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The establishment and maintenance of a balanced gut microbiota in early life play a pivotal role in pigs. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the administration of a single early-life probiotic on piglet faecal microbiota and growth performance until weaning. Forty-eight hours after birth (d0), 820 piglets were allocated into 4 groups (205 piglets/16 litters/group) and orally inoculated as follows: 1) Control (CO: 4 mL of pure water); 2) Saccharomyces (SA: 4 mL containing a total of 1 × 1010 CFU of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CNCM-1079; 3) Enterococcus (EF: 4 mL containing a total of 1 × 1010 CFU of Enterococcus faecium lactiferm WS200); 4) a mix of the two probiotics at the same doses (SAEF). At d7 and d18, the piglets were weighed, and faeces from the piglets (18 piglets/group from 6 sows/group) and their mothers were analysed for a microbial profile by sequencing the v3-v4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Data were arranged in a 2x2 factorial design. The probiotic supplement improved piglet ADG in the periods d7-d18 (p

Debate a preocupação com a formação dos professores para o ensino básico, considerando as características da sociedade tecnológica e as necessidades educacionais da população com vistas a sua inserção social plena. Para apresentar e desenvolver as idéias, são trazidas opiniões de pessoas pertencentes a diferentes setores da sociedade. Algumas questões são colocadas para reflexão, visando estimular o debate sobre o tema. Palavras-chave: ciência; tecnologia; formação de professores; ensino básico. Abstract The objective of this article is to encourage a debate about the general concern on basic education teachers training, taking into account the characteristics of technological society and the population educational needs that underlie social inclusion. In order to present and discuss the main ideas, the opinions of people from different segments of society are given. Moreover, some questions are left for further consideration so as to stimulate the debate on the issue. Keywords: science; technology; teachers' training; basic education.

O trabalho aqui apresentado foi desenvolvido com crianças na faixa de sete anos, alunos da 1ª série do ensino fundamental da Escola Estadual "Prof. Bento da Silva César", na periferia de São Carlos (SP). O objetivo do projeto foi trabalhar conteúdos curriculares sem que fossem fragmentados, deixando que a interdisciplinaridade e a transversalidade estivessem presentes durante todo o seu transcorrer. Procurou-se, também, desenvolver nas crianças o gosto pela escola e pelo trabalho. Os alunos estiveram o tempo todo muito motivados, e questões curriculares como alfabetização e leitura, medidas e aritmética, ciências e meio ambiente, desenho e criatividade, artes, trabalho e respeito mútuo, ética e pesquisa estiveram sempre presentes, tratadas dentro da metodologia proposta para o projeto. Palavras-chave: ensino fundamental; interdisciplinaridade; pedagogia por projeto; intertextualidade. Abstract The work here presented was developed with seven-year-old children, primary school students at "Escola Estadual Prof. Bento da Silva César", in suburban São Carlos. The project objective was to work out curricular contents without allowing them to be fragmented, but using interdisciplinarity and transversality during the entire project. It was also aimed that children developed taste in school and work. The students were very motivated during the project and curricular issues as alphabetization and reading, measurements and arithmethics, science and environment, drawing and creativity, arts, work and mutual respect, ethics and research, have always been present, treated in the proposed methodology for this project. Keywords: interdisciplinarity; transdisciplinarity; pedagogy in the project; intertextuality.

Background Treatment of vertically displaced sacral fracture can be difficult even for the expert traumatologist. Traditional reduction methods can show some limitations; we suggest a minimally invasive technique, which could be effective, tissue sparing and economic in terms of equipment needed. Materials and methods Our retrospective study included 11 patients with average age of 40.2 years (range 24–59 years), with type C pelvic ring disruption with monolateral sacral fracture (C1.3), who underwent surgical treatment from April 2007 to March 2008 using the minimally invasive technique. Radiographic examination, using Matta’s criteria, was carried out pre-operatively, post-operatively and at least at 1 year after surgery. All patients were functionally evaluated using Majeed’s grading scale with mean follow-up time of 18.9 months (range 14–25 months). Results Pre-operative displacements averaged 10.8 mm (range 7–21 mm); post-operative displacements averaged 5.4 mm (range 3–12 mm), with excellent or good reduction in 91% of cases. No major complications occurred. On functional evaluation, 82% of patients obtained good or excellent results. Conclusion The minimally invasive reduction technique, requiring a limited surgical approach and a standard radiolucent table, is in our experience a satisfactory procedure for management of monolateral vertically displaced sacral fracture.

Significant controversies exist in the literature regarding the best treatment for SCFE. In fact a variety of surgical procedures have been described and they can be divided into fixation in situ, compensatory osteotomies and direct corrections of the deformity at head-neck junction. The first and the second group of procedures have, so far, not gained optimal control over the risk of avascular necrosis or cannot achieve an anatomically aligned epiphysis with normal blood supply; on the contrary the third technique can achieve this target and prevent the residual pistol-grip deformity of the proximal femur, that can lead to anterior impingement, labral pathology and the development of early hip arthritis. Open subcapital reorientation of the epiphysis by surgical dislocation has been described as a safe and effective technique in the recent literature. In this paper the Italian group for hip conservative surgery offers its experience: in different centers 20 SCFEs were treated showing good clinical results and anatomic reorientation of the femoral head. No femoral head necrosis has been reported. These results and the other published papers underline that surgical dislocation and the preparation of an extended retinacular flap offers sufficient advantages in assessing and treating SCFE, and although the technique is demanding, a judicious application provides the prerequisites for a favourable long-term outcome.

Sacral fractures are rare but severe injuries. They are often associated with neurological impairment and pelvic instability. We present a case of a 28-year-old woman who sustained an H-type fracture of the sacrum with complete cauda equina syndrome treated with cauda equina decompression and pelvic percutaneous stabilization with an iliosacral screw. Two years after she underwent screw removal, but complained of back and nape pain after the operation. A lumbosacral MRI showed the presence of a lytic lesion involving the S1 and S2 bodies that was judged to be a pseudomeningocele leaning against the sacral screw hole and cerebrospinal fluid fistulas through this. To our knowledge, this is the first case of such a complication after sacral screw removal to be reported.

Nonunion of a sacral fracture is a serious clinical condition: chronic pain, sitting discomfort, limp, neurological implications, and inability to work are frequent findings. Surgical treatment of these injuries often turns out to be technically difficult also for the expert pelvic surgeon and not infrequently provides poor radiographic and clinical results. The gold standard treatment at present is open excision, reaming of the nonunion site and internal fixation, performed by a multi-stage approach; as an adjunct, autologous cancellous bone grafting is usually performed in most severe cases. We report a case of a sacral nonunion in which traditional techniques failed, successfully treated by osteogenic protein-1 (BMP-7) application. The employment of BMPs demonstrated successful results in various types of fracture, but there is limited experience about their use in pelvic ring injuries: Further studies are necessary to better know the possible complications and to define their actual potential.

Background Abdomino-pelvic injuries often present a challenge for the emergency department. Although literature reports several protocols on the treatment of abdomino-pelvic injuries aiming at defining the most advisable treatment line, optimal treatment is still controversial. This paper describes a protocol that has been used to treat abdomino-pelvic injuries in our hospital since 2002. Materials and methods In literature different protocol of abdomino-pelvic injuries are described and comparing them most of the difference are the timing of CT scan, the angiography and the laparotomy when treating a lesion of pelvic ring. If patient is haemodynamically instable and presents a lesion of pelvic ring our protocol suggest the simplest and fastest stabilization (pelvic external fixator) in emergency room and delay exam such as CT scan as second level exam. In the presence of an abdominal injury, with a positive focused assessment with sonography for trauma test, the first step should be a pelvic ring stabilization, as laparotomy decreases the abdominal pressure and reduces the tamponade effect on the retroperitoneum. According to presented protocol the angiography is not be a first choice treatment. This protocol was applied to 58 cases of abdomino-pevic injury with unstable pelvic lesions from October 2002 to December 2005. Mean injury severity score was 27.2 (CI 24.1–30.3). Results Five patients (8%) died, three due to haemorrhagic shock and two due to pulmonary embolization. Four patients (6.9%) had a partial or complete cauda equina syndrome, four patients (6.9%) complained of mild incontinence, whilst 1 (1.7%) complained of urinary retention with multiple cystitis. Two patients (3.4%) with retention and multiple cystitis, had a malunion and a painful non-union of the fracture. Seven patients (12.3%) had neurological impairment: 5 (8.6%) sciatic nerve palsy, 1 (1.7%) lumbosacral root lesions in a C2-type fracture and there was one case (1.7%) of inconstant lumbago with sciatic pain. Twelve patients reported different levels of sexual dysfunction (20.7%). Conclusions Although validation with a larger cohort is required, our preliminary clinical data are similar to, or better than, those reported in the most recent publications on this question, suggesting that this protocol could well reduce both the mortality rate and the long term complications of abdominopelvic injuries.