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1 Simposio Intenacional y 2 Nacional de Ciencias Agronómicas: El renacer del espacio de discusión científica para el Agro colombiano.

During ripening, many transformations occur in passion fruits. The ripening stage affects fruit quality and post-harvest properties. Fruits with 65% yellow epidermis present chemical characteristics that meet industrial standards, facilitating harvest estimations and loss avoidance. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the post-harvest properties of passion fruit species (genotypes of the yellow passion fruit and sweet passion fruit, and yellow passion fruit cultivar FB 200) during ripening. The fruits were evaluated by the color of the epidermis and the chemical characteristics of the pulp (titratable acidity, vitamin C, carotenoids, soluble solids content, and ratio). This experiment was conducted with a completely randomized design and a split-plot arrangement, where the plots were the species and the subplots were the evaluation periods (50, 58, 66, 74 and 82 days after anthesis), with four replications and 10 fruits per plot. The yellow passion fruit genotype and cultivar, harvested at 82 days after anthesis, presented desirable characteristics for the juice industry and for fresh consumption. The sweet passion fruit had a higher soluble solids content and titratable acidity ratio because of its high content of soluble solids and low acidity, which translate to a better fruit flavor. RESUMEN Durante la maduración del maracuyá, se producen muchas transformaciones. La etapa de maduración afecta a la calidad de la fruta y a las propiedades poscosecha. Se sabe que los frutos con un 65% de epidermis amarilla presentan características químicas dentro del estándar requerido por la industria, lo que permite anticipar la cosecha y evitar pérdidas. Así, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar las propiedades postcosecha de especies de fruta de la pasión (amarilla, dulce y el cv. FB 200) durante la maduración. Los frutos fueron evaluados por el color de la epidermis y las características químicas de la pulpa (acidez titulable, vitamina C, carotenoides, sólidos solubles y proporción). El experimento se realizó en un diseño completamente al azar con un arreglo de parcelas subdivididas, donde las parcelas constituyen las especies y las subparcelas constituyen los períodos de evaluación (50, 58, 66, 74 y 82 días después de la antesis), con cuatro repeticiones y 10 frutos por parcela. Los frutos del genotipo de maracuyá amarilla y el cultivar cosechados 82 días después de la antesis presentan características deseables ya sea para la industria del jugo o para consumo fresco. La fruta de la pasión dulce presenta una mayor proporción entre sólidos solubles y acidez titulable, debido a su alto contenido en sólidos solubles y bajo contenido de acidez, lo que implica un gran sabor a fruta.

To increase the availability of nutrients and improve crop productivity, chemical fertilizers are introduced to the soil, although the biological fixation of nitrogen contributes globally with 180 million metric tons of ammonia per year, which is comparable to current contribution of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this way, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the interaction of Azospyrillum brasilense and Bradyrhizobium japonicum with different levels of nitrogen on the yield and economic viability of the tomato crop. An experimental design of divided plots was used, with the nitrogen fertilization dose being the largest plot (100% of the dose, 50% of the dose and 0% of the dose) and the minor plot of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (100 cc ha-1, 200 cc ha-1, 300 cc ha-1) with four random internal blocks and five plants as experimental unit. The variables evaluated were: production per plant, yield/ha, number of fruits/plant and average fruit weight. Finally, the economic analysis was performed according to the combination of the treatments. The results obtained showed that the mixture of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (BFN) (Azospyrillum brasilense and Bradyrhizobium japonicum) at a dose of 100 cc ha-1, significantly increased tomato production when nitrogen (urea) was not applied. The application of BFN in combination with adequate levels of nitrogen favors the sustainability of the tomato.

The aim of this work was to determine the influence of Passiflora maliformis as rootstock on the physical characteristics of fruits, productivity, and profitability of the purple passion fruit. The study was carried out from May 2020 to April 2021, under a 3 × 3 factorial design distributed in blocks with three repetitions. The treatments were represented by three scions of elite accessions of purple passion fruit PutEdu01, TesEdu11 and a commercial scion, and three rootstocks, ungrafted, autografted and P. maliformis. Conventional cleft grafting was used. The fresh fruit mass, the shell weight, the pulp weight, the fruit diameter, the polar diameter of the fruit, the percentage of pulp and skin were evaluated. As economic variables, production costs, income, and their cost benefit ratio were determined. The quality of the fruits derived from the grafted accessions in P. maliformis was within the fresh marketing standards, presenting a pulp yield of more than 50%. The combinations of the purple passion fruit TesEdu11 accessions and the commercial one grafted onto P. maliformis as the elite accession PutEdu01 without grafting were financially attractive because they presented a cost-benefit ratio greater than one at two years after starting the crop.

This work aimed to characterize and evaluate the correlations between fruit and pulp characteristics of a commercial cultivar of yellow passion fruit (FB 200) infected with the cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV). The observation of natural infection occurred after the beginning of flowering. The parameters weight, length, and diameter, peel thickness, pulp yield, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, and the soluble solids content/titratable acidity ratio were evaluated. A completely randomized block design composed of 20 plots with five replications was adopted. The data were subject to descriptive analyses and Pearson’s Correlation at 1 and 5% of significance. CABMV has decreased the quality and physical characteristics of fruits, but they still could be destined for juice processing industries. Many parameters of the fruits presented significant positive correlations. Resumo Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar e avaliar as correlações entre as características do fruto e da polpa de uma cultivar comercial de maracujá-amarelo (FB 200) infectada com o cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV). A infecção natural foi constatada após o início da floração. Os parâmetros peso, comprimento, diâmetro, espessura da casca, rendimento de polpa, teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e relação de sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável foram avaliados. Adotou-se o delineamento de blocos inteiramente casualizados composto por 20 parcelas, com cinco repetições. Os dados foram submetidos a análises descritivas à correlação de Pearson a 1 e 5% de significância. O CABMV diminuiu a qualidade e as características físicas dos frutos, mas estes ainda podem ser destinados às indústrias de processamento de sucos. Correlações positivas significativas foram observadas entre muitos parâmetros avaliados.

The objective of this study was to document and analyze the effect of climate on the phenological development of ‘Hass’ avocado in two contrasting zones of the Andean tropics of Caldas, located at altitudes of 1,950m and 2,400m a.s.l., respectively. A completely randomized experimental design was carried out using a five to seven year-old ‘Hass’ tree as experimental unit and 15 replicates on each area. Observations were conducted on lateral sylleptic shoots and their corresponding apical buds located on the eastern and western sides of each tree. The destination of the apical bud of lateral shoots was quantified, floral phenology was documented, heat units were calculated from reproductive bud stage 1 to anthesis and to harvest and root growth was followed for each study area. Air temperature, soil temperature, precipitation and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) values were recorded over time. Differences were found in the number of apical buds of lateral shoots with reproductive and vegetative destination, flowering phenology, heat units, root growth, PAR and precipitation. Differences were found among variables evaluated at the two contrasting altitudes. There is a clear need for further ecophysiological studies on this fruit tree in tropical areas in particular. Resumo Objetivou-se documentar e analisar o efeito do clima no desenvolvimento feno-lógico do abacateiro ‘Hass’ em duas zonas contrastantes dos trópicos andinos de Caldas, localizadas a 1.950m e 2.400m respectivamente. Um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado foi implantado usando uma árvore ‘Hass’ de cinco a sete anos como unidade experimental e 15 repetições em cada área. As observações foram realizadas em brotos silépticos laterais e suas gemas apicais correspondentes localizadas no lado leste e oeste de cada árvore. O destino da gema apical das brotações laterais foi quantificado, a fenologia floral foi documentada, as unidades de calor foram calculadas desde o estágio 1 da gema reprodutiva até a antese e até a colheita e o crescimento radicular foi acompanhado para cada área de estudo. Valores de temperatura do ar, temperatura do solo, precipitação e radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (PAR) foram registrados ao longo do tempo. Foram encontradas diferenças no número de gemas apicais de brotações laterais com destino reprodutivo e vegetativo, fenologia de floração, unidades de calor, crescimento radicular, PAR e precipitação. Foram encontradas diferenças entre as variáveis avaliadas nas duas altitudes contrastantes. Há uma clara necessidade de mais estudos ecofisiológicos sobre está frutífera em áreas tropicais em particular.

Colombia is the fourth largest avocado producer globally and the third largest in terms of harvested area, with a 6% share of the world area. The development and promotion of this production line represents an important source of growth in agriculture for Colombia, due to the generation of rural employment, equitable development across the different regions of the country, and due to the diversity of thermal floors and the different varieties planted. Imports of this product have decreased by 96% in the last four years from 3128 tons in 2014 to 133 tons in 2017. In recent years, the projects developed in the Colombian avocado sector have been aimed at the foreign market due to the profitability and demand of the Hass variety of this fruit. In addition, there is a state effort to implement plans for regions free of quarantine pests that allow access to foreign markets. This constitutes a strategic proposal made up of a coherent set of objectives, strategies and programmes which, based on a vision of the future, seek the initial goal of doubling the area of production. That move would ensure the technological and innovative conditions for sustainable and quality production, as well as achieve full links in international markets. This review aimed to know the main developments of avocado production in Colombia, its challenges and opportunities for the next decade. RESUMO: A Colômbia é o quarto produtor e o terceiro em termos de área colhida, com uma participação de 6% da área mundial. O desenvolvimento e a promoção desta linha produtiva representam para a Colômbia uma importante fonte de crescimento na agricultura, para a geração de emprego e desenvolvimento rural com equidade para as diferentes regiões do país, devido à diversidade de pisos térmicos e às diferentes variedades plantadas. As importações deste produto diminuíram 96% nos últimos quatro anos, passando de 3128 toneladas em 2014 para 133 toneladas em 2017. Nos últimos anos, os projetos desenvolvidos no setor de abacate colombiano têm como objetivo o mercado externo devido à lucratividade desta fruta por sua demanda com a variedade Hass. Além disso, há um esforço estatal para implementar planos para regiões livres de pragas de quarentena que permitem o acesso a mercados estrangeiros. Dessa forma, constitui uma proposta estratégica composta por um conjunto coerente de objetivos, estratégias e programas que, com base em uma visão de futuro, buscam o objetivo inicial de duplicar a área de produção, garantindo condições tecnológicas e de inovação com alcance total nos mercados internacionais. Esta revisão tem como objetivo conhecer os principais desenvolvimentos da produção de abacate na Colômbia, seus desafios e oportunidades para a próxima década.

The aim of this study was to determine the tolerance of water and salt stress in four cultivated species of Passiflora L. Eleven accessions of four species of Passiflora of commercial interest from different plantations were evaluated. The experimental design was in sub-split plots, where the plot was the percentage of water saturation in relation to the requirement of the crop (33% and 100%). The subplot was established by the saturation levels of salt (sodium chloride reactive level - 99.9% purity) (EC: 1.5 and 5.5 dS m-1) with the 11 accessions in a completely randomized array with five replications, where the experimental unit was one plant. Results showed that accessions m11, m13 (P. edulis f. flavicarpa) and m15 (P. tarminiana) were determined as tolerant to salinity and drought; accesses m2 (P. edulis f. edulis), m12 and m14 (P. edulis f. flavicarpa) were moderately tolerant. These observations are the basis for future studies of drought tolerance in Passiflora, which must be followed by field evaluations.

Brazil is considered the world’s largest passion fruit producer, which benefits the entire crop chain of production and generates demand for production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth, thermal requirements and leaf morphological aspects of passion fruit species. The experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Goias (UFG)- Jataí, evaluating the following characteristics: leaf area, chlorophyll content (TCC) and thermal accumulation, being expressed in days after planting. To determine the total chlorophyll content, assessments were made in the middle third of the leaf blade, evaluating the accumulation of thermal units until flowering, from the average temperatures of the region. The daily temperature data were obtained from the meteorological station of the UFG - Jataí (17º53’08” S and 51º40’12” O). The cultivar FB 200 and Maracujazeiro-azedo presented higher leaf area, having the last one higher chlorophyll content in leaves and FB 200 presented lower demand in thermal units accumulation, proving its precocity.

Water-saline stress is one of the factors limiting growth and crop production, with the induction of morphological, structural and metabolic changes in higher plants. This study aimed to evaluate the response of four species with ten accessions of Passiflora to saline stress and drought stress, and the accumulation of proline and content of cationic macronutrients and their relationships with sodium. The plants were grown under controlled conditions for seven months, watered with nutrient solution with additions of NaCl (100 mM) to achieve the desired conductivities (1.5, 2.5, 4.0, and 5.5 dS m-1) and constant substrate humidity of 100%, 66% and 33%. The concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++ and proline in the leaves were determined. Proline accumulation increased in salinized plants, especially in young leaves. Proline increase was evident in accessions tolerant and moderately tolerant to salinity. These results indicate that tolerance to salinity and water stress in Passiflora relates to an improved ability to exclude sodium and greater ability to accumulate proline for osmotic adjustment. The increased salinity of the nutrient solution increased sodium contents, relations Na+/Ca++, Na+/Mg++, Na+/K+, and decreased Ca++, Mg++ and K+ levels, reflecting the nutritional imbalance caused by progressive saline stress.

Passiflora tarminiana es una glicofita trepadora, nativa de la región andina que tiene tolerancia a la salinidad y estrés hídrico moderado. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la capacidad para la excreción de sodio como una posible estrategia de esta especie para la tolerancia a la salinidad y a la sequía. La excreción de sal y las concentraciones de iones excretados se examinaron en plantas cultivadas durante siete meses bajo varios niveles de salinidad [(NaCl) 2,5; 4,0 y 5,5 dS m-1 (25, 40 y 55 mM)] y de estrés hídrico moderado (33 y 100% de humedad en el sustrato). El experimento fue llevado a cabo en un diseño completamente al azar con un arreglo de parcelas subdivididas, donde la parcela constituye el porcentaje de saturación de agua (33 y 100%), la subparcela los niveles de saturación de sal (CE: 2,5; 4,0 y 5,5 dS m-1), con cinco repeticiones, y la unidad experimental compuesta por una planta. Se evaluaron los cristales de sal y las estructuras de la epidermis foliar. Las sales fueron excretadas en la superficie adaxial de la hoja, posiblemente debido a las glándulas secretoras de sal especializadas. Se observaron otras estructuras como tricomas y papilas, que se cree que también están implicadas en la tolerancia a la salinidad en P. tarminiana.

Estudios relacionados con la productividad del tomate respecto a la relación entre la eliminación de racimos y su sostenibilidad económica son escasos. El presente estudio se realizó con el fin de evaluar el efecto del número de racimos sobre el rendimiento, calidad y rentabilidad del cultivo de tomate hibrido Torrano® bajo condiciones semicontroladas en dos invernaderos de 12m x 40m (480 m2). Éste se llevó a cabo en la granja Tesorito, propiedad de la Universidad de Caldas, Manizales bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro despuntes: 6; 8 y 10 racimos/planta y sin despunte con crecimiento indeterminado, cada tratamiento contó con seis repeticiones y la unidad experimental fue de cinco plantas. Se evaluó la calidad tamaño del fruto y el rendimiento por planta y por hectárea. Las plantas sin poda con crecimiento indeterminado mostraron los valores más altos en las diferentes calidades de la fruta como primera, segunda, tercera y el rendimiento total con valores de 2236, 1666, 750 y 6883 g/planta respectivamente. Igualmente genero los ingresos netos más altos con USD$27.241 ha/ciclo, sin embargo en términos porcentuales la calidad aumenta a medida que se disminuye el número de racimos por planta. Por tanto, se concluye que no se debe realizar podas de racimos en tomate hibrido Torrano® bajo condiciones semicontroladas en la zona de estudio.

El cultivo de papaya se maneja principalmente basado en el conocimiento tradicional de los agricultores, debido a que la investigación en aspectos fisiológicos es escasa y no existe información científica acerca del efecto de la poda temprana en la floración. La poda de brotes laterales generalmente se realizan entre los 55 y 70 días después del trasplante, cuando surge el primer botón floral, perdiendo fotoasimilados en los brotes en estos primeros días después del trasplante. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la poda temprana al inicio de la floración de la papaya Tainung 1. El estudio se realizó en el municipio de Caicedonia (Valle del Cauca). Las distancias de siembra fueron de 2,5 m entre surcos y 2 m entre plantas, los tratamientos fueron con y sin desbrote. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar. La unidad experimental fue conformada por 20 plantas, con cuatro repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron la altura del primer botón floral, diámetro del tallo, altura de la planta, numero de hojas y tiempo de aparición del primer botón floral. Las variables altura de la aparición del primer botón floral, el tiempo transcurrido para la aparición del primer botón y altura de la planta presentaron diferencias altamente significativas (p

1 recurso en línea (páginas 514-520)., Entre los factores que contribuyen para un correcto desarrollo inicial de las plantas, está el sustrato utilizado, por tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto del sustrato en la formación inicial y morfología de las raíces de dos especies de maracuyá. El experimento fue realizado en vivero con polisombra de interceptación luminosa (60%), en la Universidad Federal de Goiás (UFG), Regional Jataí, Brasil. Los materiales utilizados fueron maracuyá (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) y el cultivar FB 200 (Flora Brasil). Se utilizaron semillas de frutos recolectados del huerto experimental de la UFG. Se sembraron en tres tipos de sustratos: Suelo I (mezcla de 2 partes de suelo + 1 parte de gallinaza + 1 parte de arena), Suelo II (suelo de barranco) y Bioplant®; se utilizó bolsas perforadas para plántulas con capacidad de 1,5 L. El diseño experimental utilizado fue completamente aleatorio con seis tratamientos, ocho repeticiones y cuatro plántulas por parcela. Después de 30 días de siembra, se evaluó: peso fresco de la raíz, peso seco de raíz y morfología de la raíz. El sustrato tuvo efecto en el desarrollo inicial de las plantas de maracuyá, donde se obtuvo los mejores resultados con Bioplant®. Este sustrato sobresalió en todas las características evaluadas mostrando su potencialidad en la propagación de esta especie., Among the factors that contribute to better initial development of plants, it is the substrate used. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of substrate in initial formation and morphology of the roots of two species of passion fruits. The analyses were done in the nursery of the Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Regional Jataí, Brazil, with a light interception of 60%. The material used were seeds of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) and the cultivar FB 200 (Flora Brasil), harvested in the UFG experimental field. They were sown in three types of substrates: Soil I (mixture of soil, chicken manure and sand in a ratio of 2:1:1 by volume), soil II (steep bank), and Bioplant®, using for plants perforated bags with a capacity of 1.5 L. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with six treatments, eight replications and four plants per plot. After 30 days of sowing, fresh matter of root, root dry matter and morphology were evaluated. The substrate affected the initial development of yellow passion fruit, obtaining the best results with Bioplant®, showing as promising for the development of all the evaluated characteristics., Bibliografía: página 520

O maracujá é um fruto tropical que tem grande aceitabilidade e o seu cultivo possibilita diversificação dos cultivos e contribui para geração de renda. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as características físicas de frutos de três espécies de maracujazeiro produzidas no sudoeste de Goiás. Os frutos utilizados no experimento foram provenientes da Estação Experimental Universidade Federal de Goiás – Regional Jataí. Frutos com maturação fisiológica completa foram colhidos sendo utilizado como critério a mudança da coloração da epiderme da cor verde para a cor amarela. Posteriormente foram encaminhados ao laboratório e avaliados quanto à massa fresca, massa da epiderme e massa da polpa, comprimento, diâmetro, relação entre o comprimento e o diâmetro, espessura da epiderme, atributos de cor da epiderme e polpa, teor de sólidos solúveis e rendimento de suco. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com três tratamentos correspondendo aos genótipos Passiflora edulis flavicarpa (cultivar comercial FB 200), Passiflora edulis flavicarpa (maracujazeiro-azedo) e Passiflora alata (maracujazeiro-doce), com quatro repetições, sendo dez frutos por parcela experimental. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Tukey, em nível de 5% de probabilidade. Frutos da cultivar FB200 apresentaram maior diâmetro e maior rendimento de suco. Frutos de Maracujazeiro-doce obtiveram menor tamanho e, consequentemente, menor rendimento de suco. Frutos de maracujazeiro-azedo obtiveram maior tamanho e não diferiu de frutos do Maracujazeiro-doce quanto ao no rendimento de suco.

A implantação da cultura do maracujazeiro no sudoeste goiano pode ser uma opção de diversificação de cultivo, tendo em vista que o clima da região é altamente favorável. Desta forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento e desenvolvimento da cultivar FB200, Passiflora alata e Passiflora edulis no Sudoeste Goiano. O experimento foi conduzido Universidade Federal de Goiás - Regional Jataí. Foram plantadas quatro plantas de cada espécie no espaçamento 3x4m, em sistema de condução de espaldeira com dois fios de arame e com irrigação por gotejamento. As amostragens foram realizadas durante o período de crescimento, desenvolvimento e início do florescimento das três espécies em estudo. Foram avaliadas semanalmente até os 70 dias após o transplantio (DAT) as seguintes variáveis: diâmetro do caule (mm), altura da planta (cm), número de gavinhas e botões florais. Os dados obtidos em função dos DAT foram submetidos à análise de variância e de regressão, com F (p

Currently, tomato is one of the most cultivated crops worldwide, with the highest economic value, increasing its demand and, thus, its expansion, production, and trade. The tomato crop is susceptible to attack of pathogens with devastating consequences on the decline in yields from 50 to 100%. For this reason, new production methods are proposed such as grafting in wild rootstocks, which have high genetic variability and genes responsible for resistance to fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of grafting commercial tomato cultivars onto cherry tomato genotypes on yield and fruit quality. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications. The experimental unit consisted of four plants. spaced at 0.9 m between rows (channels), 0.30 m between double rows, and 0.4 m between plants. The treatments consisted of the combination of the following factors: three promising rootstocks (IAC391, IAC426, and LA2076), two commercial scions (Calima and Torrano), two grafting methods (cleft and splice), and two ungrafted commercial controls. Yield components, soluble solids content, percentage of fruit quality, and average fruit weight were evaluated. IAC391 was the most promising rootstock, reaching productions similar to those of the controls. The cleft grafting method, reached a success rate of 98.3%. The commercial scion Torrano stood out for achieving the highest yields.

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto del ácido giberélico (AG3) sobre el desarrollo, rendimiento y calidad del tomate bajo condiciones controladas. El estudio se llevó a cabo en la Granja Tesorito propiedad de la Universidad de Caldas ubicada en el municipio de Manizales (Colombia). El diseño experimental fue completo al azar (DCA) con un arreglo factorial 2x4 con dos híbridos (“Alboran” y “Torrano”) y cuatro concentraciones de ácido giberélico (AG3) (0, 50, 100 y 150 ppm), con 4 repeticiones y como unidad experimental se evaluaron 9 plantas por repetición. Las variables evaluadas fueron: altura (cm), la aparición de la última flor (días), número de racimos, longitud de entrenudos (cm), rendimiento, producción de calidades y perdidas en kg ha-1. Los resultados demostraron una relación inversa para el rendimiento y días a última floración para ambos híbridos a las concentraciones evaluadas de AG3, donde el hibrido tipo milano “Alboran” a concentraciones de 0 ppm mostró la producción más alta con 19660,1 Kg ha-1, y el mayor tiempo a última floración con 98 días. Comportamiento similar del híbrido “Torrano” a concentración de 0 ppm, arrojo una producción superior con 16261,8 Kg ha-1 y 98 días a última floración. Las concentraciones de aplicación de la hormona evaluada en el presente estudio mostraron un efecto de detrimento sobre el rendimiento y la calidad del cultivo.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a divergência genética entre populações de pessegueiro e quantificar a contribuição relativa de 13 características na diversidade, utilizando procedimentos multivariados. Foram analisados 179 indivíduos de 15 populações, com número de indivíduos variando de 3 a 64 plantas. As características avaliadas foram: na planta (densidade de nós por metro em ramos mistos, densidade de gemas vegetativas brotadas por metro de ramo, altura da planta e diâmetro do tronco); nos frutos (comprimento, diâmetro médio, firmeza, teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez total titulável, teor de vitamina C, área percentual de recobrimento com pigmento vermelho da epiderme, coordenada 'b' obtida da epiderme e ângulo hue da epiderme). A diversidade genética das populações foi avaliada pelos métodos de agrupamento de Tocher e vizinho mais próximo, utilizando-se a distância de Mahalanobis como medida de dissimilaridade. Foi obtido também o coeficiente de parentesco entre as populações estudadas e a contribuição relativa dos caracteres na variabilidade total. A realização do agrupamento pelo método de Tocher e Vizinho mais Próximo utilizando como medida de dissimilaridade as distâncias de Mahalanobis promoveram a formação de quatro grupos. Entre as populações estudadas, observa-se certo grau de parentesco entre a maioria das possíveis combinações com coeficientes de pequena magnitude (inferior a 0,2). As características que mais contribuíram para a discriminação dos genótipos foram o percentual de vermelho na epiderme, acidez total titulável e altura de plantas. As menores contribuições para a diversidade foram obtidas dos caracteres BRIX, número de nós/metro linear de ramo e vitamina C. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic divergence among peach populations and quantify the relative contribution of thirteen diversity characteristics using multivariate procedures. It was analyzed 179 individuals from 15 populations, number of individuals ranging from 3 to 64 plants. The characteristics evaluated were: plant (node density per meter mixed branches, density of vegetative buds sprouted per meter of branch, plant height and trunk diameter), fruit (length, diameter, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, vitamin C, percentage of coverage area with red pigment of the epidermis, coordinated 'b' obtained from epidermis and hue angle of the epidermis). The genetic diversity of populations was evaluated by cluster Tocher and nearest neighbor using the Mahalanobis distance as the dissimilarity measure. It was also obtained the coefficient of relatedness among populations and the relative contribution of the characters in the total variability. The realization of grouping by the Tocher method and by the Nearest Neighbor using as dissimilarity measure the Mahalanobis distances promoted the formation of four groups. Among populations studied, it was observed certain relatedness degree between most possible combinations with coefficients of small magnitude (less than 0.2). The characteristics that contributed most to the discrimination of genotypes were the percentage of red in the epidermis, titratable acidity and plant height. The smaller contributions to diversity of characters were obtained by BRIX, number of nodes / linear meter of branch and vitamin C.

Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar aquenios de genotipos de girassol por meio do teste de tetrazolio. Utilizaram-se dezenove genotipos. O teor de agua foi determinado pelo metodo padrao da estufa (105 ± 3 °C durante 24 horas). Para o teste de tetrazolio, os aquenios foram submetidos ao pre-condicionamento para a remocao do tegumento, em seguida, os embrioes foram imersos na solucao de tetrazolio a 1% e, avaliados por meio de cinco classes. As medias foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey a 5%. O teste de tetrazolio e eficiente na determinacao da viabilidade e vigor dos genotipos de girassol, por meio do mesmo, os genotipos CF 101, Helio 358 e SY 3840 mostraram menor qualidade de sementes.

The propagation of gabirobeira is carried out by seeds. However, the recalcitrance and not tolerance of the seeds to the storage compromise the formation of seedlings. Thus, the propagation by cuttings can be an option, being able to provide significant results in different seasons. The objective of this work was to evaluate the vegetative propagation by stem cuttings of two species of gabirobeira (Campomanesia adamantium and Campomanesia pubescens) associate to indolbutyric acid (IBA) at differents seasons of the year. Cuttings of the two species were obtained in the 4 seasons and concentrations of 0, 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 mg L-1 of IBA were used, by immersion in the solution for 15 seconds and sequentially staked on trays containing a sand substrate. Sixty days after experiments were set it was evaluated the percentage of cuttings with shoots, live cuttings, dead cuttings, cuttings with calluses and rooted cuttings. A completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 4 replicates and 8 cuttings per plot was adopted. During the whole experiment, the greenhouse, substrate and cutting leaves temperature was monitored. The use of IBA did not promote adventitious rhizogenesis, but provided a high percentage of survival for the species Campomanesia adamantium and Campomanesia pubescens by stem cuttings during the spring season.

Existem poucas informações sobre as características físicas e químicas de frutos de pessegueiro em regiões de clima subtropical, sendo a maioria dos trabalhos desenvolvidos na região Sul do Brasil. Desta forma, este trabalho objetivou avaliar características físicas e químicas de frutos de 12 cultivares de pessegueiro de polpa branca, a saber: Cristal, Cristal Tacoari, Colibri, Delicioso Precoce, Jóia 1, Jóia 2, Jóia 4, Marli, Okinawa, Pérola de Itaquera, Premier, Tropical. Elas foram introduzidas no pomar experimental da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa-MG. O experimento foi conduzido durante a safra 2011, em delineamento inteiramente casualisado, com 12 tratamentos (cultivares), três repetições e 10 frutos por parcela. As cultivares Delicioso Precoce e Marli apresentaram, no geral, maior massa e diâmetros de frutos. Os frutos das cultivares Jóia 2 e Tropical apresentaram maior firmeza de polpa. Tropical se destacou por apresentar melhor balanço entre sólidos solúveis e acidez e maiores teores de vitamina C e de carotenoides. There are few information on the physical and chemical characteristics of peach fruit in subtropical climate regions and the majority of the studies were developed in the southern region of Brazil. In this study, physical and chemical characteristics of 12 white-fleshed peach cultivars (Cristal, Cristal Tacoari, Colibri, Delicioso Precoce, Jóia 1, Jóia 2, Jóia 4, Marli, Okinawa, Pérola de Itaquera, Premier and Tropical) were evaluated. The cultivars were planted in the experimental orchard of the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa – MG, Brazil. The experiment was conducted during the 2011 harvest season, in a completely randomized design with 12 treatments (cultivars), three replications and 10 fruits per plot. The cultivars Delicioso Precoce and Marli showed, in general, higher mass and fruit diameter. Fruits of cultivars Jóia 2 and Tropical presented higher firmness. Cultivar Tropical stood out with better balance between acidity and soluble solids and higher vitamin C and carotenoids contents.

The nutritional importance of the fruit of passionfruit has prompted studies to assess its composition and antioxidant content and to evaluate it as a functional food in fresh fruit and concentrated juice markets. Currently, the use of wild species as rootstock has been recommended mainly for their positive effects such as tolerance to disease attack and maintenance of fruit quality of grafted cultivars. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of wild species of Passiflora gibertii N.E. Br. and Passiflora mucronata Lam as rootstock on the content of antioxidants and fruit quality of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and 25 replications, with a total of 100 experimental units. As a control treatment, plants of P. edulis from seed and grafted on the same species were used. Significant correlations were observed among the contents of β-carotene, ascorbic acid, luminosity values, chroma and hue angle. For the combination P. edulis/P. gibertti, the contents of β-carotene and ascorbic acid were highly correlated with luminosity, chroma and hue angle of fruit juice. A similar behavior was observed for the combination P. edulis/P. mucronata Lam. The content of β-carotene in the fruit showed no statistical differences (p < 0.05), indicating no significant rootstock effect on the variables evaluated. The results indicate a potential wild rootstock use for its positive effects on grafted plants while maintaining the commercial quality of the fruits of passionfruit crops.

De acordo com o padrão respiratório, a manga é uma fruta climatérica e, por isso, amadurece e se deteriora rapidamente mesmo em ambiente refrigerado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o método mais eficaz de congelamento e armazenamento para polpa de manga ‘Palmer’. Os métodos de congelamento e armazenamento testados foram: freezer a -20±2°C (F), congelamento em nitrogênio líquido e armazenamento em freezer -20±2°C (CNF), ultra freezer a -80±2°C (UF) e com congelamento em nitrogênio líquido e armazenamento em ultra freezer a -80±2°C (CNUF). As amostras foram acondicionadas em papel alumínio e avaliadas, quinzenalmente, por até 60 dias e depois, mensalmente, até 150 dias de armazenamento. Houve redução média de 5% no teor de sólidos solúveis e de 11% para o teor de acidez titulável para todos os tratamentos. A redução no teor de ácido ascórbico foi brusca para todos os tratamentos, com perdas de 81,1%; 75,1%; 77,3% e 75,5% para polpa armazenada por 150 dias em CNF, CNUF, F e UF, respectivamente, evidenciando que nenhum dos métodos de congelamento utilizados é eficaz para preservar os teores de AA da polpa de manga ‘Palmer’. Os teores de carotenóides são preservados durante 150 dias de armazenamento utilizando tanto o método CNF quanto o CNUF. In accordance with the breathing pattern, the sleeve is a climacteric fruit, and therefore matures rapidly deteriorates even under refrigerated conditions. This work aimed to evaluate the most effective method of freezing and storage for ‘Palmer’ mango pulp. The methods of freezing and storage were tested: a freezer at -20±2°C (F), freezing in liquid nitrogen and store in freezer at -20±2°C (CNF), ultrafreezer at -80±2°C (UF) and frozen in liquid nitrogen and storage in ultrafreezer at -80±2°C (CNUF). The samples were packed in aluminum foil and evaluated biweekly for up to 60 days and then monthly until 150 days of storage. There was a mean reduction of approximately 5% in soluble solids (SS) and around 11% for the content of titratable acidity (TA) for all treatments. Reduced ascorbic acid (AA) was sharp for all treatments, with losses of 81.1%, 75.1%, 77.3% and 75.5% for pulp stored for 150 days in CNF, CNUF, F and UF, respectively, indicating that none of the freezing methods is effective to preserve the contents AA of ‘Palmer’ mango pulp. The carotenoids levels are preserved during 150 days of storage using both the CNF as CNUF method.

El higuerillo (Ricinus communis L.) es una alternativa de explotación por su gran potencial para la producción de aceite. Tiene diversos usos y la posibilidad de producción de biodiesel. Este combustible contribuiría a reducir el consumo de derivados del petróleo. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar cuatro variedades de diferentes zonas: dos provenientes del Ecuador («Negra» y «Blanca jaspeada»), una del Valle del Cauca y otra («Violeta») de la zona cafetera del municipio de Manizales en Colombia. El experimento se llevó a cabo en el municipio de Palestina, departamento de Caldas, a 1010 msnm. Se utilizó un diseño en bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Cada bloque estaba compuesto por 36 plantas y nueve conformaban cada parcela. Siete meses después de la siembra se realizó una poda a 50 cm del suelo buscando una renovación y menor porte de las plantas por la altura que habían alcanzado (>3,5 m), e iniciando de nuevo las evaluaciones (segundo ciclo) cuatro meses después de la poda. En ambos ciclos se encontraron diferencias significativas para el peso de semilla, peso seco de racimo, número de semillas y rendimiento. Se destacó la variedad «Blanca jaspeada» con un rendimiento de 3,5 ton /ha-1 mientras «Violeta» rindió 0,72 ton /ha-1. Pero sin embargo la variedad «Violeta fue la de mejor contenido de aceite con 36,7%. El análisis financiero demostró que «Blanca jaspeada» presentó la relación beneficio/costo más alta con un retorno de 2,14 centavos por dólar invertido. The castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an alternative to production because of its great potential for oil production. It has many uses and the possibility of producing biodiesel. This fuel can contribute to reducing petroleum consumption. This study aimed to evaluate four varieties from different areas: two from Ecuador («Negro» and «Blanca jaspeada»), one from Valle del Cauca, and another one («Violeta») from coffee zone of the municipality of Manizales in Colombia. The experiment was conducted in Palestina Township, Caldas department, 1010 masl. We used a randomized block design with four replications. Each block consisted of 36 plants and each plot had nine plants. Seven months after planting pruning was performed 50 cm from the ground looking for a renovation and smaller size of the plants because of the height they had reached (> 3.5 m), and initiating new assessments (second cycle) four months after pruning. In both cycles there were significant differences for seed weight, bunch dry weight, seed number and yield. The genotype «Blanca jaspeada» was superior, with a yield of 3.5 t/ha-1 while «Violeta» genotype yielded 0.72 t/ha-1, but was, however, the best for oil content with 36.7%. The financial analysis showed that for «Blanca jaspeada» the benefit/cost rate was higher, with a return of 2.14 cents per dollar invested

As sementes de gergelim apresentam propagação via seminífera, sendo necessária, a utilização de sementes de elevada qualidade. Portanto, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o potencial fisiológico de sementes de gergelim preto conforme posição na haste da planta e regime de luz. As sementes foram colhidas em diferentes pontos da haste da planta (basal, mediano e apical) e avaliadas em regimes de luz (luz constante, 12 horas de luz e ausência de luz). Para a avaliação do potencial fisiológico foram realizados os testes de germinação e vigor, este, sendo determinado pelo teste de primeira contagem de germinação e comprimento de plântulas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado no esquema fatorial 3x3, utilizando-se quatro repetições com 50 sementes cada. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey em nível de 5% de significância. Houve interação entre a posição das sementes na haste e o regime de luz, e os resultados da análise de variância indicaram significância para as variáveis primeira contagem, germinação e comprimento de plântulas. O potencial fisiológico de sementes de gergelim preto apresentou melhores resultados para as sementes colhidas na parte basal e mediana da haste, sob 12 horas de luz.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of three types of nutrient solutions on the development, performance, quality and cost of chonto tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under semi-controlled conditions. The assessment was conducted in the farm Tesorito, Manizales, Colombia. An experimental design was established in randomized complete blocks (RCB), with 3 treatments, 4 replicates per treatment and 10 effective plants per replicate. The variables were: height of the first cluster, production per plant, yield t ha-1 and qualities of the fruit. The economic variables were production costs, cost-benefit ratio (C/BR), rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV). In general, production per plant was greater than 4.7 kg plant-1 and the average yield was 92 t ha-1. The use of conventional fertilization (tt2) generated increased production of premium quality fruit with a value of 37.11 t ha-1, demonstrating that conventional soil fertilization implemented in this culture under semi-controlled conditions in the company of drip irrigation system in the root zone improve outcomes of productive variables, increasing profitability and competitiveness with a net profit of USD$ $ 25203.68 ha-1, with average selling price of USD$ 0.45 per kilogram and a unit production margin of USD$ 0.21 per kilogram, making this technology attractive and economically viable.

El tomate tipo cereza por ser un cultivo de rápido retorno económico, viene despertando el interés de los productores, pero aún hay poca información sobre su estructura de costos de producción y rentabilidad en las condiciones del país, impidiendo la expansión del cultivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar técnica y económicamente diez introducciones élites de tomate tipo cereza, bajo condiciones semicontroladas en la región andina colombiana. El ensayo se realizó en la finca Tesorito, Manizales, Colombia. Se estableció un diseño experimental en bloques completos al azar con 10 tratamientos (introducciones elites) y un testigo comercial (Sweet million), con cuatro repeticiones. Las variables fisiológicas evaluadas fueron: rendimiento (g/planta), peso de frutos perdidos, rendimiento neto, rendimiento en kg ha-1, numero de frutos por racimo, numero de racimos por planta, peso promedio de frutos, y como variables económicas se estimaron los costos de producción, el margen unitario de producción, la relación beneficio costo, la tasa de retorno y se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad. Los resultados muestran que las introducciones IAC391, IAC1621 e IAC1688 para las condiciones del estudio superan las perspectivas financieras, convirtiendo estos materiales en opciones para los productores.