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Background In recent years, radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exposure has increased owing to new communication technologies. Simultaneously, increased exposure to RF-EMF has led to society's growing concern about the possible effects they may have on human health. Many studies have described personal RF-EMF exposure by using personal exposimeters to know a population's daily exposure to mobile phone base stations and to other sources whose installations tend to be permanent. Nonetheless during special events like concerts or fairs, where many people gather, permanent installations might not suffice to cover demand. So telephone companies install temporary stations for these events, and modify the exposure pattern of these areas or populations. Objective To study if installing temporary antennae for large events, and high concentrations of mobile phones, modify the exposure pattern compared to usual situations. Methods Personal RF-EMF exposure from mobile phones (uplink) and mobile phone base stations (downlink) installed at the 2017 Albacete Fair (Spain) was recorded. Between 7 and 17 September, more than 2,500,000 people visited this Fair. Measurements were taken by two Satimo EME SPY 140 personal exposimeters, placed one each side of a research team member's waist. These exposimeters were programmed to take measurements every 4 s at different time of day; morning, afternoon and night; and in several places, around the Fair Enclosure (zones Ejidos and Paseo) and inside the enclosure (Interior). These measurements were repeated on a weekday, at the weekend and the day after the Fair ended after temporary base stations had been removed. They were also taken for 1 h in all three zones, for each time of day; that is, 9 h were recorded for each study day. Results The mean RF-EMF recorded exposure from base stations (downlink-DL) on the days the Fair opened (morning, afternoon and night) for the three studied zones was 791.8 μW/m2, while the exposure produced by mobile phones (uplink-UL) was 59.0 μW/m2. These values were 391.2 μW/m2 (DL) and 10.3 μW/m2 (UL) a few days after the event ended. In study zones Ejidos and Paseo, both outside, the highest mean exposure was recorded at the weekend as 1494.1 and 848.1 μW/m2 respectively. For the Interior zone, the mean value recorded during the Fair was 354.8 μW/m2. These values contrast with those recorded in the three zones after the event ended: 556.37 (Ejidos), 144.1 (Paseo); 473.21 μW/m2 (Interior). The fact that the mean exposure recorded at Interior was slightly higher after the Fair could be due to signal shielding by so many people. The reduction in exposure in Paseo after the Fair was outstanding, probably due to the antennae being placed on low towers. Major differences were also found in the RF-EMF exposure from UL. In this case, the weekend values taken during the Fair were between 28.2 μW/m2 at Interior (weekday) and 98.1 μW/m2 at Ejidos (weekend), which dropped to 5.5 at Paseo after the Fair, to 11.7 μW/m2 at Interior and to 13.6 μW/m2 at Ejidos. Conclusions Installing mobile phone base stations, and a dense public using mobile phones, imply a significant increase in personal RF-EMF exposure compared to that recorded during normal periods in the same area. However, the recorded measurements were below legally established limits.

SARS-CoV-2 is a new coronavirus that has caused a worldwide pandemic. It produces severe acute respiratory disease (COVID-19), which is fatal in many cases, characterised by the cytokine release syndrome (CRS). According to the World Health Organization, those who smoke are likely to be more vulnerable to infection. Here, in order to clarify the epidemiologic relationship between smoking and COVID-19, we present a systematic literature review until 28th April 2020 and a meta-analysis. We included 18 recent COVID-19 clinical and epidemiological studies based on smoking patient status from 720 initial studies in China, the USA, and Italy. The percentage of hospitalised current smokers was 7.7% (95% CI: 6.9&ndash, 8.4) in China, 2.3% (95% CI: 1.7&ndash, 2.9) in the USA and 7.6% (95% CI: 4.2&ndash, 11.0) in Italy. These percentages were compared to the smoking prevalence of each country and statistically significant differences were found in them all (p &lt, 0.0001). By means of the meta-analysis, we offer epidemiological evidence showing that smokers were statistically less likely to be hospitalised (OR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.14&ndash, 0.23, p &lt, 0.01). In conclusion, the analysis of data from 18 studies shows a much lower percentage of hospitalised current smokers than expected. As more studies become available, this trend should be checked to obtain conclusive results and to explore, where appropriate, the underlying mechanism of the severe progression and adverse outcomes of COVID-19.

SARS-CoV-2 is a new coronavirus that has caused a worldwide pandemic. It causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (COVID-19), which is fatal in many cases, and is characterized by a cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Great efforts are currently being made to block the signal transduction pathway of pro-inflammatory cytokines in order to control this "cytokine storm" and rescue severely affected patients. Consequently, possible treatments for cytokine-mediated hyperinflammation, preferably within approved safe therapies, are urgently being researched to reduce rising mortality. One approach to inhibit proinflammatory cytokine release is to activate the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAchR). Nicotine, an exogenous α7nAchR agonist, is clinically used in ulcerative colitis to counteract inflammation. We have found epidemiological evidence, based on recent clinical SARS-CoV-2 studies in China, that suggest that smokers are statistically less likely to be hospitalized. In conclusion, our hypothesis proposes that nicotine could constitute a novel potential CRS therapy in severe SARS-CoV-2 patients.

SARS-CoV-2 is a new coronavirus that has caused a worldwide pandemic. It produces severe acute respiratory disease (COVID-19), which is fatal in many cases, characterised by cytokine release syndrome (CRS). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), those who smoke are likely to be more vulnerable to infection. Here, in order to clarify the epidemiologic relationship between smoking and COVID-19, we present a systematic literature review until 28 April 2020 and a meta-analysis. It includes 18 recent COVID-19 clinical and epidemiological studies based on smoking patient status from 720 initial studies in China, USA, and Italy. The percentage of hospitalised current smokers was 7.7% (95%CI: 6.9-8.4) in China, 2.3% (95%CI: 1.7-2.9) in the USA and 7.6% (95%CI: 4.2-11.0) in Italy. These percentages were compared to the smoking prevalence of each country and statistically significant differences were found in them all (p

We live in a global pandemic caused by the COVID-19 disease where severe social distancing measures are necessary. Some of these measures have been taken into account by the administrative boundaries within cities (neighborhoods, postal districts, etc.). However, considering only administrative boundaries in decision making can prove imprecise, and could have consequences when it comes to taking effective measures. To solve the described problems, we present an epidemiological study that proposes using spatial point patterns to delimit spatial units of analysis based on the highest local incidence of hospitalisations instead of administrative limits during the first COVID-19 wave. For this purpose, the 579 addresses of the cases hospitalised between March 3 and April 6, 2020, in Albacete (Spain), and the addresses of the random sample of 383 controls from the Inhabitants Register of the city of Albacete, were georeferenced. The risk ratio in those hospitalised for COVID-19 was compatible with the constant risk ratio in Albacete (p = 0.49), but areas with a significantly higher risk were found and coincided with those with greater economic inequality (Gini Index). Moreover, two districts had areas with a significantly high incidence that were masked by others with a significantly low incidence. In conclusion, taking measures conditioned exclusively by administrative limits in a pandemic can cause problems caused by managing entire districts with lax measures despite having interior areas with high significant incidences. In a pandemic context, georeferencing disease cases in real time and spatially comparing them to updated random population controls to automatically and accurately detect areas with significant incidences are suggested. This would facilitate decision making, which must be fast and accurate in these situations.

Simultaneously with the increase of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMF) in recent decades, there has been increasing concern about their potential relation with the etiology of several tumors. At this time, the techniques of spatial data analysis jointly with the study of the personal exposure to these fields offer a new approach to the problem. This paper presents the results of a preliminary epidemiological study, combining Epidemiology, Statistics and Geographical Information Systems (GIS), in which we analyzed the correlation between exposure to RF-EMF in the city of Albacete (166,000 inhabitants, southeast Spain) and the incidence of several cancers with unspecific causes (lymphomas, and brain tumors). We used statistical tools to analyze the spatial point patterns and aggregate data with the aim to study the spatial randomness and to determine the zones with the highest incidence from 95 tumors studied (65 lymphomas, 12 gliomas and 18 meningiomas). We also perform a correlation (Spearman) study between the personal exposure to RF-EMF in 14 frequency bands, recorded by an EME Spy 140 (Satimo) exposimeter in the city's administrative regions, and the incidence of the tumors registered from January 2012 to May 2015. The studied cancer cases have a random spatial distribution inside the city. On the other hand, and by means of an ecological study, we verified that the exposure to RF-EMF registered in the city of Albacete shows little correlation with the incidence of the studied tumors (gliomas (ρ = 0.15), meningiomas (ρ = 0.19) and lymphomas (ρ = − 0.03)). The proposed methodology inaugurates an unexplored analysis path in this field.

Several studies have characterized personal exposure to RF-EMF, which allows possible effects on health to be studied. All equipment has a detection limit, below which we obtain nondetects or censored data. This problem is a challenge for researchers as it makes the analysis of such data complex. We suggest reconsidering the statistical protocols of the nondetects analysis by comparing four different methods. Three of them substitute censored data using different approaches: regression on order of statistics (ROS) to simulate data below the detection limit (Method 1), substituting nondetect values by the detection limit divided by 2 (Method 2), a naïve calculation (Method 3) using the detection limit as a valid measurement. The fourth method consists of considering censored data to be missing values (Method 4). This article examines how these methods affect the quantification of personal exposure. We considered data from 14 frequency bands from FM to WiMax measured in Albacete (Spain) for 76 days every 10 s by a personal exposimeter (PEM) Satimo EME Spy 140.Methods 3 and 2 gave similar mean and median values to Method 1, but both underestimated the mean values when high nondetects records occurred, which conditioned the physical description of the real situation. The mean values calculated by Method 4 differed from those obtained by Method 1 but were similar when the percentage of nondetects was below 20%.Our comparison suggests that nondetects can be neglected when the percentage of censored data is low to provide a more realistic physical situation.

The hippocampus plays a critical role in learning and memory. Its correct performance relies on excitatory/inhibitory synaptic transmission balance. In early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), neuronal hyperexcitability leads to network dysfunction observed in cortical regions such as the hippocampus. G-protein-gated potassium (GirK) channels induce neurons to hyperpolarize, contribute to the resting membrane potential and could compensate any excesses of excitation. Here, we have studied the relationship between GirK channels and hippocampal function in a mouse model of early AD pathology. Intracerebroventricular injections of amyloid-β (Aβ

In recent years, numerous epidemiological studies, which deal with the potential effects of mobile phone antennas on health, have almost exclusively focused on their distance to mobile phone base stations. Although it is known that this is not the best approach to the problem, this situation occurs due to the numerous difficulties when determining the personal exposure to the radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). However, due to the rise of personal exposimeters, the evolution of spatial statistics, the development of geographical information systems and the use of powerful software, new alternatives are available to deal with these epidemiological studies and thus overcome the aforementioned difficulties. Using these tools, this paper presents a lattice map of personal RF-EMF exposure from exterior mobile phone base stations, covering the entire 110 administrative regions in the city of Albacete (Spain). For this purpose, we used a personal exposimeter, Satimo EME Spy 140 model, performing measurements every 4s The exposimeter was located inside the plastic basket of a bicycle, whose versatility permitted the access to all the zones of the city. Once the exposure map was prepared, its relation with the known antenna locations was studied. The 64 mobile telephone antennas of the city were also georeferenced; the randomness of both variables (exposure and antennas) were studied by means of the Moran's I test. Results showed that the distribution of the antennas follows a grouped pattern (p

This is a reply to the comment by Ivan Berlin and Daniel Thomas on our recently published work [...]

The hippocampus plays a critical role in learning and memory. Its correct performance relies on excitatory/inhibitory synaptic transmission balance. In early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), neuronal hyperexcitability leads to network dysfunction observed in cortical regions such as the hippocampus. G-protein-gated potassium (GirK) channels induce neurons to hyperpolarize, contribute to the resting membrane potential and could compensate any excesses of excitation. Here, we have studied the relationship between GirK channels and hippocampal function in a mouse model of early AD pathology. Intracerebroventricular injections of amyloid-β (Aβ1-42) peptide—which have a causal role in AD pathogenesis—were performed to evaluate CA3–CA1 hippocampal synapse functionality in behaving mice. Aβ increased the excitability of the CA3–CA1 synapse, impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) and hippocampal oscillatory activity, and induced deficits in novel object recognition (NOR) tests. Injection of ML297 alone, a selective GirK activator, was also translated in LTP and NOR deficits. However, increasing GirK activity rescued all hippocampal deficits induced by Aβ due to the restoration of excitability values in the CA3–CA1 synapse. Our results show a synaptic mechanism, through GirK channel modulation, for the prevention of the hyperexcitability that causally contributes to synaptic, network, and cognitive deficits found in early AD pathogenesis.

Objectives Based on the criteria of a group of experts, this study aims to select a set of functional performance tests which can be applied to evaluate the functional status of a football player in the recovery process and make a decision in relation to their return to practice. Materials and methods A total of 16 experts were selected by the coordinator group to judge an initial list of functional performance tests and, thus, reach a consensus about the tests which are best suited to the needs of the injured player. Each of the experts had to evaluate each one of the tests in a scale from 1 to 5 in relation to their suitability. Delphi method was used to reach consensus in the expert group. Results From the initial list of 25, the tests which obtained the best evaluation were: Counter movement jump (4.3±0.9), Single hop test (4.1±0.8), Triple hop test (4.1±0.9), Crossover hop test (4.1±0.7), Yo-Yo intermittent recovery (4.2±0.6), Barrow test (4.1±0.6), Shuttle run 8¥5 m (4.1±0.8). Star excursion balance test (4±0.7) and Y balance test (4.1±0.7). Conclusion In the opinion of the experts selected here, these tests are the ones which best respond to the needs involved in a complex decision such as RTP.

The interaction within the social environment allows for knowledge to be created according to each of the actors involved in the learning process. The everyday experience of the student and the presence of the teacher are the two most important factors that make it possible for learning to be more significant. We want to study in depth this theoretical aspect of scientific learning, so that this one is, if it is possible, more significant. Behind each person that learns there is a person who thinks and who uses his/her language as a learning tool that permits to build higher psychological processes. The development of human beings needs to be explained in terms of social interaction, the maturation of the student allows that his/her thinking acquires formal structures that each time are more elaborated. Language plays a crucial role in cognitive development to obtain scientific knowledge, because if individuals handle words and symbols they will be able to construct scientific concepts every time they are motivated and supervised by a teacher. Vygotsky tells us that at the beginning of science you can find the word, the language, which plays an important role in cognition and one of the most significant contributions of his work is the relationship between the thought and the language. Learning is a progressive and evolutionary process in continuous development that is in a constant reorganization of the psychological processes; therefore, learning is a dynamic task from a few innate rudiments to the very essence of the human being. There is a contrast between what is known and what is learned, there is a thesis and an antithesis in dialectical battle. From this confrontation of unlike elements emerges the synthesis, a third element; that is to say, a resolution, a comprehension of the problem. If it is intended that the scientific knowledge learned is incorporated into the development of children, it is necessary that this knowledge is applied subsequently in their everyday experience.

With the arrival of social media, medical students, future healthcare professionals, not only need to be aware of professionalism in their face-to-face interactions but also in the new virtual environments. Use of social networking by medical students is increasing, and some students lack awareness of consequences arising from the crossing of social networking and medicine. In this context, the use of Facebook could develop medical education beyond the restrictions of the classroom, and also be the connection between informal and formal learning, engaging students with educational content outside the classroom. Moreover, social media can be also used in health care training to improve communication between students and educators, patient communication, public health programs or research. The aim of this study was to assess the interest and participation of students and educators of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) in a closed and private group in Facebook. The group was created in September 2011 and it already has 939 users including administrative staff, teachers and students. There are no rules more than terms of use of Facebook, but it is recommendable that posts might be related to Health and Research in Medical Sciences. We analysed its use during the course 2015-16 through which there were a total of 563 publications, most of them done by students (344; 61%) rather than the faculty and the staff (219;39%). A total of 9,375 impressions, comments and shares were also registered. We classify publications between three mayor themes: those related to learning (181), scientific advances and science spreading (242), and other (140). Students shared more contents related to learning process (139) rather than scientific advances (94) and others (111), while teachers shared 148, 42 and 29 respectively. We also analysed the number or impressions to post: 583 comments, 130 shares, and a total of 8662 impressions (“likes”). Students greatly appreciate the group use by teachers, but only a few have an account in social networks. In general, the posts that raise more interest were those related to science. We perform an opinion survey in the group: a total of 97 users answer the survey, 96 indicated that the group was useful or very useful and that they were very satisfied; only one user indicates that was fairly satisfied.

This correspondence refers to the Environmental Research article by Martin L. Pall entitled "Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health". Author presented a biased review about 7 potential effects of Wi-Fi exposure. Most of articles cited are in vitro or in animals and lab conditions, not in humans. In this letter to the editor I analyse the articles cited in Pall's work in order to demonstrate that neither the conclusions nor the title are appropriate.

Social media can be an excellent tool in the training of future doctors, but also in their future work. For this, future health professionals should know basic concepts such as "personal brand" or know how to manage the privacy settings when sharing certain information in their personal profiles. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the perception and knowledge of medical students comparing the results of a survey before and after receiving a specialized training course. Issues such as whether they would be willing to put their personal accounts on their curriculum vitae or to hire erasure services in the network that minimize their fingerprint. During the 2016-17 academic year a 2-hour course was taught by a sixth-year student and social networking expert. One week before the course and one month later an online survey of 16 questions was conducted and the results compared. The previous (pre) survey was answered by 107 students, while the post (post) survey was answered by 72. After the course, one of the first results was an increase in the number of students who knew social networks specialized in Medicine. There are no significant changes in the way networks use, but there is an increase in the concern to publish reliable and proven medical information. An undesirable effect of the course is that there was an increase in the concern about a possible negative effect on their future of the information they share in social networks, which can be positive because, despite this, there is an increase in the Number of students who would add their user on social networks in their curriculum. There is also an increase in the number of students who affirm that social networks can be useful in their current training and in their future work, also in the knowledge of basic concepts as personal brand. In conclusion, a brief course on basic concepts of social media and their applications in Medicine improves the students' concern about the related knowledge and about the potential positive in both their training and their future work. For this reason, social media should be included in curriculum design in Medicine and, probably, in other university degrees.

During the last decade, several studies have characterized personal exposition to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields using personal portable exposimeters with a very high resolution. 76 volunteers participated in a study in the city of Albacete (Spain) measuring during 24 hours, every 10 seconds and doing normal life. We geolocalized every measurement using a GPS and a personal diary stablishing 15 different microenvironments and we searched for statistical temporal and spatial differences using U of Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. 90 percent of valid data of the different frequency bands that we finally considered were below 0.0003 W/m2, FM and DECT bands registered greater mean values, followed by uplink mobile frequency bands. An important aspect of the analysis was the number of non-detects that reached more than 50% of total data in most frequency bands; only GSM_DL, DCS_DL, DECT, UMTS_DL, and WiFI were below.

En este artículo se muestran un conjunto de sencillas experiencias de laboratorio que ilustran el fenómeno de la inducción electromagnética. El dispositivo experimental, análogo a un transformador, está formado por dos bobinas magnéticamente acopladas conectadas a un generador de corriente alterna sinusoidal de frecuencia variable. Midiendo la tensión inducida en la bobina del secundario en función de la corriente que hay en la bobina del primario se obtiene una dependencia lineal. Los resultados obtenidos concuerdan bastante bien, teniendo en cuenta los intervalos de error, con las predicciones teóricas de la ley de Faraday-Henry. Para la predicción teórica se ha tenido en cuenta el tamaño finito de ambas bobinas calculando el flujo magnético mediante una sencilla integral. Neste artigo mostraremos o conjunto de experimentos simples no laboratorio. Este irá descrever os fenómenos da indução eletromagnética. O dispositivo experimental é análogo a um transformador e está formado por duas bobinas magnéticas acopladas e conectadas a um gerador de corrente senoidal alternada de frequência váriavel. Mediremos as tensões induzidas dessas bobinas secundarias em função da corrente que existe na bobina primaria para obtermos uma dependencia linear. Os resultados obtidos concordam muito bem, levando em conta os intervalos de erro com as previsões teóricas da Lei de Faraday-Henry. Para as previsões teóricas temos levado em conta o tamaño finito de ambas as bobinas calculando o fluxo magnético mediante uma integral simples.

¿Quién no ha experimentado la formación de un vórtice o de un remolino en un vaso cuando disuelve el cacao en la leche y le da vueltas con una cuchara? En este artículo, se analizan los aspectos mecánicos de los vórtices no estacionarios formados cuando se agita agua con una cuchara alrededor de un eje central en un vaso de precipitados cilíndrico. Se mostrará que el vórtice no estacionario formado después de agitar el agua con la cuchara es de tipo forzado y se comparará la dinámica del fluido de este vórtice no estacionario con los conocidos vórtices libres estacionarios y forzados y con el de la dinámica del vórtice aislado libre (también conocido como el vórtice de Oseen-Lamb). Mostraremos que la observación de la generación y del decaimiento del vórtice no estacionario en el recipiente cilíndrico del agua en rotación es un simple experimento que puede constituir una experiencia muy fructífera para el entendimiento de los aspectos cinemáticos, dinámicos, y estáticos de la rotación axisimétrica, radial, o torsional de un fluido homogéneo e incompresible. Who has not experienced the formation of a vortex or a whirlpool in a glass of milk when trying to dissolve cocoa in it by stirring the liquid with a spoon? In this paper, we analyse the mechanical aspects of the unsteady vortex formed in swirling water that was stirred with a spoon around a central axis in a cylindrical glass. We show that the formed unsteady vortex is of forced type and we compare the fluid dynamics of this unsteady vortex to that of the well-known steady free and forced vortices and with the dynamics of the unsteady free isolated vortex (also known as Oseen-Lamb’s vortex). We show that the observation of the generation and decay of the unsteady vortex in a cylindrical glass of rotating water is a simple experiment that may constitute a very fruitful experience for understanding the kinematics, dynamics, and static aspects of the axisymmetric, rotational, or torsional flow of an homogeneous and incompressible fluid. F.J.M. y J.A.M. agradecen al Instituto de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universitat Politècnica de València por su ayuda a los Equipos Innovación y Calidad Educativa e-MACAFI y MoMa. A.B. agradece el apoyo del Vicerrectorado de Tecnologías de la Información de la Universidad de Alicante a través del proyecto GITE-09006-UA. E.A, A.N. y J.M.V. agradecen a Cajasol-La Caixa la financiación parcial de este trabajo.

Accurate approximate closed-form solutions for the cubic-quintic Duffing oscillator are obtained in terms of elementary functions. To do this, we use the previous results obtained using a cubication method in which the restoring force is expanded in Chebyshev polynomials and the original nonlinear differential equation is approximated by a cubic Duffing equation. Explicit approximate solutions are then expressed as a function of the complete elliptic integral of the first kind and the Jacobi elliptic function cn. Then we obtain other approximate expressions for these solutions, which are expressed in terms of elementary functions. To do this, the relationship between the complete elliptic integral of the first kind and the arithmetic-geometric mean is used and the rational harmonic balance method is applied to obtain the periodic solution of the original nonlinear oscillator. This work was supported by the “Generalitat Valenciana” of Spain, under Project PROMETEO/2011/021, and by the “Vicerrectorado de Tecnología e Innovación Educativa” of the University of Alicante, Spain, under Project GITE-09006-UA.

Esta tesis se centra en el proceso de acompañamiento brindado a dos profesores de Telesecundaria de las zonas 25 y 26 del Valle de México (TS-VM), que impartieron la asignatura de Artes-Teatro. El trabajo derivó del proyecto de investigación Prácticas de Enseñanza en la Asignatura de Artes de la Educación Secundaria en el Marco de la Reforma Integral de la Educación Básica, beneficiado por la convocatoria CONACULTA/INBA-2010. En el proyecto participaron maestros y alumnos de la Maestría en Desarrollo Educativo, Línea en Educación Artística UPN-CENART, de diferentes disciplinas artísticas y pedagógicas. El propósito de dicha investigación fue identificar, documentar y comunicar las prácticas de enseñanza en la asignatura de Artes en la educación secundaria en sus diversas modalidades, utilizando como dispositivo de formación el Acompañamiento. El presente informe corresponde específicamente al proceso de acompañamiento brindado a dos docentes de Telesecundaria del Sector 6, Zonas 25 y 26 del Valle de México (TS-VM), en la asignatura de Artes-teatro, por lo que constituye un relato analítico del proceso vivido con estos profesores. La investigación se realizó con dos docentes que impartieron la asignatura de Artes-Teatro, en dos Telesecundarias del Valle de México del sector 6. El primero fue un profesor de la Telesecundaria “José Vasconcelos” (zona 25), de la comunidad de Santo Domingo Aztacameca, del Municipio de Axapusco; la segunda, fue una profesora de la comunidad de Loma Larga, del Municipio de Zumpango (zona 26). Sobre la metodología distingo, por un lado, la metodología de la propia investigación, correspondiente a las acciones generadas para la obtención y registro de información, los mecanismos de comunicación entre el acompañado y yo como acompañante-mentor, la búsqueda de información documental impresa y por internet, la elaboración de material didáctico, entre otras. Por el otro, se encuentra la metodología del acompañamiento, que se desarrolló en cuatro momentos de acompañamiento presencial y virtual, asistida en los centros de trabajo de los docentes TS-VM participantes, que fueron: (1) entrevistas para conocer la experiencia de los docentes y sus estudios; (2) el acompañamiento ejemplificado, para el cual el especialista diseñó una secuencia del bloque II del programa Artes-teatro; (3) una secuencia didáctica, elaborada por el docente acompañado; y (4) preparación para la acción, en la cual se apoyó al maestro para la impartición de la secuencia ante el grupo. Maestría en Desarrollo Educativo-Línea Educación Artística

This is a reply to the comment by Iqbal and Anwar on our recently published work. First of all, the authors of ‘Measurement of the magnetic field of small magnets with a smartphone: a very economical laboratory practice for introductory physics courses’ greatly appreciate the comments of Iqbal and Anwar. One of us (AB) is very grateful to the Vicerectorship of Information Technologies of the University of Alicante (Spain) the help of GITE-09006-UA and to the Generalitat Valenciana (Spain), project PROMETEOII/2015/015. IE is grateful to the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness the help provided through the project DPI2012-32994.

In this work, we propose an inexpensive laboratory practice for an introductory physics course laboratory for any grade of science and engineering study. This practice was very well received by our students, where a smartphone (iOS, Android, or Windows) is used together with mini magnets (similar to those used on refrigerator doors), a 20 cm long school rule, a paper, and a free application (app) that needs to be downloaded and installed that measures magnetic fields using the smartphone's magnetic field sensor or magnetometer. The apps we have used are: Magnetometer (iOS), Magnetometer Metal Detector, and Physics Toolbox Magnetometer (Android). Nothing else is needed. Cost of this practice: free. The main purpose of the practice is that students determine the dependence of the component x of the magnetic field produced by different magnets (including ring magnets and sphere magnets). We obtained that the dependency of the magnetic field with the distance is of the form x-3, in total agreement with the theoretical analysis. The secondary objective is to apply the technique of least squares fit to obtain this exponent and the magnetic moment of the magnets, with the corresponding absolute error. AB thanks the Vicerectorship of Information Technologies of the University of Alicante (Spain) and the help of GITE-09006-UA. IE is grateful to the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for help provided through the project DPI2012-32994.

The educational process, and as consequence, the student training in different disciplines is a topic of great interest for both national and international, such is the case in many of the science fields like Physics, reason why diverse institutions or organisms devote themselves to the task of studying the application of different implemented educational models, for example, the current educational model based on the approach for competences that appeared in the '70s, we will board this educational process from a completely theoretical point of view, trying to adjust it to Physics. This educational model has a systemic approach that when applied to the teaching- learning process of a natural, factual, experimental and exact science like Physics, it implies that the knowledge to be considered should be relative to natural phenomena, demonstrable in an experimental form and that could be studied and modelled by means of mathematics. For such characteristics, the knowledge that constitutes it has been observed, studied and explained along the history, determining its conceptualization based on the knowledge that permit to adapt, to correct and/or clarify the vision and the knowledge in the different educational models. The above mentioned model is based in the bonding that should exist between the formation and preparation, as well as the application of the knowledge, competences and skills in the student’s job field, demonstrating with it the progress and successful learnings; obtaining with it the decision making. Nevertheless, it is important to consider that the results depend to a great extent on the elements that are involved in the process, such as the teacher and the pupils; as well as, the different methods, tools, technologies and strategies that are implemented. In a school environment, particularly, inside the educational model based on the approach for competences, we have concentrated in the task of studying and designing a methodological proposal for teaching and learning Physics within a framework of competences; methodology that can be explored and applied to different knowledge, educational levels, institutions, and why not, even after the combination of other methods and teaching techniques.