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Abstract When someone violates a social norm, others may think that some sanction would be appropriate. We examine how the experience of emotions like anger and disgust relate to the judged appropriateness of sanctions, in a pre-registered analysis of data from a large-scale study in 56 societies. Across the world, we find that individuals who experience anger and disgust over a norm violation are more likely to endorse confrontation, ostracism and, to a smaller extent, gossip. Moreover, we find that the experience of anger is consistently the strongest predictor of judgments of confrontation, compared to other emotions. Although the link between state-based emotions and judgments may seem universal, its strength varies across countries. Aligned with theoretical predictions, this link is stronger in societies, and among individuals, that place higher value on individual autonomy. Thus, autonomy values may increase the role that emotions play in guiding judgments of social sanctions.

Using a Monte Carlo method and quarterly data from the 2019 Household Expenditure and Income Survey, we examine the resilience of urban and rural households to various shocks, including exchange rate change, changes in asset prices, job losses, and decline in income. Based on the exposure at default (EAD) estimates, the largest impact was observed in the case of an income shock. The EAD values ranged from 0.38 to 0.43 compared to a baseline case of 0.35. The latter indicates that about one-third of the debt held by households may be problematic, especially in rural areas. The second largest impact is seen for a major currency devaluation, followed by the rise in unemployment. In addition, the breakdown of these results by income shows that households in the lower income quartiles are more vulnerable. Potential implications are discussed.

The Central Asian Kyrgyz highland population provides a unique opportunity to address genetic diversity and understand the genetic mechanisms underlying high-altitude pulmonary hypertension (HAPH). Although a significant fraction of the population is unaffected, there are susceptible individuals who display HAPH in the absence of any lung, cardiac or hematologic disease. We report herein the analysis of the whole-genome sequencing of healthy individuals compared with HAPH patients and other controls (total n = 33). Genome scans reveal selection signals in various regions, encompassing multiple genes from the first whole-genome sequences focusing on HAPH. We show here evidence of three candidate genes MTMR4, TMOD3 and VCAM1 that are functionally associated with well-known molecular and pathophysiological processes and which likely lead to HAPH in this population. These processes are (a) dysfunctional BMP signaling, (b) disrupted tissue repair processes and (c) abnormal endothelial cell function. Whole-genome sequence of well-characterized patients and controls and using multiple statistical tools uncovered novel candidate genes that belong to pathways central to the pathogenesis of HAPH. These studies on high-altitude human populations are pertinent to the understanding of sea level diseases involving hypoxia as a main element of their pathophysiology.

In the context of the ongoing financial and economic crisis which had begun in 2014 the main prerequisite for employment in Kazakhstan acts unemployment which is accompanied by various social, economic and psychological problems. Analysis of the current state of labor market in Kazakhstan needs urgent actions in prevention and reducing unemployment, including creation and consolidation of the relevant legal provisions specific employment system which guarantees realization of citizens' rights in the field of labor and employment and meets modern economic realities. The main purpose of the work is a comprehensive study of theoretical and practical issues of employment, as well as formation of a science-based concepts of its legal regulation that can help in creation of the most effective and appropriate for the current situation in the employment system of Kazakhstan. The main conclusions and practical suggestions: the mechanism of legal regulation of employment is revealed; the features of this mechanism are highlighted; the content of state guarantees in this area and measures for their implementation is analyzed; the proposals in improving of legislation on employment are formulated; some options for improving the treatment of the self-employed citizens are offered. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that it was proposed to solve the matter of division of powers of central government authorities and local authorities in order to develop and implement the measures ensuring employment of the population, including measures ensuring employment of citizens at risk of dismissal, as well as the citizens who are in need for social protection; different classifications of legal forms in employment security are investigated. The main theoretical and practical conclusions and recommendations can be used in a rule-making process and enforcement. The materials can be used in further research in this area, in teaching of labor law.

Little is known about people’s preferred responses to norm violations across countries. Here, in a study of 57 countries, the authors highlight cultural similarities and differences in people’s perception of the appropriateness of norm violations.

We consider the modeling multidimensional hyperbolic-parabolic equation in the cylindrical area of Euclidean space and formulate the mixed problem with non-homogeneous boundary conditions for it. We show the unique solvability of the problem for the class of continuously differentiable functions and give a way to construct its explicit classical solution.

We estimate the effect of spending on festivities on various economic outcomes in an IV framework. The estimates show that ceremonial spending causes reduction in food expenditure. Households with higher spending on festivities are more likely to borrow money. Moreover, children are more likely to miss school in such households. One possible explanation for ceremonial expenditure despite its high economic cost is reliance on informal networks. Using the control function approach, we show that ceremonial spending is the means to maintain these networks. Moreover, ceremonial spending reduces the household's income variation. This suggests that these networks may serve the role of informal insurance. We also distinguish between events that are intertemporarily flexible (such as weddings) and intertemporarily inflexible (such as funerals). Intertemporarily inflexible ceremonial spending is less income elastic and thus may present the biggest financial stress to households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study of the problems of conflicts and social deviations in the behavior of minors, it is neces-sary to proceed from the General thesis that the epistemological roots of the study of problems of con-flicts are interdisciplinary in nature, involving an integrated approach to their solution using the scientific achievements of many Sciences: philosophy, logic, sociology, law, pedagogy, psychology, psychiatry, etc. Among the various areas of legal sociology is becoming increasingly important legal (legal) conflic-tology, which studies the legal relations, norms and institutions in terms of their use for the prevention, prevention and resolution of conflicts. This problem for legal science is new for two reasons: first, due to the lack of development of General conflictology as an independent complex socio-psychological dis-cipline; secondly, the dogmatic study of the law without studying the nature of the conflict and social deviations in the behavior of minors does not contribute to a broader understanding of it, including as a tool for dealing with social and psychological conflicts.

In the cylindrical domain of Euclidean space for one class of multidimensional hyperbolic parabolic equations the spectral Dirichlet problem with homogeneous boundary conditions is considered. The solution is sought in the form of an expansion in multidimensional spherical functions. The existence and uniqueness theorems of the solution are proved. Conditions for the unique solvability of the problem are obtained, which essentially depend on the height of the cylinder.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to identify mutations of rpoB, katG, inhA and ahp-genes associated Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) in Kyrgyz Republic. We studied 633 smear samples from the primary pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients. We verified Mycobacterium tuberculosis susceptibility to RIF and INH using culture method of absolute concentrations, and commercially available test named “TB-BIOCHIP” (Biochip-IMB, Moscow, Russian Federation). Results For RIF-resistance, TB-BIOCHIP’s sensitivity and specificity were 88% and 97%, 84% and 95% for INH-resistance, and 90% and 97% for multi-drug resistance (MDR). In RIF-resistant strains, TB-BIOCHIP showed mutations in codons 531 (64.8%), 526 (17.3%), 516 (8.1%), 511 (5.4%), 533 (3.2%), 522 (0.6%) and 513 (0.6%) of rpoB gene. The most prevalent was Ser531 > Leu mutation (63.7%). 91.2% of mutations entailing resistance to INH were in katG gene, 7% in inhA gene, and 1.8% in ahpC gene. Ser315→Thr (88.6%) was the most prevalent mutation leading to resistance to INH. Conclusions In Kyrgyz Republic, the most prevalent mutation in RIF-resistant strains was Ser531 → Leu in rpoB gene, as opposed to Ser315 → Thr in katG gene in INH-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In Kyrgyz Republic, the major reservoir of MDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis were strains with combined mutations Ser531 → Leu in rpoB gene and Ser315 → Thr in katG gene. TB-BIOCHIP has shown moderate sensitivity with the advantage of obtaining results in only two days.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to quantify the association of Val109Asp polymorphism of intelectin 1 (ITLN1) gene with the abdominal obesity (AO) in Kyrgyz population. Methods Patients admitted to annual screening at a local outpatient facility were enrolled or this study. We genotyped 297 nonrelated adults of Kyrgyz ethnicity, of whom 127 were AO patients, including 46 men and 81 women with the mean age 53.2 ± 7.1 years, and 170 non-obese controls, including 61 men and 109 women with the mean age 52.0 ± 9.0 years. AO was defined as having waist circumferences ≥ 102 cm in men and ≥ 88 cm in women. We used PCR-RFLP method to define Val109Asp polymorphism of ITLN1 gene. Results Asp109Asp, Asp109Val and Val109Val genotypes were found in 48%, 40%, and 12% of AO patients respectively, and in 53%, 43%, and 4% of controls, whereas Val109Val homozygous genotype of ITLN1 gene Val109Asp polymorphic marker was significantly more prevalent in AO patients. In Kyrgyz population, Val109Val genotype of ITLN1 gene increased the risk of AO (odds ratio (OR) 3.12, 95% CI 1.23–7.90). Asp109Asp homozygous genotype, on opposite, was not associated with this condition (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.53–1.30). Finally, the allelic variants of Val109Asp polymorphism of ITLN1 gene were not associated with AO. Conclusion Significant increase in the frequency of Val109Val genotype of ITLN1 gene in AO patients may be indicative of some potential role of ITLN1 gene in molding genetic predisposition to AO in the Kyrgyz. This requires further elaboration in the future studies.

It is shown that the Dirichlet problem for a degenerating many-dimensional equation of mixed type in a cylindrical domain is uniquely solvable. A criterion for the uniqueness of a regular solution is also established., UDC 517.956 1. Introduction It is known that the vibration of elastic membranes in the space is described by partial differential equations. If the deflection of a membrane is regarded [...]

Abstract Background The association of genes XRCC1, TP53 and MDM2 with breast cancer (BC) has never been tested in Kyrgyz population. We, therefore, aimed to identify an association of alleles and genotypes of polymorphic markers Arg399Gln of gene XRCC1, Arg72Pro of gene TP53, and T309G of gene MDM2 with the risk of BC in Kyrgyz women. Methods This was a case-control study of 219 women of Kyrgyz origin with morphologically verified BC (N = 117) and 102 controls, age-matched with BC cases. The mean age of subjects in this study was 52.2 ± 10.8 years. We extracted DNA from the venous blood and genotyped polymorphic markers Arg399Gln of gene XRCC1, Arg72Pro of gene TP53 and T309G of gene MDM2 using polymerase chain reaction and the method of restriction fragment polymorphism. Results Allele 399Gln (OR 1.57; 95% CI 1.05–2.35), Arg399Gln of gene XRCC1 heterozygous genotype (OR 2.77; 95% CI 1.60–4.80), the combination of Arg399Gln/Arg72Pro of genes XRCC1/TP53 heterozygous genotype (OR 3.98; 95% CI 1.57–10.09), Arg399Gln/T309G of genes XRCC1/MDM2 (OR 3.0; 95% CI 1.18–7.56), as well as Arg399Gln/Arg72Pro/T309G of genes XRCC1/TP53/MDM2 (OR 6.40; 95% CI 1.18–34.63) were associated with BC in Kyrgyz women. Conclusions This is the first study to identify the inter-loci interaction and to find molecular markers of individual risk of BC in Kyrgyz women.

Aim. To analyze the association of genotype combinations of the polymorphic markers G276T in the ADIPOQ gene, Glu23Lys in the KCNJ11 gene, and IVS3C>T in the TCF7L2 gene with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Kyrgyz population. Subjects and methods. The investigation enrolled 23 Kyrgyz people, of whom there were 114 patients with T2DM and 109 without T2DM (a control group). T2DM was diagnosed in accordance with the WHO criteria (1999). The genotypes of ADIPOQ (G276T), KCNJ11 (Glu23Lys), and TCF7L2 (IVS3C>T) gene polymorphisms were identified using the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Results. When typing at the polymorphic loci G276T in the ADIPOQ gene, Glu23Lys in the KCNJ11 gene, and IVS3C>T in the TCF7L2 gene, the development of T2DM in the Kyrgyz population was associated with the T allele (odds ratio (OR), 1.68; p=0.025), the heterozygous G276T genotype (OR 1,8; p=0.036) in the ADIPOQ gene; the 23Lys allele (OR, 1.62; p=0.019) in the KCNJ11 gene; a two-locus genotype combination in the genes ADIPOQ/KCNJ11: G276T/Glu23Lys (OR, 4.88; p=0.0013), G276G/Lys23Lys (OR, 4.65; p=0.019), G276T/Glu23Glu (OR, 3.10; p=0.022), a two-locus genotype combination in the genes ADIPOQ/TCF7L2: G276T/СС (OR, 1.97; p=0.04); two-locus genotype combinations in the genes KCNJ11/TCF7L2: Lys23Lys/CC (ОR, 2.65; p=0.042), Glu23Lys/CT (OR, 3.88; p=0.027); and a three-locus genotype combination in the genes ADIPOQ/KCNJ11/TCF7L2: G276T/Glu23Lys/CT (OR, 14.48; p=0.02). Conclusion. The development of T2DM in the Kyrgyz population is genetically determined by ADIPOQ (G276T) gene, KCNJ11 (Glu23Lys), and TCF7L (IVS3C>T) gene polymorphisms with the predisposing value of the T allele of the heterozygous G276T genotype in the ADIPOQ gene; the 23Lys allele in the KCNJ1 gene; as well as by genotype combinations in the genes ADIPOQ/KCNJ11 (G276T/Glu23Lys, G276G/Lys23Lys, G276T/Glu23Glu); ADIPOQ/TCF7L2 (G276T/SS); KCNJ11/TCF7L2 (Lys23Lys/CC, Glu23Lys/CT); ADIPOQ/KCNJ11/TCF7L2 (G276T/Glu23Lys /CT). The IVS3C>T locus in the TCF7L2 gene is not independently statistically significantly associated with the development of T2DM; however, its predisposing effect has been identified in its combination with the variant genotypes of the polymorphic loci G276T in the ADIPOQ gene and Glu23Lys in the KCNJ11 gene.

In early works the author studied the Dirichlet and Poincaré problems for multidimensional hyperbolic equations, which shows the well-posedness of these problems in cylindrical domains, significantly dependent on the height of the considered cylindrical domain. Here a multidimensional region inside a characteristic cone is considered, in which the Dirichlet and Poincaré problems have unique solutions for one class of hyperbolic equations.

Aim. To study the association of the polymorphic marker Glu23Lys in the KCNJ11 with the development of hypertension in Kyrgyz patients. Subjects and methods. This case-control study enrolled 214 unrelated ethnic Kyrgyzes, in which a study group included 152 hypertensive patients (82 men and 70 women) and a control group consisted of 109 apparently healthy individuals (61 men and 48 women). The examinees’ mean age was 55.2±10.1 years. Hypertension was verified when blood pressure (BP) was above 140/90 mm Hg. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to identify the polymorphic marker Glu23Lys in the KCNJ11 gene. Results. In the hypertension and control groups, the prevalence of 3 genotypes (Glu23Glu, Glu23Lys, and Lys23Lys) of the Glu23Lys polymorphism in the KCNJ11 gene differed significantly (χ2=8.04; p=0.018). The Lys23Lys and Glu23Lys genotypes were statistically more frequently recorded in the hypertension group and the homozygous Glu23Glu genotype was, on the contrary, more common in the control group than in the study one. In the hypertension group, the 23Lys allele frequency was statistically significantly higher than that in the control one (χ2=7.36; p=0.0067). The carriage of the 23Lys allele increased the risk of hypertension by 1.68 times (odds ratio (OR), 1.68; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.17—2.41), that of the Glu23 allele had, on the contrary, a protective effect (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.41—0.86). Conclusion. The polymorphic marker Glu23Lys in the KCNJ11 gene is associated with hypertension in the Kyrgyzes. The 23Lys allele is a marker for the higher risk of hypertension.

На плоскости было показано, что одна из фундаментальных задач математической физики - изучение колеблющейся струны некорректна, когда краевые условия заданы на всей границе области. Как доказано далее, задачи Дирихле некорректна не только для волнового уравнения, но и для общих гиперболических уравнений. В работах автора изучены задачи Дирихле и Пуанкаре для линейных многомерных гиперболических уравнений, где показаны корректность этих задач, существенна зависять от высоты рассматриваемой цилиндрической области. В данной работе найден многомерный область в которой, задачи Дирихле и Пуанкаре разрешимы для одного класса сингулярных гиперболических уравнений.

При исследовании проблем конфликтов и социальных отклонений в поведении несовершеннолетних необходимо исходить из общего тезиса о том, что гносеологи ческие корни исследования проблематики конфликтов имеют междисциплинарный характер, предполагающий комплексный подход к их решению с использо ванием научных достижений многих наук: философии, логики, социологии, права, педагогики, психологии, психиатрии и др. Среди различных направлений правовой социологии все большую значимость приобретает правовая (юридическая) конфликтология, которая изучает правовые отношения, нормы и институты под углом зрения использования их для предотвращения, предупреж дения и разрешения конфликтов. Данная проблематика для правовой науки является новой по двум причинам: во-первых, в силу недостаточности развития общей конф ликтологии как самостоятельной комплексной социальнопсихологической дис циплины; во-вторых, догматическое изучение права без изучения природы конфликта и социальных отклонений в поведении несовершеннолетних, не способствует более широкому его пониманию, в том числе и как инстру мента обращения с социальными и психологическими конфлик тами.

При исследовании проблем конфликтов и социальных отклонений в поведении несовершеннолетних необходимо исходить из общего тезиса о том, что гносеологические корни исследования проблематики конфликтов имеют междисциплинарный характер, предполагающий комплексный подход к их решению с использованием научных достижений многих наук: философии, логики, социологии, права, педагогики, психологии, психиатрии и др. Среди различных направлений правовой социологии все большую значимость приобретает правовая (юридическая) конфликтология, которая изучает правовые отношения, нормы и институты под углом зрения использования их для предотвращения, предупреждения и разрешения конфликтов. Данная проблематика для правовой науки является новой по двум причинам: во-первых, в силу недостаточности развития общей конфликтологии как самостоятельной комплексной социально-психологической дисциплины; во-вторых, догматическое изучение права без изучения природы конфликта и социальных отклонений в поведении несовершеннолетних, не способствует более широкому его пониманию, в том числе и как инструмента обращения с социальными и психологическими конфликтами. Ключевые слова: конфликт, конфликтология, социальные отклонения, девиантное поведение, несовершеннолетний, социализация, социальные противоречия, правонарушения, социальный контроль, меры борьбы, наказание.