlinear models to describe the productive traits of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.). Two uniformity trials were performed, and the following productive traits were analyzed in 376 sunn hemp plants along 94 days of observations (four plants per day): the fresh mass of leaves (FML), the fresh mass of stem (FMS), and the fresh mass of the aerial parts (FMAP). The Gompertz and Logistic univariate models were adjusted for each productive trait. To adjust the multivariate models, the errors covariance matrix was calculated. The matrix (Cholesky factor) was obtained for each trait, and the multivariate Gompertz (GG) and Logistic (LL) nonlinear models were generated, together with the combination of both models (GL and LG). To define the best model, the residual standard deviation (RSD), the determination coefficient (R2), the Akaike information criterion (AIC), the mean absolute deviation (MAD), and the measures of intrinsic nonlinearity (INL) and parametric nonlinearity (PNL) were calculated. The nonlinear multivariate model LL was adequate and achieved satisfactory results to describe the productive traits of sunn hemp.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine the duration of the effects of the mechanical interventions scarification and raised bed on soybean (Glycine max) grain yield on an Alfisol, as well as to evaluate, through physical indicators, if the use of cover plants during winter increases the duration of these effects. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with four replicates. Two factors were evaluated. The first consisted of types of soil preparation systems: SC14, scarification in November 2014; SC15, scarification in November 2015; RB14, raised bed built in November 2014; and RB15, raised bed built in November 2015. The second consisted of the type of cover crop used: winter fallow, oat, ryegrass, and wheat. From November 2015 to April 2016, soybean was cultivated under the different soil preparation systems. Soil density, total porosity, macroporosity, microporosity, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil resistance to mechanical penetration, and soybean grain yield were evaluated. There was no effect of cover plants after one crop season on the maintenance of soil physical attributes. Changes in soil density, total porosity, and resistance to mechanical penetration, promoted by scarification, are noticeable up to at least 18 months. The continuance of these modifications reflects in soybean grain yield in the second harvest.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the number of replicates on experimental precision in corn (Zea mays). Data on the grain yield of 15 corn cultivars, evaluated in a randomized complete block design, with nine replicates (r = 9), were used. From the experiment with nine replicates, further experiments were conducted with combinations of 2, 3, ..., r-1 replicates. The analysis of variance was carried out for each experiment. Experimental precision statistics and central tendency and variability measures were calculated, dispersion diagrams were prepared, and models of these statistics were adjusted as a function of the number of replicates. The number of replicates was determined by the visual analysis of the graphs with the experimental precision statistics. Increasing the number of replicates improves the estimates of experimental precision but decreases gains. Therefore, the increase in the number of replicates is important to improve corn cultivar discrimination. Six replicates are recommended as the benchmark for experiments with corn cultivars. Fasoulas’ differentiation index, based on the percentage of significant contrasts, is an appropriate statistic for evaluating experimental precision.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o tamanho de amostra necessário para a estimação da média de caracteres de sementes de feijão guandu anão (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), cultivar Iapar 43 (Aratã), em níveis de precisão. Em 340 sementes de feijão guandu anão, foram mensurados os seguintes caracteres: comprimento, largura, espessura e massa. Para cada caractere, foram calculadas medidas de tendência central, variabilidade, assimetria e curtose. Foi determinado o tamanho de amostra por meio de reamostragem, com reposição, de 10.000 reamostras. Para a estimação da média desses caracteres de feijão guandu anão, cultivar Iapar 43 (Aratã), com amplitude do intervalo de confiança de 95% igual a 10% da estimativa da média são necessárias 54 sementes.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o tamanho de amostra (número de cápsulas) necessário para a estimação da média de caracteres produtivos de linho (Linum usitatissimum L.), cultivar CDC Normandy, em níveis de precisão. Em área experimental de 15m×15m (225 m2) aos 137 dias após a semeadura, foram selecionadas, aleatoriamente, 300 plantas e coletada uma cápsula por planta. Em cada cápsula foram avaliados os caracteres massa de cápsula, massa de grãos por cápsula, número de grãos por cápsula e massa de mil grãos. Para cada caractere, foram calculadas medidas de tendência central, variabilidade, assimetria e curtose. Foi determinado o tamanho de amostra por meio de reamostragem, com reposição, de 10.000 reamostras. Para a estimação da média desses caracteres de linho, cultivar CDC Normandy, com amplitude do intervalo de confiança de 95% igual a 10% da estimativa da média são necessárias 78 cápsulas.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine the sufficient number of experiments (environments) for the adaptability and stability analyses of maize cultivars, using the Eberhart and Russell method. Grain yield data from 63 trials of maize cultivars from six groups of experiments were used. In each group, new data files were formed from all experiments (n), for the combinations of 3, 4, ..., n-1 experiments, totaling 10,381 files. Mean and estimates of the adaptability (b) and stability (S2d) parameters were obtained for each cultivar, in each file. A power function was adjusted for the amplitudes of b and S2d (dependent variables) in each cultivar, as a function of the number of experiments (independent variable), totaling 290 equations (145 cultivars × two dependent variables). For each equation, the value was determined on the abscissa axis (Xs, sufficient number of experiments), corresponding to the point of maximum curvature. The highest value among the 290 estimates of Xs, rounded up to the nearest integer, was assumed to be the sufficient number of experiments for the analyses. Seven experiments are sufficient to analyze the adaptability and stability of maize cultivars using the Eberhart and Russell method.

Abstract: The objective of this work were to evaluate the population dynamics of the rice stem bug (Tibraca limbativentris) around and in flood irrigated rice cultivation area, to quantify the insect population flow between crops and host plants, and to determine the effect of the species, the diameter of the plant, and the distance of the host plant from the border on the rice stem bug population. The work was conducted in the 2012/2013 harvest and in the off-season, with sampling of rice, Andropogom bicornis, and Andropogon lateralis plants in six cultivated areas, in order to count the number of insects. The population density of the rice stem bug in irrigated rice and alternative host plants presents spatial and temporal dependence. In the cultivated areas, the population density of the rice stem bug increases according to the evolution of the rice phenological stages, with the highest densities concentrated in regions close to the crop borders. The diameter and species of the host plant affect the rice stem bug population. Andropogon bicornis plants have higher population densities than A. lateralis, and plants with larger diameters show higher population densities of the rice stem bug. In the off-season, the greatest population of the rice stem bug on host plants is concentrated up to 45 m from the crop border, but it can disperse until 150 m.

The objectives of this study were to determine the sample size (number of plants) required to estimate the mean of morphological traits of rye (Secale cereale L.) and verify the sample size variability between the traits, cultivars, sowing dates, and evaluation times for distincts mean estimation errors. Ten uniformity trials were performed with two rye cultivars (BRS Progresso and Temprano) in five sowing dates (05/03/2016, 05/25/2016, 06/07/2016, 06/22/2016 and 07/04/2016). Evaluations of traits plant height, number of leaves, and number of stems were performed during the development of the crop. In order to verify the difference of the traits between cultivars and between sowing dates and evaluation times, the F-test was applied to test the hypothesis of homogeneity of variances and the Student’s t-test was used to test the hypothesis of equality of means. The sample size of each trait was calculated for distincts mean estimation errors. There is sample size variability between the traits, cultivars, sowing dates, and evaluation times. In order to estimate the mean of plant height with the same precision, smaller sample sizes are required at the intermediate and final evaluation times compared to initial evaluation times. For the traits number of leaves and stems, smaller sample sizes are required in the initial evaluation times than in the final evaluation times. For mean estimation of traits with maximum estimation error of 15% between sowing dates and evaluation times, 83 and 103 plants are required respectively for cultivars BRS Progresso and Temprano.

The objective of the present study was to fit Gompertz and Logistic nonlinear to descriptions of morphological traits of sunn hemp. Two uniformity trials were conducted and the crops received identical treatment in all experimental area. Sunn hemp seeds were sown in rows 0.5 m apart with a plant density of 20 plants per row meter in a usable area of 52 m × 50 m. The following morphological traits were evaluated: plant height (PH), number of leaves (NL), stem diameter (SD), and root length (RL). These traits were assessed daily during two sowing periods—seeds were sown on October 22, 2014 (first period) and December 3, 2014 (second period). Four plants were randomly collected daily, beginning 7 days after first period and 13 days after for second period, totaling 94 and 76 evaluation days, respectively. For Gompertz models the equation was used y=a*e^((?-e?^((b-c*xi))and Logistic models the equation was used yi= a/(1+e^((-b-c*xi)). The inflection points of the Gompertz and Logistic models were calculated and the goodness of fit was quantified using the adjusted coefficient of determination, Akaike information criterion, standard deviation of residuals, mean absolute deviation, mean absolute percentage error, and mean prediction error. Differences were observed between the Gompertz and Logistic models and between the experimental periods in the parameter estimate for all morphological traits measured. Satisfactory growth curve fittings were achieved for plant height, number of leaves, and stem diameter in both models using the evaluation criteria: coefficient of determination (R²), Akaike information criterion (AIC), standard deviation of residuals (SDR), mean absolute deviation (MAD), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and mean prediction error (MPE).

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar os caracteres altura de planta, diâmetro de caule e massa de matéria verde de crotalária juncea, cultivar IAC KR1, em dez épocas de semeadura e estimar a temperatura base para o subperíodo emergência-florescimento. Foi conduzido um experimento com dez épocas de semeadura (01/10/2014, 08/10/2014, 15/10/2014, 22/10/2014, 29/10/2014, 05/11/2014, 12/11/2014, 19/11/2014, 26/11/2014 e 03/12/2014), no delineamento experimental blocos ao acaso com três repetições. No florescimento das plantas, foi mensurada a altura de planta, o diâmetro de caule e pesada a massa de matéria verde. Foram anotadas as datas de semeadura, de emergência e de florescimento. Também foram anotados os dados diários de temperaturas mínima e máxima do ar e de precipitação pluviométrica. Foi realizada análise de variância, teste de Scott Knott e calculada a temperatura base por meio do método da menor variabilidade. Em crotalária juncea, cultivar IAC KR1, há alterações na altura de planta, no diâmetro de caule e na massa de matéria verde com as épocas de semeadura. A massa de matéria verde reduz com o atraso da época de semeadura. A temperatura base para o subperíodo emergência-florescimento é 16,0ºC.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to determine the optimal plot size and the number of replications to evaluate the fresh matter of ryegrass sown to haul. Twenty uniformity trials were conducted, each trial with 16 basic experimental units (BEU) of 0.5 m2. At 117, 118 and 119 days after sowing, the fresh matter of ryegrass in the BEUs of 5, 10 and 5 uniformity trials, respectively, were determined. The optimal plot size was determined by the maximum curvature method of the variation coefficient model. Next, the replications number was determined in scenarios formed by combinations of i treatments (i = 3, 4, ... 50) and d minimum differences between means of treatments to be detected as significant at 5% of probability by the Tukey test, expressed in experimental mean percentage (d = 10, 11, ... 20%). The optimal plot size to determine the fresh matter of ryegrass seeded at the haul is 2.19 m2, with a variation coefficient of 9.79%. To identify as significant at 5% probability, by the Tukey test, differences between treatment means of 20%, are required five, six, seven and eight replications, respectively, in ryegrass experiments with up to 5, 10, 20 and 50 treatments.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine the number of plants required to model corn grain yield (Y) as a function of ear length (X1) and ear diameter (X2), using the multiple regression model Y = β0 + β1X1 + β2X2. The Y, X1, and X2 traits were measured in 361, 373, and 416 plants, respectively, of single-, three-way, and double-cross hybrids in the 2008/2009 crop year; and in 1,777, 1,693, and 1,720 plants, respectively, of single-, three-way, and double-cross hybrids in the 2009/2010 crop year, totaling 6,340 plants. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and frequency histograms and scatterplots were created. The sample size (number of plants) for the estimate of the β0, β1, and β2 parameters, of the residual standard error, the coefficient of determination, the variance inflation factor, and the condition number between the explanatory traits of the model (X1 and X2) were determined by resampling with replacement. Measuring 260 plants is sufficient to adjust precise multiple regression models of corn grain yield as a function of ear length and ear diameter. The Y = -229.76 + 0.54X1 + 6.16X2 model is a reference for estimating corn grain yield.

A utilização de modelos matemáticos no estudo do crescimento de plantas possibilita a identificação de fases importantes para a cultura e a comparação entre cultivares de uma mesma espécie. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram ajustar modelos de crescimento, Gompertz e Logístico, para os caracteres altura de planta e comprimento de colmo em função da soma térmica acumulada e da radiação solar acumulada, comparar os ajustes e o comportamento das cultivares de capim-sudão e indicar o modelo que melhor descreve o crescimento das cultivares em quatro épocas de semeadura. Foram conduzidos oito ensaios de uniformidade com capim-sudão. Aos 15 dias após a emergência, foi iniciada a coleta e avaliação de cinco plantas de cada ensaio. Foram mensurados a altura de planta e o comprimento de colmo. O ajuste dos modelos foi realizado com os valores dos caracteres das cinco plantas em cada avaliação, em função da soma térmica acumulada e da radiação solar acumulada. Foram estimados os parâmetros, determinado o intervalo de confiança dos parâmetros, os pontos críticos das curvas de crescimento e os indicadores de qualidade do ajuste. Também foram quantificadas as não linearidades intrínseca e do efeito do parâmetro. A soma térmica acumulada e a radiação solar acumulada são adequadas para serem utilizadas como variável independente no ajuste dos modelos. Para descrever o crescimento dos caracteres altura de planta e comprimento de colmo das cultivares BRS Estribo e CG Farrapo ambos os modelos são adequados. Entretanto, o modelo Logístico apresenta maior precisão.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine the necessary sample size to estimate Pearson’s linear correlation coefficients of four species of crotalaria at precision levels. The experiment was carried out with Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis, Crotalaria breviflora, and Crotalaria ochroleuca, during the 2014/2015 crop year. Eight crotalaria traits were evaluated in 1,000 randomly collected pods per species. For each species, the correlation coefficients were estimated for the 28 pairs of traits, and the sample size necessary to estimate the correlation coefficients was determined at four precision levels [0.10, 0.20, 0.30, and 0.40 amplitudes of the 95% (CI95%) confidence interval] by resampling with replacement. The sample size varies between crotalaria species and, especially, between pairs of traits, as a function of the magnitude of the correlation coefficient. At a certain precision level, the smallest sample size is required to estimate the correlation coefficients between highly correlated traits and vice-versa. To estimate the correlation coefficients with CI95% of 0.20, 10 to 440 pods are required, depending on the species, pairs of traits, and magnitude of the correlation coefficient.

ABSTRACT: The state of Rio Grande do Sul has about 20% of the total area as lowland soils, suitable for flooded rice (Oryza sativa). In order to mitigate damage caused by rice monoculture, new crops such as sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and soybean (Glycine max) have been cultivated in these areas. With different qualities of crop residues, it is expected a change in soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics and consequently, nitrogen (N) availability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of rice, soybean and sorghum crop residues on the N present in physical fractions of SOM of two lowland soils, using labeled 15N technique, under incubation for 180 days in aerobic condition and more 180 days in anaerobic condition. At 30, 180 and 360 days of incubation the remaining N of the plant residues and N destination from the residues in both soils were quantified in the physical fractions of SOM >250 μm, 250-53 μm and

Abstract: The objective of this work was to verify if there is linear dependence between the phenological, morphological, and productive traits and the energetic-nutritional ones in early maturing and super-early maturing corn genotypes. A total of 36 early maturing and 22 super-early maturing corn genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replicates, and the phenological, morphological, productive, and energetic-nutritional traits were measured. The matrix of phenotypic correlation coefficients among traits was determined; the multicollinearity diagnosis was carried out within each group of traits; and the canonical correlation analysis was performed. Linear dependence was observed between the groups of phenological, morphological, and productive traits and of the energetic-nutritional ones. In early maturing genotypes, significant canonical correlation shows the existence of linear dependence between the morphological and energetic-nutritional traits. The significant canonical pair shows that taller plants have lower amylose contents in the grains and reduced nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy. In super-early maturing genotypes, significant canonical correlations of the phenological, morphological, and productive traits with the energetic-nutritional ones indicate that a greater number of days from sowing to female flowering and ear insertion height, as well as a lower number of ears, increase ether extract contents in the grains.

A amostragem de pragas é uma das bases para a tomada de decisão no manejo de pragas em lavouras de soja. Assim, determinar o plano amostral mais adequado consiste em definir a unidade amostral, o método de amostragem e o tamanho de amostra para a quantificação da entomofauna. O objetivo foi estimar o tamanho de amostra para medir a densidade populacional de espécies de lagartas, variando métodos de coleta, altitude e cultivares de soja. Foram amostradas 100 lavouras de soja, distribuídas em nove municípios da região central do Rio Grande do Sul, em três safras agrícolas (2010/2011, 2011/2012, 2012/2013). Em cada lavoura foram demarcados 30 pontos distanciados 20 metros entre si. Em cada ponto foram coletadas lagartas das espécies Chrysodeixis includens, Anticarsia gemmatalis e Rachiplusia nu, por meio dos métodos pano-de-batida largo e rede entomológica, totalizando 6.000 coletas. Para cada lavoura, método de coleta e espécie de lagarta foi estimado a média da densidade populacional e o tamanho de amostra por meio de reamostragem. Usando o pano-de-batida largo para a coleta de lagartas em soja, para um erro de estimação (amplitude do intervalo de confiança) igual a dois lagartas e densidade populacional na classe > 2 lagartas. m-2, o tamanho de amostra é 47, 78 e 18, respectivamente, para as espécies C. includens, A. gemmatalis e R. nu e para rede o tamanho de amostra é 19 e 43, respectivamente, para as espécies C. includens e A. gemmatalis. Os resultados indicam que o tamanho de amostra (número de pontos) para determinar a densidade populacional de lagartas varia com o método de coleta, altitude, cultivar e a densidade populacional.

ABSTRACT: The presence of a compacted soil layer near the ground surface in paddy fields may limit the growth and development of soybean roots. The objective of this study was to evaluate different planting management systems and irrigation on growth and development of soybean root systems in lowland area. The experiment was carried out in 2013/14 and 2014/15 crop seasons in randomized complete block design with factorial treatment (3x2), with four replications. The treatments consisted of different planting management systems: sowing with double disc (A1); sowing with shank (A2) and deep tillage + sowing with double disc (A3), and irrigation: irrigated (D1) and non irrigated (D2). Planting management systems and irrigation influenced the growth of soybean roots. When double disc was used, roots have lower growth and increase in diameter. Use of shanks and deep tillage provide increased growth and development of soybean roots and greater depth distribution. An additional 55mm of irrigation during the V4 soybean development stage provides increased surface area and root volume in when the soil moisture reaches values below 60% of field capacity.

Phytoremediation is an option for the decontamination of areas that have received intensive applications of herbicide. Determining the minimum period that a species should remain for remediation of the soil is critical for the optimisation of areas to be cultivated without the risks of carryover. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cultivation time of Canavalia ensiformis in soil contaminated with the herbicide sulfentrazone, for the species to remediate the soil to satisfactory levels. The experiment was set up in a greenhouse, using 10 dm3 pots in a randomised block design and a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The factors comprised five periods of phytoremediation, i.e. cultivation times of the green-manure species of phytoremediator (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 days after sowing - DAS), cultivated both with and without the presence of sulfentrazone (400 g ha-1). The species of bio-indicator was Pennisetum glaucum, grown for 42 DAS. During this period the following variables were evaluated: plant height (cm); visual toxicity (%), using a scale from 0 to 100 for the absence of symptoms and death of the plant respectively; and shoot dry matter (g). At 75 days of growth of the phytoremediator species, there was no difference between the soil that received the herbicide application and the soil with no application, for the variables visual toxicity, height and shoot dry matter of the bio-indicator species. Cultivation of C. ensiformis needs to be for a minimum period of 75 days to decontaminate soils with sulfentrazone to satisfactory levels. = A fitorremediação é uma alternativa para a descontaminação de áreas que receberam intensas aplicações de herbicidas. Determinar o período mínimo que as espécies devem permanecer remediando o solo é fundamental para a otimização das áreas a serem cultivadas sem riscos de carryover. Objetivouse com este trabalho avaliar o tempo de cultivo de Canavalia ensiformis em solos contaminados com o herbicida sulfentrazone, de modo que essa espécie remedie o solo em níveis satisfatórios. O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se vasos de 10 dm3 ; e conduzido no delineamento em blocos cazualizados, em esquema fatorial (5 x 2), com quatro repetições. Os fatores consistiram de cinco períodos de fitorremediação, ou seja, de tempos de cultivo da fitorremediadora (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 dias após a semeadura) e dois níveis de sulfentrazone (com herbicida na dose de 400 g ha-1 e sem herbicida). A espécie bioindicadora foi a Pennisetum glaucum, cultivada por 42 DAS. Ao longo desse período foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: altura de plantas (cm); toxicidade visual (%), utilizando escala que varia de 0 a 100, para ausência de sintomas e morte da planta, respectivamente; e matéria seca da parte aérea (g). Com 75 dias de cultivo da espécie fitorremediadora, não houve diferença entre o solo que recebeu aplicação de herbicida e aquele sem aplicação para as variáveis toxicidade visual, altura e matéria seca da parte aérea da espécie bioindicadora. A C. ensiformis precisa ser cultivada por um período mínimo de 75 dias para descontaminar à níveis satisfatórios solos com o sulfentrazone.

RESUMO O monitoramento da qualidade de análises de amostras de solo contribui para que sejam minimizados os erros nas recomendações de adubação e calagem. Pelo controle de qualidade dos laboratórios da rede ROLAS-RS/SC é avaliada a exatidão média anual dos resultados de quatro amostras, analisadas mensalmente, no ano. Os dados amostrais devem ajustar-se à distribuição normal e não apresentar outliers, para que a mediana possa ser assumida como medida de tendência central. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se os dados de controle de qualidade ajustam-se à distribuição normal, identificar a presença de outliers e como o método de cálculo dos dados pode afetar a estimativa de exatidão dos laboratórios. O teste de Lilliefors identificou a normalidade e os outliers foram identificados pelo método dos quartis. Os outliers foram eliminados para ajustar os dados à distribuição normal. Também foi testado o uso da média em substituição à mediana e avaliado o procedimento de cálculo da exatidão por atributo de análise, em vez da exatidão média de todos os atributos. Somente 48% dos dados apresentaram distribuição normal. A exclusão dos outliers aumentou de 48 para 65% o número de análises com distribuição normal, fato que tornou o método de avaliação mais rigoroso. Em dados com distribuição normal, a média parece estimar melhor do que a mediana o valor verdadeiro e o procedimento que calcula a exatidão da média anual pode ocultar atributos com exatidão inferior ao mínimo preconizado pelo sistema.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência do tamanho da unidade experimental básica (UEB) sobre a estimativa do tamanho ótimo de parcela para a avaliação da massa de matéria fresca de nabo-forrageiro (Raphanus sativus). Dados de massa de matéria fresca de 3.456 unidades experimentais básicas de 0,5×0,5 m (0,25 m2) foram utilizados, tendo-se formado 36 planos de UEBs com tamanhos entre 0,25 e 16 m2. Para cada plano de UEB, determinou-se o tamanho ótimo de parcela, pelo método da curvatura máxima do modelo do coeficiente de variação. A diferença mínima significativa pelo teste de Tukey foi calculada para 2.016 cenários, formados pelas combinações entre 36 tamanhos ótimos de parcela - um para cada plano de UEB -, i tratamentos (i = 5, 10, 15 e 20) e r repetições (r = 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 15 e 20), tendo-se considerado tanto os delineamentos inteiramente casualizados como os de blocos ao acaso. O tamanho ótimo de parcela depende do tamanho da unidade experimental básica. Em ensaios de uniformidade com nabo-forrageiro, a avaliação da massa de matéria fresca deve ser feita em unidades experimentais básicas com o menor tamanho possível.

ABSTRACT The productive variability in horticultural crops affects the planning and quality of the experiments, leading to wrong conclusions. The objectives of this study were to verify the spatial dependence of the fresh biomass of snap beans and to dimension the number of plants and harvests that are necessary to improve experimental accuracy in trials. The data of the fresh biomass of snap beans from uniformity trials carried out in a greenhouse and in the field with semivariograms were created with data transformed into indicators. Thus, they were combined on scenarios of plot size and harvest grouping, and they were adjusted to the spherical, exponential and Gaussian models. A response surface was also applied, with the variation coefficient as a dependent variable and the numbers of plants per plot and harvests as independent variables. The estimates of the semivariogram models parameters indicated a weak spatial dependence. The average of the fresh biomass of snap beans is distributed randomly in the trials, and it is not influenced by the number of plants per plot or by the number of grouped harvests. The best combinations between the number of plants per plot and harvest, for the smaller variation coefficients, are plots of 24 plants for plastic greenhouse and field, and 28 plants for plastic tunnel, in the autumn-winter, combined with the grouping of all harvests. In the spring-summer the number of plants per plot was 30 for plastic tunnel and field, also combined with the grouping of all harvests.

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study were to determine the sample size, in terms of number of plants, needed to estimate the average values of productive traits of the pigeon pea and to determine whether the sample size needed varies between traits and between crop years. Separate uniformity trials were conducted in 2011/2012 and 2012/2013. In each trial, 360 plants were demarcated, and the fresh and dry masses of roots, stems, and leaves and of shoots and the total plant were evaluated during blossoming for 10 productive traits. Descriptive statistics were calculated, normality and randomness were checked, and the sample size was calculated. There was variability in the sample size between the productive traits and crop years of the pigeon pea culture. To estimate the averages of the productive traits with a 20% maximum estimation error and 95% confidence level, 70 plants are sufficient.