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Abstract Objective To evaluate the main outcomes of disease activity and their association with other measures of activity, damage, and quality of life in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) according to time since diagnosis and positivity to antisynthetase autoantibodies (ASAs). Methods Cross-sectional multicenter study within the Spanish Myo-Spain registry. Cases were classified as incident (≤ 12 months since diagnosis) and prevalent. The main outcomes of disease activity were the Myositis Disease Activity Assessment visual analogue scale (MYOACT), the Manual Muscle Test 8 (MMT-8), physician global activity (PhGA), and extramuscular activity. Other measures of activity, damage, and quality of life included patient global disease activity, MYOACT muscular, creatine phosphokinase, Health Assessment Questionnaire, physician and patient global damage, global damage of the Myositis Damage Index, and the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12). We analyzed associations using a multivariate generalized linear model and a simple linear regression model. Results A total of 554 patients with different diagnostic subgroups of IIM were included (136 incident and 418 prevalent cases), with 215 ASA-positive patients (58 incident and 157 prevalent cases). All measures of disease activity were higher in the incident cases (p

In many meta-analyses and literature reviews on fish microbiota, the provenance of the animals (farmed vs. wild) is often overlooked. Given the well-established role of diet as a key factor in shaping gut microbiota, this study investigates the impact of dietary nature by comparing the microbiota of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed a commercial diet versus a wild-type diet, all reared within a recirculating aquaculture system. Over a 60-day period, we tracked changes in gut bacterial diversity, structure, and composition following a shift from a commercial feed to a diet exclusively based on pink shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris). Gut bacterial communities were assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing (Illumina MiSeq platform) with primers targeting the V3-V4 hypervariable regions. Twenty days after the dietary change, microbial diversity (Shannon index) increased in fish fed the shrimp diet compared to those fed the commercial diet, while Dominance index values decreased. Additionally, inter-individual (beta-) diversity based on Bray-Curtis distances also differed between dietary treatments. These results support further that microbiota comparisons between farmed/captive and wild fish are challenging due to the unpredictable feeding regimes and dietary variations in wild fish. However, the diet impact on microbiota diminished over time, with the differences in intra- and inter-individual diversity being reduced after 40 days, which suggests an adaptation of microbial communities to dietary changes. At this point, gut microbial communities also showed a similar taxonomical composition. Moreover, a core microbiota consisting of species belonging to the genera Ralstonia, Paraburkholderia, Fulvimonas, Pseudomonas, and Cutibacterium was maintained in all sampling times under both dietary treatments. Overall, this study serves as a conceptual approach that shows a long-term adaptation of the gut microbiota after a radical dietary change, probably driven by host-inherent factors. Furthermore, these results may be a valuable insight for feed manufacturers aiming to develop sustainable and cost-effective ingredients since they suggest that some alternative feeds and ingredients do not have adverse long-term effects on fish gut microbiota.

El presente artículo se centra en el estudio las mulieres religiosae en el ámbito geográfico del reino de Sevilla, más concretamente en la ciudad de Jerez de la Frontera, segunda en importancia de dicha región. De este modo, teniendo siempre en el horizonte el modelo hispalense, pretende ampliar el nivel de conocimiento de este sector de la sociedad, sus opciones vitales y su modus vivendi. Con este objetivo, analiza la documentación conservada en el Archivo Histórico de Protocolos Notariales de Jerez de la Frontera (AHPNJF) para el período comprendido entre 1392 y 1520 y profundiza en los aspectos materiales de la vida cotidiana de estas mujeres, su consideración social y, de forma excepcional, algunas parcelas de su espiritualidad.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la asociación de la práctica de actividad física (AF) con el bullying y ciberbullying. Participaron 1152 estudiantes españoles (50.9% chicas) entre 10 y 16 años (13.24 ± 1.78). La asociación entre variables se realizó mediante análisis de covarianza (ANCOVA). Este análisis se desarrolló por separado para chicos y chicas y se ajustaron por edad, índice de masa corporal, estudios de la madre y repetición de curso académico. Los resultados mostraron que no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la victimización de bullying en los adolescentes respecto a su nivel de práctica semanal de AF (p>.05). Sin embargo, los chicos físicamente activos (al menos una hora de MVPA ≥ cinco días/semana) tenían un nivel mayor de agresión por bullying en comparación con los inactivos (p=.012; d = 0.218). En cuanto al ciberbullying, los resultados de victimización y agresión en función del nivel de AF semanal parece que no afecta en las chicas (todos p > .05), sin embargo, los estudiantes físicamente activos presentaron tanto menores niveles de victimización (p=.017; d=0.217) como de agresión (p=.060; d=0.468). Los resultados sugieren la necesidad de diseñar intervenciones educativas multifacéticas que promuevan tanto la práctica de AF, como protección de la victimización en ciberbullying e intervención psicológica dirigida a la reeducación de los efectos de agresión asociados a su práctica. Palabras Clave: Actividad física, ejercicio físico, bullying, ciberbullying, victimización, agresión. Abstract. The aim of the present study was to analyze the association between physical activity (PA) and bullying and cyberbullying. A total of 1152 Spanish students (50.9% girls) between 10 and 16 years of age (13.24 ± 1.78) participated. The association between variables was performed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). This analysis was performed separately for boys and girls and adjusted for age, body mass index, mother's education and repetition of academic year. The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in bullying victimization in adolescents with respect to their level of weekly PA practice (p>.05). However, physically active boys (at least one hour of MVPA ≥ five days/week) had a higher level of bullying aggression compared to inactive ones (p=.012; d=0.218). Regarding cyberbullying, victimization and aggression scores as a function of weekly PA level appeared to be unaffected in girls (all p > .05), however, physically active students had both lower levels of victimization (p=.017; d=0.217) and aggression (p=.060; d=0.468). The results suggest the need to design multifaceted educational interventions that promote both PA practice, as protection from cyberbullying victimization, and psychological intervention aimed at the re-education of the aggression effects associated with its practice. Keywords: Physical activity, physical exercise, bullying, cyberbullying, victimization, aggression.

En el presente artículo se estudian las bases económicas del clero secular en el reino de Sevilla y más concretamente en la ciudad de Jerez de la Frontera desde el punto de vista de su patrimonio personal. A partir del análisis de la documentación conservada en el Archivo Histórico de Protocolos Notariales de Jerez de la Frontera (AHPNJF), se profundizará en la intervención de la clerecía jerezana en el mercado inmobiliario, las actividades financieras y el comercio de esclavos y otros productos. Todos estos aspectos constituyeron vías fundamentales de ingresos para este colectivo gracias a las cuales complementaron los beneficios y rentas derivados de su adscripción institucional a la jurisdicción diocesana.

Este artículo tiene por objetivo ofrecer una perspectiva de la actual crisis de la democracia a partir del análisis del discurso político del populismo institucionalizado o populismo en el poder. Al analizar a esta forma de comunicación política, a partir de un enfoque performativo, se argumenta que una causa de la crisis democrática actual es la polarización afectiva, es decir, una forma de fragmentación social basada no en las diferencias políticas sino en una frontera identitaria, cuyo principal componente es la figura de un enemigo al que se despoja de su legitimidad para participar en la toma de decisiones colectivas que caracteriza a una democracia moderna. La construcción de este enemigo, por parte del populismo institucionalizado, se presenta como un significante performativo, es decir, como un elemento discursivo con el que se lleva a cabo una acción política, en este caso, la creación de un tiempo de polarización que provoca una crisis democrática entendida como una clausura de la constante búsqueda por ampliar libertades y derechos.

Desde la irrupción de la tecnología digital hasta la llegada de la inteligencia artificial, los medios de comunicación han ejercido una influencia paradójica en nuestras vidas. Si bien han contribuido a visibilizar injusticias e incluso han sido plataformas para la creación de movimientos sociales globales, también es verdad que sus efectos en nuestros procesos de aprendizaje y convivencia social se han visto afectados por su dinámica vertiginosa que nos aleja del diálogo y la reflexión. La democracia no se ha escapado a esta dinámica paradójica. Aunque sus orígenes se remontan al siglo V a. C., nuestro actual modelo moderno democrático se afianza a partir de 1945 con el fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, es decir, es un modelo con menos de cien años de vida política. Si bien Estados Unidos e Inglaterra pueden considerarse democracias desde finales del siglo XIX, los pilares sobre los que se sustenta esta forma de gobierno —sufragio universal, separación de poderes y estado de derecho—, no se consolidaron hasta mediados del siglo xx dándole la fisonomía que ahora conocemos.

Abstract Inter-species microbial transplantations offer the possibility of transferring species-specific microbes and their associated functionality. As a conceptual approach, an intestinal microbiota transplant (IMT) between two marine carnivorous fish species that thrive in different environmental conditions was conducted: from donor Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to recipient gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), after obliterating its basal microbiota with an antibiotic treatment. To confirm that the gut microbiota was able to recover after antibiotics without the influence of the diet, a group of gilthead seabream not submitted to the IMT was kept fasted as an internal control. To assess the effect of the diet after the IMT, two groups of gilthead seabream were respectively fed with their typical diet and with Atlantic salmon diet. At 36 days post-IMT, the gut of the individuals fed with their typical diet was dominated by the feed-associated bacteria, while those fed with the salmon diet had developed a unique microbiota from the convergence of the diet, donor, and recipient microbiota. These results suggested that an intestinal microbiota transplantation may be effective if the basal microbiota from the gut is first cleared and a targeted dietary modification is provided to maintain and enrich the novel bacteria species over time.

Low-cost electrochemical methodologies for the determination of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and the analysis of juices are developed based on its electro-oxidation on carbon screen-printed electrodes. A novel chronoamperometric methodology is developed for the quantification of L-ascorbic acid in fruit juices. The proposed method stands out for its simplicity and rapidity, demonstrating its efficacy in determining L-ascorbic acid content in various fruit juices. Notably, the results obtained with this chronoamperometric approach are compared with those yielded by chromatography, with no significant differences between the two methods being found. Additionally, an electronic tongue is developed for the differentiation of juices based on the square wave voltammetric signals.

Introduction Oxygen is frequently prescribed in neurocritical care units. Avoiding hypoxaemia is a key objective in patients with acute brain injury (ABI). However, several studies suggest that hyperoxaemia may also be related to higher mortality and poor neurological outcomes in these patients. The evidence in this direction is still controversial due to the limited number of prospective studies, the lack of a common definition for hyperoxaemia, the heterogeneity in experimental designs and the different causes of ABI. To explore the correlation between hyperoxaemia and poor neurological outcomes and mortality in hospitalised adult patients with ABI, we will conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and RCTs.Methods and analysis The systematic review methods have been defined according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and follow the PRISMA-Protocols structure. Studies published until June 2024 will be identified in the electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and ClinicalTrials.gov. Retrieved records will be independently screened by four authors working in pairs, and the selected variables will be extracted from studies reporting data on the effect of ‘hyperoxaemia’ versus ‘no hyperoxaemia on neurological outcomes and mortality in hospitalised patients with ABI. We will use covariate-adjusted ORs as outcome measures when reported since they account for potential cofounders and provide a more accurate estimate of the association between hyperoxaemia and outcomes; when not available, we will use univariate ORs. If the study presents the results as relative risks, it will be considered equivalent to the OR as long as the prevalence of the condition is close to 10%. Pooled estimates of both outcomes will be calculated applying random-effects meta-analysis. Interstudy heterogeneity will be assessed using the I2 statistic; risk of bias will be assessed through Risk Of Bias In Non-Randomised Studies of Interventions, Newcastle-Ottawa or RoB2 tools. Depending on data availability, we plan to conduct subgroup analyses by ABI type (traumatic brain injury, postcardiac arrest, subarachnoid haemorrhage, intracerebral haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke), arterial partial pressure of oxygen values, study quality, study time, neurological scores and other selected clinical variables of interest.Ethics and dissemination Specific ethics approval consent is not required as this is a review of previously published anonymised data. Results of the study will be shared with the scientific community via publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presentation at relevant conferences and workshops. It will also be shared key stakeholders, such as national or international health authorities, healthcare professionals and the general population, via scientific outreach journals and research institutes’ newsletters.

There is evidence that promoting school physical activity (PSPA) benefits children and adolescents, but little is understood about how this promotion may relate to academic achievement and school climate across varying levels of socioeconomic status (SES). Hence, the study aimed to address this knowledge gap by examining two main objectives: (1) determining the association between PSPA and academic achievement and school climate according to schools’ SES and (2) exploring the potential mediating role of PSPA in the relationship between schools’ SES and academic achievement and school climate. This cross-sectional study at the school level focused on 4,990 schools (including public, subsidized, and private schools) that participated in the National Educational Study 2018 (Chile), which was applied to primary schoolchildren (4th grade, aged 8–10 years). Schools were divided into non-PSPA (n = 4,280) and PSPA (n = 710) during the year 2018. Changes in academic achievement from 2017 to 2018 and school climate were considered. PSPA was associated with improvements in maths (low-SES OR: 1.80, p

In the race for economic growth, many production activities have incorporated automated devices into their processes. This is also true for the agriculture sector, where different sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) architectures have been proposed to perform automatic data gathering and data analyzing in later stages. However, most architectures only consider data from one source, ignoring valuable information from other sources like images. Furthermore, the few solutions that consider information from images employ an approach where the cameras are fixed. In this paper, we propose an IoT architecture called MeloDI that gathers data from traditional IoT sensors and images taken by drones and applies Machine Learning (ML) techniques to evaluate melon quality. The images taken by the drone are both RGB and multispectral, which allow MeloDI to analyze critical growth information. MeloDI is powered by the Cloud and Edge Computing paradigm, and it is divided into three layers: physical, edge, and cloud. The physical layer comprises devices that get information from melons, including drones. The edge layer is responsible for sending the data from sensors to the cloud layer, receiving the corrective actions from the cloud layer, and enforcing them. Finally, the cloud layer is responsible for analyzing the data using ML techniques to assess the quality of the melons. Additionally, we deployed MeloDI in a melon plantation in Southeast Spain. MeloDI gathered data from sensors and drones, extracting new features and indicators to determine melon quality. For comparison purposes with other solutions that only accept one data source, we tested three different configurations of MeloDI: using only data from traditional sensors, using only data from images taken by drones, and using both data sources. We conclude that the configuration using both data sources outperforms the other configurations. In particular, the best-performing model was Random Forest that achieved a Mean Square Error of 1.6111 and a corresponding error rate of 7.9944% on the test set.

Abstract To understand the microbiome composition and interplay among bacterial communities in different compartments of a coupled freshwater aquaponics system growing flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) and lettuces (Lactuca sativa), 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of the V3–V4 region was analysed from each compartment (fish intestine, water from the sedimentation tank, bioballs from the biological filter, water and biofilm from the hydroponic unit, and lettuce roots). The bacterial communities of each sample group showed a stable diversity during all the trial, except for the fish gut microbiota, which displayed lower alpha diversity values. Regarding beta diversity, the structure of bacterial communities belonging to the biofilm adhering to the hydroponic tank walls, bioballs, and lettuce roots resembled each other (weighted and unweighted UniFrac distances), while bacteria from water samples also clustered together. However, both of the above-mentioned bacterial communities did not resemble those of fish gut. We found a low or almost null number of shared Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) among sampled groups which indicated that each compartment worked as an independent microbiome. Regarding fish health and food safety, the microbiome profile did not reveal neither fish pathogens nor bacterial species potentially pathogenic for food health, highlighting the safety of this sustainable food production system.

Abstract The surface coatings of cereal plants are dominated by waxy β-diketones crucial for drought resistance and, therefore, grain yield. Here, barley (Hordeum vulgare) wax analyses reveal β-diketone and associated 2-alkanol ester profiles suggesting a common C16 3-ketoacid precursor. Isotope analysis further shows that the major (C31) diketone is synthesized from two plastidial C16 acyl units. Previous studies identified a gene cluster encoding enzymes responsible for β-diketone formation in barley, but left their biochemical functions unknown. Various assays now characterize one of these enzymes as a thioesterase producing long-chain (mainly C16) 3-ketoacids, and another one as a polyketide synthase (PKS) condensing the 3-ketoacids with long-chain (mainly C16) acyl-CoAs into β-diketones. The two enzymes are localized to the plastids and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), respectively, implying substrate transfer between these two sub-cellular compartments. Overall, our findings define a two-step pathway involving an unprecedented PKS reaction leading directly to the β-diketone products.

The increase in cases of bullying and cyberbullying has raised concerns about its impact on the mental health of young people, particularly its relationship with test anxiety, underscoring the need to delve deeper into this issue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine whether suffering and perpetrating aggressive acts (bullying and cyberbullying) are related to different dimensions of test anxiety. A total of 912 Spanish students (girls 52.7%) aged between 10 and 16 years (13.43 ± 1.73) participated in this study. The European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire, the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire, and the Test Anxiety Questionnaire (CAEX-A) were used. The association between test anxiety and bullying/cyberbullying (as victims and aggressors) was calculated via analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and binary logistic regression. All analyses were performed separately for boys and girls and adjusted for age, body mass index, maternal educational level, and academic performance. Students in bullying or cyberbullying contexts achieved significantly higher values in practically all anxiety factors analyzed (p < 0.05), especially in cognitive responses: 33.14% and 22.56% for bullying and cyberbullying victims, respectively, and 22.56% and 23.9% for aggressors. Victims of cyberbullying harassment had a high risk (OR: 8.311) of suffering diarrhoea, palpitations, chest tightness, nausea and fainting during exams, as well as avoidance behaviors (OR: 5.106) (both p < 0.001). The results, disaggregated by gender, showed that the relationship between feeling bullied in face-to-face interactions and experiencing test anxiety was only evident for girls, which seems to place them in a more vulnerable situation. Female victimization, although less frequent, could have lasting and harmful consequences. These findings highlight the need not only to implement intervention strategies in the school setting aimed at preventing and reducing bullying and cyberbullying but also to address anxiety and its physical and cognitive manifestations in both victims and aggressors.

Resumen Introducción y objetivo. El cáncer de mama es la neoplasia maligna con mayor incidencia y prevalencia mundial (excluyendo tumores cutáneos no melanoma), con cifras crecientes. Por ello, cualquier tejido extraído de la mama, con independencia del motivo, debe ser enviado a estudio anatomopatológico. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia de lesiones premalignas y carcinoma oculto en las piezas de resección de mamas intervenidas por motivos no oncológicos durante 5 años en el Servicio de Cirugía Plástica, Estética y Reparadora del Hospital Universitario Río Hortega de Valladolid, España. Material y método. Analizamos las piezas de resección mamaria de 253 pacientes sin diagnóstico clínico de cáncer de mama clasificadas previamente en grupos de riesgo teórico creciente de neoplasia asociada, con el objetivo de identificar la prevalencia de lesiones premalignas y carcinoma oculto en nuestra población. Resultados. La prevalencia de lesiones malignas mostró un incremento progresivo desde el grupo control (2.25%): pacientes sin antecedente personal de neoplasia mamaria ni factor de riesgo genético, a los grupos A (7.07%): pacientes con antecedente de neoplasia mamaria; B (11.43%): pacientes con factor de riesgo genético; y C (16.67%): pacientes con antecedente de neoplasia mamaria y factor de riesgo genético, con una edad media al diagnóstico de 48.11 años. Conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos se correlacionan con la literatura existente y ponen de manifiesto que el hallazgo casual de lesiones premalignas y malignas en pacientes sin diagnóstico de cáncer de mama es una realidad relativamente común, especialmente en mujeres con factores de riesgo genético y/o diagnóstico de neoplasia mamaria previa. Nivel de evidencia científica 4b Diagnóstico

In the present study, we propose the use of swabs in non-lethal sampling procedures to collect the mucosa-adhered gut microbiota from the posterior intestine of fish, and therefore, we compare the bacterial communities collected by conventional scraping and by swabbing methods. For this purpose, samples of the posterior intestine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were collected first using the swabbing approach, and after fish euthanasia, by mucosa scraping. Finally, bacterial communities were compared by 16S rRNA gene Illumina sequencing. Results from the current study revealed that similar values of bacterial richness and diversity were found for both sampling procedures. Similarly, there were no differences between procedures when using qualitative metrics (Jaccard and unweighted UniFrac) for estimating inter-individual diversity, but the quantitative metrics (Bray-Curtis and weighted UniFrac) showed a higher dispersion when samples were obtained by swabbing compared to scraping. In terms of bacterial composition, there were differences in abundance for the phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The cause of these differential abundances may be the inability of the swab to access to certain areas, such as the basal region of the intestinal villi. Moreover, swabbing allowed a higher representation of low abundant taxa, which may also have an important role in host microbiome regardless of their low abundance. Overall, our results demonstrate that the sampling method is a factor to be considered in experimental design when studying gut bacterial communities to avoid potential biases in the interpretation or comparison of results from different studies. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of each procedure (swabbing vs scraping) are discussed in detail, concluding that swabbing can be implemented as a reliable and non-lethal procedure for posterior gut microbiota studies, which is of particular interest for animal welfare and the 3Rs principle, and may offer a wide range of novel applications.

Objective This study aimed to estimate the incidence of giant cell arteritis (GCA) in Spain and to analyse its clinical manifestations, and distribution by age group, sex, geographical area and season.Methods We included all patients diagnosed with GCA between 1 June 2013 and 29 March 2019 at 26 hospitals of the National Health System. They had to be aged ≥50 years and have at least one positive results in an objective diagnostic test (biopsy or imaging techniques), meet 3/5 of the 1990 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria or have a clinical diagnosis based on the expert opinion of the physician in charge. We calculated incidence rate using Poisson regression and assessed the influence of age, sex, geographical area and season.Results We identified 1675 cases of GCA with a mean age at diagnosis of 76.9±8.3 years. The annual incidence was estimated at 7.42 (95% CI 6.57 to 8.27) cases of GCA per 100 000 people ≥50 years with a peak for patients aged 80–84 years (23.06 (95% CI 20.89 to 25.4)). The incidence was greater in women (10.06 (95% CI 8.7 to 11.5)) than in men (4.83 (95% CI 3.8 to 5.9)). No significant differences were found between geographical distribution and incidence throughout the year (p=0.125). The phenotypes at diagnosis were cranial in 1091 patients, extracranial in 337 patients and mixed in 170 patients.Conclusions This is the first study to estimate the incidence of GCA in Spain at a national level. We found a predominance among women and during the ninth decade of life with no clear variability according to geographical area or seasons of the year.

Abstract Background The development of a sustainable business model with social acceptance, makes necessary to develop new strategies to guarantee the growth, health, and well-being of farmed animals. Debaryomyces hansenii is a yeast species that can be used as a probiotic in aquaculture due to its capacity to i) promote cell proliferation and differentiation, ii) have immunostimulatory effects, iii) modulate gut microbiota, and/or iv) enhance the digestive function. To provide inside into the effects of D. hansenii on juveniles of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) condition, we integrated the evaluation of the main key performance indicators coupled with the integrative analysis of the intestine condition, through histological and microbiota state, and its transcriptomic profiling. Results After 70 days of a nutritional trial in which a diet with low levels of fishmeal (7%) was supplemented with 1.1% of D. hansenii (17.2 × 105 CFU), an increase of ca. 12% in somatic growth was observed together with an improvement in feed conversion in fish fed a yeast-supplemented diet. In terms of intestinal condition, this probiotic modulated gut microbiota without affecting the intestine cell organization, whereas an increase in the staining intensity of mucins rich in carboxylated and weakly sulphated glycoconjugates coupled with changes in the affinity for certain lectins were noted in goblet cells. Changes in microbiota were characterized by the reduction in abundance of several groups of Proteobacteria, especially those characterized as opportunistic groups. The microarrays-based transcriptomic analysis found 232 differential expressed genes in the anterior-mid intestine of S. aurata, that were mostly related to metabolic, antioxidant, immune, and symbiotic processes. Conclusions Dietary administration of D. hansenii enhanced somatic growth and improved feed efficiency parameters, results that were coupled to an improvement of intestinal condition as histochemical and transcriptomic tools indicated. This probiotic yeast stimulated host-microbiota interactions without altering the intestinal cell organization nor generating dysbiosis, which demonstrated its safety as a feed additive. At the transcriptomic level, D. hansenii promoted metabolic pathways, mainly protein-related, sphingolipid, and thymidylate pathways, in addition to enhance antioxidant-related intestinal mechanisms, and to regulate sentinel immune processes, potentiating the defensive capacity meanwhile maintaining the homeostatic status of the intestine.

Introduction: There is little information on the impact of mobile phone overuse (MPO) in areas in need of social transformation (ANST). Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of MPO in an ANST and its association with sleep disorders, academic performance and obesity. Patients and methods: Consecutive sampling of patients aged 10–17 years who visited a primary care centre in an ARST between October 2019 and March 2020. The study involved performance of a clinical interview with collection of anthropometric, sociodemographic, mobile phone use and sleep data. Results: The analysis included 214 participants. The prevalence of MPO during weekdays (more than 2 h a day) was 37.5% in children aged 10–12 years and 65.2% in 13- to 17-year-olds; in the weekend, the prevalence increased to 66.6% and 81.3%, respectively. In weekdays, MPO was associated with an increased prevalence of obesity, lower maternal educational attainment, greater difficulty waking up, daytime sleepiness and higher frequency of school failure. The adjusted risk was double for excess weight (odds ratio [OR] 1.90, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.04–3.47), obesity (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.23–4.89) and sleep disorders or sleep duration of less than 7 h (OR 2.26; 95% CI 1.31–3.92). Weekend MPO was associated with sleep disorders or sleep duration of less than 7 h (OR 2.68; 95% CI 1.40–5.11). Conclusions: The prevalence of mobile phone overuse is high in areas of social exclusion and is associated with sleep disorders, school failure and obesity. Resumen: Introducción: Existe poca información del impacto del abuso del teléfono móvil (AM) en zonas con necesidad de transformación social (ZNTS). Nuestro objetivo es estimar la prevalencia de AM en ZNTS, y su asociación con problemas de sueño, rendimiento escolar y obesidad. Pacientes y métodos: Muestreo consecutivo de sujetos entre 10 y 17 años que acuden a consulta de atención primaria en ZNTS entre octubre 2019 y marzo de 2020. Realización de entrevista clínica, antropometría, datos sociodemográficos, de uso de móvil y sueño. Resultados: Se estudiaron 214 sujetos. El AM durante la semana (más de 2 horas diarias), fue 37,5% en el grupo de 10−12 años y 65,2% en el grupo de 13 a 17 años; durante el fin de semana las prevalencias fueron 66,6% y 81,3%, respectivamente. El AM durante la semana se asoció a más obesidad; menor nivel de estudios maternos, mayor dificultad para despertarse, somnolencia diurna y mayor frecuencia de suspensos. El riesgo ajustado se duplica para sobrepeso u obesidad (odds ratio [OR] 1,90; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%] 1,04 a 3,47), obesidad (OR 2,45; IC95% 1,23 a 4,89) y problemas de sueño o duración de sueño menor de 7 horas (OR 2,26; IC95% 1,31 a 3,92). El AM durante el fin de semana se asoció a problemas de sueño o duración menor de 7 horas (OR 2,68; IC95% 1,40 a 5,11). Conclusiones: Existe una alta prevalencia de abuso del móvil en zonas de exclusión social, que se asocia con problemas del sueño, suspensos escolares y obesidad.

The combined production of three varieties of lettuce (romaine, iceberg, and red leaf) with flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) was tested in triplicate in three independent coupled aquaponic units with no thermal control. For this purpose, a total of 114 fish (2.5 kg/m3) were stocked in each fish tank (2 m3), and 92 lettuces were planted in the hydroponic unit (6 m2). As no thermal control was included in the design of the aquaponic system, water temperatures declined from maximum values of 20.4 °C to minimum values of 5.0 °C, which directly affected fish growth. However, the conditions imposed by the aquaponic system were suitable for promoting lettuce’s growth and external appearance, as no pests or leaf discoloration were noticed. Lettuce survival was similar among the three tested varieties (98.5 ± 1.7%). The yields for the romaine and iceberg varieties were 384 ± 100 g/lettuce and 316 ± 70 g/lettuce, respectively, and that for the red leaf variety was lower, at 176 ± 75 g/lettuce. Yield values ranged between 3.6 and 4.4 kg/m2 depending on the replicate considered (4.0 ± 0.4 kg/m2). According to present results, each aquaponic unit required ca. 2.6–2.7 L of water per unit of lettuce produced.

El Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH) y la Resistencia Cardiorrespiratoria (RC) se ha vuelto cada vez más relevante en el contexto educativo, ya que se ha descubierto que un nivel adecuado de RC está relacionado con una mayor capacidad de concentración, memoria y aprendizaje en general. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la asociación del nivel de RC de escolares diagnosticados con TDAH con variables relacionadas con el comportamiento en el ámbito educativo. La muestra estaba formada por un total de 94 estudiantes diagnosticados TDAH (44 chicos, 47% y 50 chicas, 53%) de 6 a 12 años de edad (9.48 ± 2.10 años). Para medir la RC se empleó el test Course Navette. El cálculo matemático y el razonamiento lingüístico se evaluó mediante un test ad hoc, con el test d2 se midió la concentración y con la prueba EDAH el comportamiento hiperactivo-impulsivo en el contexto educativo. Para el análisis de datos se llevó a cabo una regresión lineal múltiple y un ANCOVA, en ambos se empleó la edad y el IMC como covariables. Los resultados mostraron que una mayor RC en chicos se asoció con un mejor razonamiento lingüístico (p=.001) y un menor comportamiento hiperactivo-desatento en el aula (p=.009). Las chicas con un alto nivel de RC tenían un mayor razonamiento lingüístico que sus iguales con bajo nivel de RC (p=.019). Se concluye que, un mayor nivel de RC se asocia con un menor comportamiento hiperactivo-impulsivo en chicos TDAH y mayor rendimiento académico en ambos sexos, independientemente del IMC y edad de los escolares. Palabras clave: aprendizaje, funciones ejecutivas, condición física, hiperactividad, estudiantes Abstract. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Cardiorespiratory Resistance (CR) has become increasingly relevant in the educational context, as it has been found that an adequate level of CR is related to a greater capacity for concentration, memory and learning in general. This study aims to analyse the association of CR level of schoolchildren diagnosed with ADHD with variables related to behaviour in the educational setting. The sample consisted of a total of 94 students diagnosed with ADHD (44 boys, 47% and 50 girls, 53%) aged 6 to 12 years (9.48 ± 2.10 years). The Course Navette test was used to measure CR. Mathematical calculation and linguistic reasoning were assessed with an ad hoc test, concentration was measured with the d2 test and hyperactive-impulsive behaviour in the educational context with the EDAH test. For data analysis, multiple linear regression and ANCOVA were performed, both using age and BMI as covariates. Results showed that higher CR in boys was associated with better linguistic reasoning (p=.001) and less hyperactive-attentive behaviour in the classroom (p=.009). Girls with a high CR level had better linguistic reasoning than their peers with a low CR level (p=.019). It is concluded that, a higher level of CR is associated with lower hyperactive-impulsive behaviour in ADHD boys and higher academic performance in both sexes, independently of BMI and age of the schoolchildren. Keywords: learning, executive functions, physical fitness, hyperactivity, students

A la hora de estudiar una obra de arquitectura es importante tener en cuenta todos los aspectos que rodean a su encargo, proyecto y construcción. Cuando, además, tanto los arquitectos como el cliente son, como en este caso, figuras importantes del panorama cultural de la época, este análisis cobra mayor importancia. A través de la documentación original del proyecto y de la abundante correspondencia conservada en los archivos, este artículo pretende estudiar, no solo el desarrollo del proyecto sino, sobre todo, la relación entre arquitectos y cliente surgida alrededor de la casa que José Antonio Corrales y Ramón Vázquez Molezún diseñaron en Palma de Mallorca para el escritor Camilo José Cela.

La historiografía del diseño del siglo XX ha considerado tradicionalmente al Movimiento Moderno como un fenómeno compacto y sin desviaciones. La visceral reacción contra este movimiento a partir de la década de 1960 surge, en parte, como oposición a esta versión monolítica de la modernidad. Sin embargo, el análisis de ejemplos concretos permite, por una parte, vislumbrar grietas en esa visión uniformizadora y, por otra, encontrar hilos de relación entre el diseño posterior a la modernidad y algunas propuestas, enmarcadas históricamente en esta, pero que se alejan del canon. Es el caso de la diseñadora irlandesa Eileen Gray. En sus obras y escritos se pueden encontrar planteamientos que anticipaban no solo las deficiencias del diseño moderno sino, fundamentalmente, sus soluciones. La consideración del diseño no como una imposición sino como una “suma de posibles” que considera las necesidades, la comodidad y algo intangible pero imprescindible como la felicidad del usuario relaciona a Gray con propuestas tan aparentemente alejadas de su entorno como las del Diseño Radical italiano. Este artículo pretende mostrar algunas de esas relaciones y poner en valor la figura de Eileen Gray como pionera en el mundo del diseño del siglo XX.

This work studied the potential of a combination of pungent spices (capsicum, black pepper, ginger, and cinnamaldehyde) to be used as a supplement in diets of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata; 44.1 ± 4.2 g). During 90 days, fish were fed three experimental diets with low inclusion of fish oil and containing poultry fat as the main source of lipids, supplemented with graded levels of the tested supplement: 0 (control), 0.1 (SPICY0.1%), and 0.15% (SPICY0.15%). As a result, the pungent spices enhanced the growth performance, the activity of the bile-salt-activated lipase in the intestine, and decreased fat deposit levels within enterocytes. The SPICY0.1% diet reduced the feed conversion ratio and the perivisceral fat index and lipid deposits in the liver. Moreover, the ratio of docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid in fillet increased in fish fed the SPICY0.1% diet, while the hepatic levels of docosahexaenoic acid and total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increased in fish fed the SPICY0.15% diet. Furthermore, there was an effect on the expression of some biomarkers related to lipid metabolism in 2-h postprandial fish (fasn, elovl6, scd1b, cyp7a1, lpl, and pparβ), and in 48 h fasted-fish fed with the SPICY0.1% diet, a regulation of the intestinal immune response was indicated. However, no significant differences were found in lipid apparent digestibility and proximate macronutrient composition. The spices did not affect biomarkers of hepatic or oxidative stress. No differences in microbial diversity were found, except for an increase in Simpson’s Index in the posterior intestine of fish fed the SPICY0.1% diet, reflected in the increased relative abundance of the phylum Chloroflexi and lower relative abundances of the genera Campylobacter, Corynebacterium, and Peptoniphilus. In conclusion, the supplementation of gilthead seabream diets with pungent spices at an inclusion of 0.1% was beneficial to enhance growth performance and feed utilization; reduce fat accumulation in the visceral cavity, liver, and intestine; and improve the fish health status and condition. Results suggest that the tested supplement can be used as part of a nutritional strategy to promote a more judicious use of fish oil in fish diets due to its decreasing availability and rising costs.

The present study explores the effects of two supplementation levels of Debaryomyces hansenii (1.1% and 2.2%) as a probiotic in a reference low fish meal-based diet on the skin mucosal tissue in Sparus aurata. This study includes the evaluation of fish performance coupled with a holistic study of the skin mucosa: i) a transcriptomic study of the skin tissue, and ii) the evaluation of its secreted mucus both in terms of skin mucosal-associated biomarkers and its defensive capacity by means of co-culture analysis with two pathogenic bacteria. Results showed that after 70 days of diet administration, fish fed the diet supplemented with D. hansenii at 1.1% presented increased somatic growth and a better feed conversion ratio, compared to fish fed the control diet. In contrast, fish fed the diet including 2.2% of the probiotic presented intermediate values. Regarding gene regulation, the probiotic administration at 1.1% resulted in 712 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which 53.4% and 46.6% were up- and down-regulated, respectively. In particular, D. hansenii modulated some skin biological processes related to immunity and metabolism. Specifically, D. hansenii administration induced a strong modulation of some immune biological-related processes (61 DEGs), mainly involved in B- and T-cell regulatory pathways. Furthermore, dietary D. hansenii promoted the skin barrier function by the upregulation of anchoring junction genes (23 DEGs), which reinforces the physical defense against potential skin damage. In contrast, the skin showed modulated genes related to extracellular exosome and membrane organization (50 DEGs). This modulated functioning is of great interest, particularly in relation to the increased skin mucus defensive capacity observed in the bacterial co-culture in vitro trials, which could be related to the increased modulation and exudation of the innate immune components from the skin cells into the mucus. In summary, the modulation of innate immune parameters coupled with increased skin barrier function and cell trafficking potentiates the skin’s physical barrier and mucus defensive capacity, while maintaining the skin mucosa’s homeostatic immune and metabolic status. These findings confirmed the advantages of D. hansenii supplementation in low fish meal-based diets, demonstrating the probiotic benefits on cultured marine species.

The aim of this paper was to analyze the acute and chronic effects of physical activity (PA) on cognition, behavior, and motor skill in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), taking into account potential confounders. In addition, it was intended to elaborate a guide of educational applications with strategies for PA use. Studies were identified in four databases from January 2010 to June 2023. A total of 19 interventional studies met the inclusion criteria. PA programs ranged from two weeks to one year in duration, with a frequency of one to five sessions per week. More than 58% of the studies showed positive effects of PA on cognition, and 45.5% on behavior and motor skill. Moderate–vigorous PA for 15–30 min has shown acute effects on cognition, general behavior, and stereotypic/repetitive behaviors in youth with ASD. A total of 9 out of 14 studies showed chronic effects on general behavior and stereotypic behaviors, and only 6 on motor skills.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la participación de los conventos femeninos franciscanos en algunos aspectos de la economía de las ciudades en las que fueron erigidos. Nos centramos en las dos principales ciudades del reino de Sevilla, la capital del mismo y Jerez de La Frontera, para el periodo comprendido entre 1410 y 1520. La documentación sobre la que se basa este estudio procede de las colecciones diplomáticas de los conventos y de los fondos de protocolos notariales de ambas ciudades. De esta forma podremos demostrar la capacidad de las monjas para gestionar su patrimonio y evidenciar los vínculos de muy variada naturaleza que fueron capaces de tejer con sus conciudadanos.

Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo analizar los estudios de intervención educativa sobre los efectos de la integración de la actividad física en el aula y sus efectos físicos, rendimiento cognitivo y académico en escolares de entre cuatro y ocho años. Se recuperaron 17 estudios de intervención realizados entre diciembre de 2010 y diciembre de 2022 en cuatro bases de datos. Todos los artículos mostraron que la integración de la actividad física en las clases académicas es beneficiosa para mejorar el rendimiento físico, cognitivo y académico, pero estos efectos variaron según el tipo, la duración y la intensidad de la actividad física empleada. Se discuten las implicaciones de incluir la IPA (Actividad Física Integrada) en las lecciones escolares, en base a las teorías del “aprendizaje corpóreo” y la “teoría de la carga cognitiva”, entre otras, y se ofrece una guía práctica con recomendaciones para la implementación de programas de lecciones activas en el contexto escolar. Finalmente, se sugiere seguir indagando en la temática y analizando los efectos de este tipo de metodología sobre algunas variables específicas, como las funciones ejecutivas o la motivación por las clases escolares. Palabras clave: actividad física integrada, rendimiento cognitivo, rendimiento académico, educación física, clases activas. Abstract. This systematic review aimed to analyze educational intervention studies on the effects of integrating physical activity in the classroom and its effects on physical, cognitive, and academic performance in schoolchildren aged four to eight years. Seventeen intervention studies conducted between December 2010 and December 2022 were retrieved from four databases. All articles showed that integrating physical activity into academic classes is beneficial in improving physical, cognitive, and academic performance, but these effects varied according to the type, duration, and intensity of physical activity employed. The implications of including IPA (Integrated Physical Activity) in school lessons are discussed, based on the theories of "embodied learning" and "cognitive load theory", among others, and a practical guide with recommendations for the implementation of active lesson programs in the school context is offered. Finally, it is suggested to continue investigating the subject and analyzing the effects of this type of methodology on some specific variables, such as executive functions or motivation for school classes. Key words: integrated physical activity, cognitive and academic performance, physical education, active lessons.

Resumen Durante las décadas de 1950 y 1960, los intereses inmobiliarios y la falta de regulaciones de protección condujeron a la demolición de una gran parte de la obra de Adler y Sullivan, los arquitectos que habían dado forma a la ciudad de Chicago. El fotógrafo Richard Nickel convirtió su trabajo de documentación fotográfica de los edificios en riesgo de demolición en la forma de concienciar a la sociedad norteamericana de la necesidad de conservar este patrimonio arquitectónico en riesgo. Este trabajo pretende analizar la obra de Nickel desde dos puntos de vista: por una parte, su importancia en el desarrollo de una conciencia social respecto al valor del patrimonio en la ciudad. Por otra, la relación de su trabajo con dos experiencias similares: el reportaje fotográfico de la ciudad de Nueva York desarrollado por Berenice Abbott unos años antes, Changing New York, y la radical propuesta artística de Gordon Matta-Clark que utilizaba la ruina arquitectónica como elemento de crítica política y social. Abstract During the 1950s and 1960s, Real Estate interests and the lack of regulations led to the demolition of many of Adler and Sullivan’s buildings, the architects who shaped the city of Chicago. The photographer Richard Nickel turned his work of photographic documentation of these buildings into a way of raising awareness in North American society about preservation of architectural heritage at risk. This work aims to analyze Nickel's work from two points of view: on the one hand, its importance in the development of a social conscience regarding the value of heritage in the city. On the other, the relationship of his work with two similar experiences: the photographic report of the city of New York developed by Berenice Abbott a few years earlier, Changing New York, and the radical artistic proposal of Gordon Matta-Clark that used the architectural ruin as an element of political and social criticism.

Given their role in lipid digestion, feed supplementation with bile salts could be an economic and sustainable solution to alterations in adiposity and intestinal inflammation generated by some strategies currently used in aquaculture. An important part of the metabolism of bile salts takes place in the intestine, where the microbiota transforms them into more toxic forms. Consequently, we aimed to evaluate the gut immune response and microbial populations in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed a diet supplemented with a blend of bile salts with proven background as a regulator of lipid metabolism and fat content. After the 90-day feeding trial, a differential modulation of the microbiota between the anterior and posterior intestine was observed. While in the anterior intestine the relative abundance of Desulfobacterota doubled, in the posterior intestine, the levels of Firmicutes increased and Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, and Campylobacterota were reduced when supplementing the diet with bile salts. Even so, only in the anterior intestine, there was a decrease in estimated richness (Chao1 and ACE indices) in presence of dietary bile salts. No significant differences were displayed in alpha (Shannon and Simpson indices) nor beta-diversity, showing that bile sales did not have a great impact on the intestinal microbiota. Regarding the gene expression profile in 2 h postprandial-fish, several changes were observed in the analyzed biomarkers of epithelial integrity, nutrient transport, mucus production, interleukins, cell markers, immunoglobulin production and pathogen recognition receptors. These results may indicate the development of an intestinal immune-protective status to tackle future threats. This work also suggests that this immune response is not only regulated by the presence of the dietary bile salts in the intestine, but also by the microbial populations that are in turn modulated by bile salts. After a fasting period of 2 days, the overall gene expression profile was stabilized with respect to fish fed the unsupplemented diet, indicating that the effect of bile salts was transient after short periods of fasting. On the balance, bile salts can be used as a dietary supplement to enhance S. aurata farming and production without compromising their intestinal health.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la asociación de una baja condición física (CF) con el exceso de peso en adolescentes. La muestra estaba formada por 1050 adolescentes (496 chicos y 554 chicas) de 12 Centros de Educación Secundaria, de entre 12 y 15 años. Las capacidades físicas de los participantes fueron medidas mediante tests de la batería Alpha-Fitness. Como análisis estadístico se llevó a cabo regresión logística binaria y ANCOVA. Los resultados mostraron que los adolescentes con bajos niveles de resistencia cardiovascular (A), fuerza de tren inferior (B), resistencia abdominal (C) y velocidad de desplazamiento (D) tenían más riesgo de padecer sobrepeso que aquellos con altos niveles de CF, A) odds ratio (OR)= 3,725 en chicas y OR= 6,367 en chicos, ambos p< ,001; B) OR= 3,102 en chicas y OR= 3,422 en chicos, ambos p< ,001; C) OR= 2,122 en chicos, p< ,001 y D) OR= 0,543, p= ,033 y OR= 0,460, p< ,001 en chicas y chicos respectivamente. Sin embargo, una baja fuerza manual se asoció con menor IMC (todos p< ,020). No se hallaron resultados de asociación significativa entre un bajo nivel de flexibilidad y exceso de peso (p= ,089 y p=,231 para chicas y chicos, respectivamente). Se concluye que un bajo nivel de CF se asocia a una más alta probabilidad y riesgo de padecer exceso de peso en adolescentes. Por tanto, se sugiere incorporar propuestas de actividades transversales para la mejora de la CF en el diseño de las unidades didácticas de Educación Física, así como promoverla durante el periodo extraescolar. Palabras clave: capacidad física, adiposidad, composición corporal, elasticidad, esfuerzo, energía. Abstract. The aim of the present study was to analyze the association of low physical fitness (FC) with excess weight in adolescents. The sample consisted of 1050 adolescents (496 boys and 554 girls) from 12 secondary schools, aged 12 to 15 years. The physical capacities of the participants were measured by means of Alpha-Fitness battery tests. Binary logistic regression and ANCOVA were performed as statistical analysis. The results showed that adolescents with low levels of cardiovascular endurance (A), lower body strength (B), abdominal endurance (C) and travel speed (D) had a higher risk of being overweight than those with high levels of FC, A) odds ratio (OR) = 3,725 in girls and OR= 6,367 in boys, both p< ,001; B) OR= 3,102 in girls and OR= 3,422 in boys, both p< ,001; C) OR= 2,122 in boys, p< ,001 and D) OR= 0,543, p= ,033 and OR= 0,460, p< ,001 in girls and boys respectively. However, low manual strength was associated with lower BMI (all p< ,020). No significant association results were found between a low level of flexibility and overweight (p= ,089 and p= ,231 for girls and boys, respectively). It is concluded that a low level of FC is associated with a higher probability and risk of suffering from excess weight in adolescents. Therefore, it is suggested to incorporate proposals of transversal activities for the improvement of FC in the design of the didactic units of Physical Education, as well as to promote it during the out-of-school period. Key words: physical capacity, adiposity, body composition, elasticity, effort, energy.

Disculpen la osadía de titular este texto con un culto latinajo. En mi descargo diré que es una frase muy conocida, que aparece en uno de los diez libros de Vitruvio —el tercero en concreto—, donde, al describir los tipos de templos griegos, el tratadista romano trataba de explicar el sistema de correcciones ópticas que los helenos aplicaban a la construcción de las columnas. Y afirmaba "Lo que se percibe erróneamente (lo que el ojo engaña) debe solventarse por medio del razonamiento".

One of the consequences of the 475 °C embrittlement of duplex stainless steels is the reduction of the resistance to localized corrosion. Therefore, the detection of this type of embrittlement before the material exhibits significant loss in toughness, and corrosion resistance is important to ensure the structural integrity of critical components under corrosion threats. In this research, conductivity measurements are performed using the alternating current potential drop (ACPD) technique with using a portable four-point probe as a nondestructive evaluation (NDE) method for detecting the embrittlement in a 2507 (UNS S32750) super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) aged at 475 °C from as-received condition to 300 h. The electric conductivity results were compared against two electrochemical tests namely double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (DL-EPR) and critical pitting temperature (CPT). Mechanical tests and the microstructure characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging are conducted to track the progress of embrittlement. It is shown that the electric conductivity correlates with the changes in impact energy, microhardness, and CPT corrosion tests result demonstrating the feasibility of the four-point probe as a possible field-deployable method for evaluating the 475 °C embrittlement of 2507 SDSS.

Historically, the dissemination of topics relating to architecture in the daily press has needed a visual component to help a non-specialist public understand the m. Although this contribution was mostly based on photographic images, occasionally manual graphic representation devices were used. Selecting some representative examples published in ABC newspaper at different points during the period in which Spanish architecture strived towards “modernity”, this historical analysis focuses on the use of graphic resources in the treatment of architectural topics in the press, and also shows how these resources aided its dissemination and progressive acceptance in Spanish society.

A potentiometric electronic tongue (ET) for the analysis of well and ditch irrigation water samples is herein proposed. The sensors’ array is composed of six ion-selective electrodes based on plasticized polymeric membranes with low selectivity profiles, i.e., the membranes do not contain any selective receptor. The sensors differ between them in the type of ion-exchanger (sensors for cations or anions) and the plasticizer used in the membrane composition, while the polymeric matrix and the preparation protocol were maintained. The potentiometric response of each sensor towards the main cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (HCO3−, Cl−, SO42−, NO3−) expected in irrigation water samples was characterized, revealing a fast response time (2+, Na+, and Cl− concentrations and acceptable results for the rest of ions. Overall, the ET is a promising analytical tool for irrigation water quality, exceeding traditional characterization approaches (conductivity, salinity, pH, cations, anions, etc.) in terms of overhead costs, versatility, simplicity, and total time for data provision.

Resumen: Introducción: La lectura es una herramienta que estimula la actividad cerebral, aumentando su reserva cognitiva y proporcionando innumerables beneficios como el estímulo de la empatía, la concentración o el desarrollo del lenguaje. Su promoción desde etapas muy tempranas ayuda al correcto aprendizaje de la misma. Sin embargo, las desigualdades sociales hacen que en entornos de bajo nivel socioeconómico, social o cultural esta práctica se realice en menor medida. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el resultado de una intervención de promoción de la lectura en una zona de exclusión social desde las consultas de atención primaria, informando a los padres, proporcionando libros a las familias e incluyendo estos en sus preferencias de juego. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de intervención no aleatorizado en el que participaron niños nacidos en el 2015 adscritos a un centro de salud. Se realizó una intervención de promoción de la lectura a los 4, 6, 12 y 18 meses de edad y se evaluó a los 24 meses el posicionamiento de la lectura entre sus preferencias de ocio. Resultados: Se incluyeron 342 niños, 154 en el grupo intervención y 188 en el control. Se encontró un mejor posicionamiento de la lectura con respecto a otras alternativas de ocio en el grupo intervención con respecto al control (18,8% de posicionamiento en último lugar vs. 33,9%; p = 0,003). En el análisis multivariante, las variables que influyeron en el posicionamiento de la lectura fueron no haber recibido la intervención, odds ratio (OR): 2,06 (1,19-3,58) y etnia gitana, OR: 2,37 (1,38-4,09). Conclusiones: Los resultados revelan una discreta mejoría en la preferencia de la lectura como actividad a la que se dedican los niños del programa. Abstract: Introduction: Reading is a tool that stimulates brain activity, increasing its cognitive reserve and providing innumerable benefits such as the stimulation of empathy, concentration or language development. Promoting reading at a very early age helps develop reading skills correctly. However, social inequalities can result in this practice being carried out less in groups of low socioeconomic, social or cultural levels. The purpose of this study was to assess the outcomes of a promoting reading habits intervention in a primary health care center located in a social transformation district by talking to the parents, providing books to families and encouraging books to become a part of children's play preferences. Materials and methods: A non-random intervention study in which children born in 2015 and registered in a particular health center took part. A reading promotion intervention was carried out at the ages of 4, 6, 12 and 18 months and at 24 months their preference for reading activities was assessed in relation to other leisure activities. Results: Three hundred forty-two subjects were included, 154 allocated in the intervention group and 188 in the control group. The children in the intervention group exhibited a greater preference for reading as a leisure activity as compared to those in the control group (reading ranked in last position of favourite activities in 18.8 vs. 33.9%; p=0.003). The variables found on multivariate analysis to have a greater influence on reading position in the ranking of favorite activities were not having participated in the intervention OR: 2.06 (1.19-3.58) and gipsy ethnicity, OR: 2.37 (1.38-4.09). Conclusions: Results reveal a slight improvement in the preference for reading as an activity in the children that took part in the literacy program.

Introduction: Reading is a tool that stimulates brain activity, increasing its cognitive reserve and providing innumerable benefits such as the stimulation of empathy, concentration or language development. Promoting reading at a very early age helps develop reading skills correctly. However, social inequalities can result in this practice being carried out less in groups of low socioeconomic, social or cultural levels. The purpose of this study was to assess the outcomes of a promoting reading habits intervention in a primary health care centre located in a social transformation district by talking to the parents, providing books to families and encouraging books to become a part of children's play preferences. Materials and methods: A non-random intervention study in which children born in 2015 and registered in a particular health centre took part. A reading promotion intervention was carried out at the ages of 4, 6, 12 and 18 months and at 24 months their preference for reading activities was assessed in relation to other leisure activities. Results: Three hundred forty-two subjects were included, 154 allocated in the intervention group and 188 in the control group. The children in the intervention group exhibited a greater preference for reading as a leisure activity as compared to those in the control group (reading ranked in last position of favourite activities in 18.8 vs. 33.9%; P = .003). The variables found on multivariate analysis to have a greater influence on reading position in the ranking of favourite activities were not having participated in the intervention OR: 2.06 (1.19–3.58) and gipsy ethnicity, OR: 2.37 (1.38–4.09). Conclusions: Results reveal a slight improvement in the preference for reading as an activity in the children that took part in the literacy programme. Resumen: Introducción: La lectura es una herramienta que estimula la actividad cerebral, aumentando su reserva cognitiva y proporcionando innumerables beneficios como el estímulo de la empatía, la concentración o el desarrollo del lenguaje. Su promoción desde etapas muy tempranas ayuda al correcto aprendizaje de la misma. Sin embargo, las desigualdades sociales hacen que en entornos de bajo nivel socioeconómico, social o cultural esta práctica se realice en menor medida. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el resultado de una intervención de promoción de la lectura en una zona de exclusión social desde las consultas de atención primaria, informando a los padres, proporcionando libros a las familias e incluyendo estos en sus preferencias de juego. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de intervención no aleatorizado en el que participaron niños nacidos en el 2015 adscritos a un centro de salud. Se realizó una intervención de promoción de la lectura a los 4, 6, 12 y 18 meses de edad y se evaluó a los 24 meses el posicionamiento de la lectura entre sus preferencias de ocio. Resultados: Se incluyeron 342 niños, 154 en el grupo intervención y 188 en el control. Se encontró un mejor posicionamiento de la lectura con respecto a otras alternativas de ocio en el grupo intervención con respecto al control (18,8% de posicionamiento en último lugar vs. 33,9%; p = 0,003). En el análisis multivariante, las variables que influyeron en el posicionamiento de la lectura fueron no haber recibido la intervención, odds ratio (OR): 2,06 (1,19-3,58) y etnia gitana, OR: 2,37 (1,38-4,09). Conclusiones: Los resultados revelan una discreta mejoría en la preferencia de la lectura como actividad a la que se dedican los niños del programa.

Recent studies and reviews have shown the positive effects of exergames (EXs) on physical activity (PA) and fitness in children and adolescents. Nevertheless, their effects on cognition have been scarcely explored, and no previous review has focussed on this relationship. The purpose of the research reported on here was to analyse the acute and chronic effects of the use of different EXs on the cognition of young people aged 6 to 18 years, to review potential confounders, and to elaborate a practical guide to using EXs in schools or extracurricular contexts. Studies were identified from 4 databases (Pubmed, SportDiscus, ProQuest and Web of Science) from January 2008 through January 2018. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. All the studies showed a positive effect of EXs on cognition. The review showed an acute improvement effect on executive functions (EFs) (visual attention, mental processing, working memory, response inhibition, and motor planning) and chronic benefits on mathematical calculation, self-concept, classroom behaviour, and on parental and interpersonal relationships. Only 5 studies used confounders. EXs are an effective and motivating tool to improve cognition in young people aged 6 to 18 years. Didactic recommendations to use EXs in school or extracurricular contexts are provided in this article.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de un programa de 10 semanas de entrenamiento cooperativo de intervalos de alta intensidad (C-HIIT) sobre el control inhibitorio y la conducta en el aula, de escolares diagnosticados Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH). La muestra estuvo formada por 52 escolares diagnosticados TDAH, 24 No C-HIIT (grupo control, no recibió intervención) y 28 C-HIIT (grupo experimental, que realizaró C-HIIT 16 min/sesión, dos sesiones/semana, durante 10 semanas) monitoreando la intensidad con Seego Realtracksystems®. El control inhibitorio (inhibición e intereferencia) se midió mediante la versión en español del Stroop Color and Word Test, y el comportamiento en el aula (hiperactivo-impulsivo, desatento, trastorno de conducta y TDAH) mediante la escala EDAH para profesores. Se utilizó un ANOVA dos grupos (No C-HIIT vs C-HIIT) × dos tiempos (pre-test vs. post-test) para analizar los resultados. Tras el programa de intervención, el grupo C-HIIT mejoró significativamente el control inhibitorio (interferencia; p = .002; 11%, inhibición; p = .041; 8%) y algunas variables del comportamiento en el aula (comportamiento hiperactivo-impulsivo; p < .001; 25%, trastorno de conducta, p < .001; 16% y comportamiento TDAH, p = .016; 13%) frente al grupo No C- HIIT. Se concluye que participar en un programa de al menos 10 semanas (dos sesiones semanales de 16 min de C-HIIT) mejora el control inhibitorio y la conducta en la escuela. Se sugiere promover programas educativos que incluyan C-HIIT con una aplicación de sistema de puntuación (ClassDojo®) para motivar al alumnado a participar activamente. Abstract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 10-week program of cooperative high-intensity interval training (C-HIIT) on inhibitory control and classroom behavior in schoolchildren diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The sample consisted of 52 schoolchildren diagnosed with ADHD, 24 Non C-HIIT (control group, did not receive intervention) and 28 C-HIIT (experimental group, which performed C-HIIT 16 min/session, two sessions/week, for 10 weeks) monitoring the intensity with Seego Realtracksystems®. Inhibitory control (inhibition and intereference) was measured using the Spanish version of the Stroop Color and Word Test, and classroom behavior (hyperactive-impulsive, inattentive, conduct disorder and ADHD) using the EDAH scale for teachers. A two-group (Non C-HIIT vs C-HIIT) × two time (pre-test vs post-test) ANOVA was used to analyze the results. After the intervention program, the C-HIIT group significantly improved inhibitory control (interference; p = .002; 11%, inhibition; p = .041; eight percent) and some classroom behavioral variables (hyperactive-impulsive behavior; p < .001; 25%, conduct disorder, p < .001; 16% and ADHD behavior, p = .016; 13%) vs. the Non C- HIIT group. It is concluded that participating in a program of at least 10 weeks (two weekly sessions of 16 min of C-HIIT) improves inhibitory control and behavior at school. It is suggested to promote educational programs that include C-HIIT with an application of a scoring system (ClassDojo®) to motivate students to actively participate.

This review analyses educational intervention studies that have researched the effects of physical activity in school on schoolchildren’s cognition. Twenty-nine intervention studies carried out between January 2005 and the end of June 2019 were retrieved from five databases. Fourteen papers analysed the physically activity in academic lessons (PAAL) method, nine analysed the effects of active lesson breaks (ALB), two analysed active recess (AR) intervention, and three analysed combined physical activity (CPA) interventions consisting of two or more types of physical activity. Physical activity in school time has acute and chronic positive effects on cognition in children. In all the interventions (PAAL, ALB, AR, and CPA) short-term high-intensity physical activity sessions improved cognitive performance. Medium- to long-term moderate vigorous physical activity sessions also produced improvements in cognitive performance. The implications of including CPA programmes in the school timetable are discussed and practical guidelines with recommendations are offered.

In this study, we evaluated the replacement of dietary protein sources like fishmeal (FM) and plant proteins (PP) by Brewer’s spent dry yeast (SDY) on the transcriptomic response (RNA-seq, NextSeq500 platform Illumina) in the liver, anterior-mid intestine, and head kidney in juveniles of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). The inclusion of SDY at 30% in the experimental diet (40% crude protein, 16% crude lipid) resulted in a reduction in FM (10%) and PP (31.4%) contents. Using RNA-seq, a total of 19.4 million raw reads per library were obtained, from whose 99.8% of the sequenced data were retained. The alignment efficiency of uniquely mapped reads was 90.3, 89.5, and 89.8% for head kidney, liver, and anterior-mid intestine, respectively. In total, 218 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among all tissues, out of which, 141 were up- and 77 down-regluated. The enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed that SDY had a modulatory effect on several processes related to host’s immunity, oxygen’s carrier capacity, steroidogenesis, metabolism, and digestion. It is of special relevance the immunomodulatory effects of the tested ingredient as data from RNA-seq showed from the three target tissues analyzed. These results indicated that this ingredient in addition to being considered as a sustainable raw material for replacing conventional protein sources in aquafeeds may also be considered as a functional ingredient due to its content in β-glucans. The overall results of this study coupled with previous nutritional studies on this ingredient indicated the suitability of brewery’s by-products like SDY in aquafeeds for carnivorous species like gilthead seabream, as well as supporting a circular bioeconomy model that reuses, recovers, and recycles resources instead of producing wastes.

The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of an integrated active lessons programme based on playful math games, of 10 weeks’ duration (30 min/day × 2 days/week), on self-concept, self-esteem and social skills in preschool children. One hundred and ninety-four preschool children (53.6% girls) aged 53.36 ± 11.82 months were split into a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG). The EG improved significantly in self-concept compared to the CG in boys and girls (6.8% and 7.1%, respectively). Personal and academic self-esteem levels increased significantly (8.1% and 5.5%, respectively, only in girls). Although the EG obtained significant improvements in social self-esteem and social skills compared to the beginning of the study, these results were not found in comparison with the CG. The introduction of active lessons based on playful maths games within the classroom is recommended as support for the improvement in self-concept, self-esteem and social skills in early childhood education.

Actually, the quality of water is one of the most important indicators of the human environmental impact, the control of which is crucial to avoiding irreversible damage in the future. Nowadays, in parallel to the growth of the chemical industry, new chemical compounds have been developed, such as dyes and medicines. The increasing use of these products has led to the appearance of recalcitrant pollutants in industrial wastewater, and even in the drinking water circuit of our populations. The current work presents a photoreactor prototype that allows the performance of experiments for the decomposition of coloured pollutants using photocatalysis at the laboratory scale. The design of this device included the study of the photometric technique for light emission and the development of a software that allows monitoring the dye degradation process. Open-source hardware platforms, such as Arduino, were used for the monitoring system, which have the advantages of being low-cost platforms. A software application that manages the communication of the reactor with the computer and graphically displays the data read by the sensor was also developed. The results obtained demonstrated that this device can accelerate the photodegradation reaction in addition to monitoring the changes throughout the process.

El objetivo de este texto es delinear un modelo de análisis de comunicación política populista a partir de los elementos de un proceso mixto de polarización política. Para desarrollarlo, primero se define qué debemos entender por polarización política, enseguida se describe su relación con los medios digitales de comunicación y, finalmente, se expone el estilo de comunicación política populista como factor que completa ese proceso mixto de polarización; lo anterior llevará a concluir que la polarización es inversamente proporcional a la estabilidad democrática y que el modelo de análisis nos permitiría identificar sus riesgos potenciales.

El apoyo parental que los hijos perciben en sus progenitores se ha relacionado con la frecuencia e intensidad de práctica de actividad física de niños y adolescentes. Recientemente, los modelos socio-ecológicos sostienen que estas influencias familiares pueden incidir de forma tanto directa como indirecta, por medio de factores intrapersonales, en este comportamiento saludable. En este estudio un total de 570 estudiantes (52.63% chicas) de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, con un promedio de 13.96 años (DT= 1.36), aportaron información del apoyo instrumental, modelado y restricción al comportamiento sedentario atribuido a madres y padres, la autoeficacia y obstáculos percibidos para la práctica de actividad física, así como de la frecuencia semanal con la que realizaban actividad física a una intensidad que oscilaba entre moderada y vigorosa. Los resultados mostraron que el apoyo parental atribuido en sus distintas formas mantuvo relaciones positivas con la actividad física autoinformada. Adicionalmente, la autoeficacia actuó como una variable mediadora en la relación entre apoyo percibido y práctica de actividad física, mientras que las barreras que dificultan su realización no. Estos hallazgos apuntan la necesidad de considerar diferentes mediadores de naturaleza personal a la hora de conocer cómo la percepción de ciertas actuaciones parentales condiciona la práctica de actividad física, tanto dentro como fuera del contexto escolar, de los adolescentes.

This research investigates the feasibility of using the thermoelectric power to monitor the thermal embrittlement in 2507 super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) exposed to a temperature between 280 °C and 500 °C. It is well known that the precipitation of Cr-rich α′ phase as a result of the spinodal decomposition is the major cause of the embrittlement and the loss of corrosion resistance in this material. The specimens are thermally aged at 475 °C for different holding times. A series of mechanical testing including the tensile test, Vickers microhardness measurement, and Charpy impact test are conducted to determine the property changes with holding time due to the embrittlement. The mechanical strengths and ferrite hardness exhibit very similar trends. Scanning electron microscopy images of impact-fractured surfaces reveal a ductile to brittle transition in the fracture mode as direct evidence of the embrittlement. It is shown that the thermoelectric power is highly sensitive to the thermal embrittlement and has an excellent linear correlation with the ferrite hardness. This paper, therefore, demonstrates that the thermoelectric power is an excellent nondestructive evaluation technique for detecting and evaluating the 475 °C embrittlement of field 2507 SDSS structures. Keywords: Thermoelectric power, Super duplex stainless steel, 475 °C embrittlement, Nondestructive evaluation

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar a corto y medio plazo la efectividad de una intervención de promoción de la salud bucodental impulsada desde Atención Primaria. Diseño: Ensayo comunitario de intervención no aleatorizado. Emplazamiento: Tres centros educativos de características sociodemográficas similares de un barrio empobrecido de Granada. Participantes: Participaron en el estudio 82 alumnos de entre 5 y 6 años del colegio intervención (CI) y 109 de los colegios control (CC), así como los profesores y padres/madres de los alumnos del CI. Intervención: Actividades escolares de promoción de la salud bucodental dirigidas a los alumnos, y reuniones periódicas con los profesores y padres/madres del CI durante 2 cursos consecutivos. Mediciones principales: Conocimientos sobre salud bucodental y hábitos higiénico-dietéticos de los alumnos, valorados mediante cuestionarios distribuidos antes de la intervención y transcurridos 6 y 18 meses. Resultados: Transcurridos 18 meses, los conocimientos adquiridos fueron significativamente superiores en el CI (OR 3,54; IC 95% 1,46-8,58) en comparación con los CC. El consumo de alimentos saludables aumentó significativamente en el desayuno (OR 2,95; IC 95% 1,26-6,89) y la merienda (OR 3,67; IC 95% 1,49-9,05) y disminuyó el consumo de bollería (OR 4,05; IC 95% 1,68-9,81) y refrescos azucarados (OR 3,79; IC 95% 1,57-9,12) respecto a los CC. No se observaron mejoras en relación con la higiene bucodental en el CI. Conclusiones: Las intervenciones escolares de educación sanitaria, desarrolladas de forma intersectorial, participativa y considerando los contextos socioeconómicos particulares, resultan eficaces en la mejora del conocimiento y los hábitos dietéticos de los alumnos. Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the short and medium term effectiveness of a Primary Care-driven oral health promotion intervention. Design: A non-randomised community intervention trial. Setting: Three socio-demographically similar primary schools of a deprived neighborhood in Granada, Spain. Participants: Eighty-two intervention and 109 control students aged 5 to 6, as well as the teachers and the parent's association of the intervention school (IS) participated in the study. Intervention: School-based health promotion activities aimed at students, and regular meetings with the teachers and parents of the IS during 2 consecutive years. Main measurements: Students’ oral health-related knowledge and behavior, assessed via questionnaires distributed before the intervention, and 6 and 18 months afterwards. Results: Compared to the control groups at 18 months, students belonging to the IS reported enhanced oral health knowledge (OR 3.54; 95% CI 1.46-8.58), and an increased consumption of healthy food at breakfast (OR 2.95; 95% CI 1.26-6.89) and during mid-afternoon snack (OR 3.67; 95% CI 1.49-9.05). A significant decrease was seen in the intake of pastries (OR 4.05; 95% CI 1.68-9.81) and sweetened soft drinks and juices (OR 3.79; 95% CI 1.57-9.12) amongst intervention compared to control students in the medium term (18 months). No significant improvements were observed concerning oral hygiene in the IS. Conclusions: School-based educational interventions, when developed through an intersectoral and participative approach and considering the socio-economic context, appear to be effective in improving students’ diet-related knowledge and behaviors. Palabras clave: Salud bucal, Promoción de la salud, Servicios de salud escolar, Atención Primaria, Keywords: Oral health, Health promotion, School health services, Primary Health Care

Los titubeantes inicios de la arquitectura moderna en España se asocian habitualmente con la labor de algunas figuras muy conocidas: Carlos Arniches y Martín Domínguez, Luis Lacasa o Fernando García Mercadal ayudaron con sus obras a introducir las vanguardias en el país. Es menos conocida su labor de difusión en prensa no especializada. Entendieron que formar a la sociedad española para que se inclinara a aceptar las nuevas ideas en materia arquitectónica era una condición indispensable para lograr que estas propuestas calaran. La herramienta que utilizaron para alcanzar este objetivo fue la prensa escrita no especializada. A través de algunos de los artículos que pusieron a disposición del público generalista en periódicos como El Sol o La Gaceta Literaria, es posible trazar una perspectiva fiel de cómo la sociedad española recibió los primeros planteamientos arquitectónicos auténticamente modernos.

The present paper addresses the development and use of a new potentiometric electronic tongue for both qualitative and quantitative characterization of natural mineral waters. The electronic tongue is particularly related to the conductivity and ion content of/in the water sample. The analytical system is based on six ion-selective electrodes whose membranes are formulated to provide either cationic or anionic response and considering plasticizers with different dielectric constants (bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether or tricresylphosphate), while keeping the polymeric matrix, i.e., poly(vinyl chloride). Notably, the absence of any ionophore in the membrane provides a general response profile, i.e., no selectivity toward any special ion, which is convenient for the realization of an effective electronic tongue. The dynamic response of the tongue toward water samples of different chemical compositions and geographical locations has been obtained. At the optimized experimental conditions, the tongue presents acceptable repeatability and reproducibility (absence of hysteresis). The principal component analysis of the final potential values observed with the six electrodes allows for the differentiation and classification of the samples according to their conductivity, which is somehow related to the mineralization. Moreover, quantitative determination of the six main ions in the water samples (i.e., chloride, nitrate, hydrogen carbonate, sulfate, sodium, calcium, and magnesium) is possible by means of a simple linear calibration (and cross-validation) model.