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Programming and robotics are resources that can be used as a learning tool for understanding content. However, some teachers are unmotivated due to preconceptions about their difficulties, which hinder their learning and subsequent application in the classroom. This study aims to determine the perception of 195 teachers teaching different grade levels and areas of knowledge on the learning of programming, robotics, and their possibilities of applying them in the classroom. The results show no differences according to the educational stage to perceive adequate skills to learn programming and robotics, although, by area, the teachers of STEAM are considered more capable than the rest. Regarding the introduction of these resources in the classroom, there are no differences according to educational stage. As for differences by area, STEAM teachers stand out, followed by generalist teachers at lower levels (kindergarten and basic school), while there is greater reluctance among teachers of non-STEM areas at higher levels (high school and university and others). It is concluded that the initial perception is similar for teachers of different stages, and with differences with respect to the area, having interesting repercussions on the design of courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unspecific peroxygenases have attracted interest in synthetic chemistry, especially for the oxidative activation of C−H bonds, as they only require hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) instead of a cofactor. Due to their instability in even small amounts of H2O2, different strategies like enzyme immobilization or in situ H2O2 production have been developed to improve the stability of these enzymes. While most strategies have been studied separately, a combination of photocatalysis with immobilized enzymes was only recently reported. To show the advantages and limiting factors of immobilized enzyme in a photobiocatalytic reaction, a comparison is made between free and immobilized enzymes. Adjustment of critical parameters such as (i) enzyme and substrate concentration, (ii) illumination wavelength and (iii) light intensity results in significantly increased enzyme stabilities of the immobilized variant. Moreover, under optimized conditions a turnover number of 334,500 was reached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements in plant biotechnology have highlighted the potential of hairy roots as a biotechnological platform, primarily due to their rapid growth and ability to produce specialized metabolites. This study aimed to delve deeper into hairy root development in C. asiatica and explore the optimization of genetic transformation for enhanced bioactive compound production. Previously established hairy root lines of C. asiatica were categorized based on their centelloside production capacity into HIGH, MID, or LOW groups. These lines were then subjected to a meticulous label-free proteomic analysis to identify and quantify proteins. Subsequent multivariate and protein network analyses were conducted to discern proteome differences and commonalities. Additionally, the quantification of rol gene copy numbers was undertaken using qPCR, followed by gene expression measurements. From the proteomic analysis, 213 proteins were identified. Distinct proteome differences, especially between the LOW line and other lines, were observed. Key proteins related to essential processes like photosynthesis and specialized metabolism were identified. Notably, potential biomarkers, such as the Tr-type G domain-containing protein and alcohol dehydrogenase, were found in the HIGH group. The presence of ornithine cyclodeaminase in the hairy roots emerged as a significant biomarker linked with centelloside production capacity lines, indicating successful Rhizobium-mediated genetic transformation. However, qPCR results showed an inconsistency with rol gene expression levels, with the HIGH line displaying notably higher expression, particularly of the rolD gene. The study unveiled the importance of ornithine cyclodeaminase as a traceable biomarker for centelloside production capacity. The strong correlation between this biomarker and the rolD gene emphasizes its potential role in optimizing genetic transformation processes in C. asiatica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hairy root cultures of Centella asiatica–based coupled with exogenous application of methyl-jasmonate and coronatine are suitable bioproduction platforms to overproduce this plant-occurring high-valuable metabolite. These two molecules orchestrate cellular responses in metabolism that have not been yet deeply explored in hairy roots of this plant. The exploration of metabolic changes is crucial since the biotechnological system productivity depends on the knowledge of the biosynthetic machinery of the culture. To understand how methyl-jasmonate and coronatine cause changes in the metabolism of hairy roots of C. asiatica, the metabolic responses to these molecules were monitored through a nuclear magnetic resonance time-series metabolomics approach. The acquired data was analyzed to perform untargeted and targeted metabolomics approaches. Multivariate data analysis statistical models revealed that coronatine caused an early and superior reprogramming effect on the metabolome compared to methyl-jasmonate. We identified 40 compounds from primary and specialized metabolism. The relative production kinetics of these metabolites in the two treatments and their possible links in the metabolic pathways of the plant were discussed. We were able to observe that in coronatine-treated cultures, phenolic specialized pathways were activated 8 d after treatment exposure while the pool of carbohydrates and nitrogen-carrier amino acids were consumed at early stages. This evidenced the clear and high reprogramming effect in the metabolism of C. asiatica hairy roots in response to coronatine. These findings provide important insights on the metabolic alterations caused by methyl-jasmonate and coronatine and on the possibility to redirect the metabolism of hairy root cultures of C. asiatica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]