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The grounds for termination of employment of the employee are the reasons why the employment of a specific person hired by the employer on the basis of an employment contract is terminated. They can be a product of the will of the employer (in a situation when the employee’s employment contract is terminated) objective circumstances (when the employment relationship is terminated by “force of law”), a consequence of the agreement between employer and employee and termination of employment contract by the employee. The agreement between the employee and the employer is a special basis for termination of employment, which contains a statement of two concurring wills. Such an agreement is concluded when it is signed, and it must specify the day of termination of employment, and provisions on the use of annual leave, payment of back wages, etc. can be found. Termination of the employment contract by the employee means that the employee can terminate the employment at any time, but the written notice of termination should be submitted to the employer at least 15 days in advance. In the legal system of the Republic of Serbia, there are no conditions that an employee must meet in order to be able to terminate an employment contract with an employer. The right to terminate an employment contract derives from the freedom to work.

The main goal of this study is to emphasise the geotourism potential and the values of geoethics as drivers of rural development in the territory of the Knjaževac municipality, which is one of the richest areas in Serbia in terms of geoheritage. Numerous objects of geomorphological and hydrological heritage stand out in an area of 1,202 km2. Despite this richness in geoheritage, the potential of geotourism development has been ignored by many stakeholders, and the geoheritage of this area has not been sufficiently explored and proposed for tourism purposes. This study makes an inventory of geosites in the municipality of Knjaževac. The selected sites were evaluated by applying the Modified Geosite Assessment Model to discover the most suitable geosites for future geotourism development, in order to select the geosite that possesses the greatest geotourism potential to support rural development. The results uncover information about the major areas of improvement for each evaluated geosite. Moreover, areas that demand more attention and better management in the upcoming period to become recognisable geotourism destinations were identified. It is pointed out that geoethical implications in geosite management can contribute to sustainable geoconservation in Eastern Serbia.

Show caves and speleotourism can have a major impact on the tourism industry as well as the local and regional economic development. Promotion is a crucial aspect of generating plans and strategies for tourist caves. In the case of speleotourism, promotion needs to be professional, attractive and continuous because caves are often considered to be dangerous and inaccessible places. The main goal of this paper is to determine the quality of official show cave websites in Serbia. The assessment included the application of modified Website evaluation model. Website design techniques were also assessed, including the performance and the degree of optimization for search engines SEO. The results show extreme deficiencies and weaknesses regarding the level of internet promotion of Serbian show (tourist) caves. These results are of great importance for cave management teams and tourist organizations because they point out the negative factors of cave promotion in Serbia that need to be revised.

The aim of this research is to explore the current state and potential of Tribuća, Rača and Beli Rzav canyons for their further development as canyoning geotourism destinations in Western Serbia. This was done by applying the modified geosite assessment model (M-GAM) on the three analyzed canyons with special focus on values of importance for canyoning tourists. The results indicate that all three analyzed canyons possess significant natural values of great importance for the development of canyoning tourism, such as possibility for interpretation, representativeness, surrounding landscape and nature, protection level and current condition. The main issues are related to human induced elements such as promotional activities, interpretive tools and visitor centers. Given their importance for further tourism development, these activities should have priority in the future in order to attract a larger number of canyoning tourists to these geosites. Significant improvement of these elements along with improved promotional activities would bring more domestic as well as foreign tourists to these geosites which would benefit the local population and local economy through higher income and new jobs for the local community.

Cave tourism is a very important aspect of the global tourist market, because in some parts of the world, it has been an active form of economic affirmation for decades. Precisely because of the need to improve and modernize the strategic management of this form of tourism, it is necessary to understand the needs of tourists who visit show caves, their motives and limitations. Research on the motives and travel constraints of tourists visiting show caves has been done in the past. However, this study provides a unique contribution to the literature related to the motivation and demotivation of (geo)tourists, since it deals with the comperhensive motivation-constraints scale. The primary contribution is reflected in the development of two scales — show cave visitor motivation scale (SCVMS) and show cave visitor constraints scale (SPVCS). The identified tourist motives and travel constraints could act as an important insight for targeted marketing towards different market segments and further differentiating tourism offer and boosting destination competitiveness. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The European Association for Conservation of the Geological Heritage.

Caves, gorges, canyons, waterfalls and other karst geoheritage sites have been the focus of many tourists who visit Serbia. Caves have been visited and explored by numerous school excursions and scientific expeditions. Thus speleotourism in Serbia possesses great potential for local and regional economic empowerment. Moreover, analyzing the influence of complementary tourist activities for speleotourism can generate more knowledge for future development strategies. This paper aims to forecast tourist arrivals in Resava Cave and thus determine the current and future conditions of speleotourism development. According to the current speleotourist traffic, Resava Cave is the most developed speleotourism destination in Serbia. Therefore, estimating the growth of tourist traffic is crucial for understanding its true potential.

The very turbulent geological past of the Danube region in Serbia, coupled with the influence of the Danube River, has created a rich and complex geodiversity. However, the geotourism potential of this region still remains fully undiscovered. In this paper we proposed an inventory of geosites in the Danube region of Serbia and analyzed them in order to reveal which among them possess the greatest geotourism potential. The selected sites were analyzed by applying the Modified Geosite Assessment Model (M-GAM) which revealed the most suitable geosites for future geotourism development. The main goal is to emphasize the geotourism potential of the Danube region in Serbia and determine the current state and geotourism potential of geosites located in this region. The results indicate that further geotourism development should primarily be focused towards Boljetinska River Canyon, Galerija volcanic tuff site and Viminacium palaeontological park. The results also reveal information about the major fields of improvement for each geosite and identify which areas require more attention and better management in the future in order for this area to become a well-known geotourism destination which would attract a larger number of tourists in the future.

Speleotourism implies visiting caves and respecting geomorphological values. A visit to the caves must include certain rules of conduct and implementation of geoethical values to achieve sustainable speleotourism development. This paper investigates the tourist traffic of an authentic cave in northwestern Bulgaria, the Magura Cave, which is a speleological object with exceptional potential for the development of speleotourism. The explored cave includes unique examples of cave paintings and imposing historical values. The research methodology mainly included descriptive analysis of data obtained by the administrative staff of the Municipality of Belogradchik. The data of tourist visits are presented in tables and graphs. The research results indicate the current state and potential prospects for the development of speleotourism in the Magura Cave. Moreover, the paper presents measures for more effective development of speleotourism, which are of special importance for organizational and cave management structures.

This paper analyzes the karst landscape of Southeastern Serbia, Mount Kalafat. The evaluation of five representative caves was performed using M-GAM (modified geosite assessment model) and the perspectives and potentials of karst-based geotourism were presented, through speleology, paleoclimate, and archaeology. Moreover, a unique proposal was presented in the form of a karst protection project through the establishment of a karst theme park. Although there are other attractive karst regions in Serbia, Mount Kalafat has been taken as a study area, due to the willingness of the local management structures and authorities to support projects concerning the protection of geoheritage and the development of karst-based geotourism. The results of the research indicate the evident values of the karst geoheritage and geotourism potentials that can become significant indicators for the development of sustainable geotourism and geoconservation in this area. Thus, precise measures and sustainable strategies that could define the geoethical concept of geotourism development have been presented in this paper. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The European Association for Conservation of the Geological Heritage.

Mt. Stara Planina is located in the eastern part of the Republic of Serbia and represents the westernmost part of the large mountain massif of the Balkans. Both endogenous and exogenous forces created interesting geomorphological and hydrological features for geotourism development in this area. This article proposes a preliminary list of geomorphological and hydrological sites and analyses them to reveal which geosite possesses geotourism potential. This research was carried out by applying the modified geosite assessment model. In this article, ten geosites were singled out based on the degree of their attractiveness for geotourism development. The results reveal information about the key fields of improvement for each evaluated geosite, and identify which areas require more attention and better management in the upcoming period for Mt. Stara Planina to become a well-known geotourism destination that would attract a large number of tourists in the future.

Interns are persons without appropriate work experience, which would enable them to independently perform tasks at a specific workplace. In order to perform their duties completely independently, it is necessary for them to complete an internship under the supervision of their more experienced colleague, i.e. mentor, who should train them for independent work in the profession during the internship. The Labour Law does not define the position of interns in too much detail, while the situation is different in the public sector. In the public sector, the position of interns is regulated by special legal and by-laws as well as special collective agreements. People who are engaged as interns on the basis of a work contract outside of employment appear more and more often as interns. Formally, they are not apprentices, but in fact they are.

Western Serbia is a part of the Dinaric karst, which makes this area rich with caves, karst springs, karst waterfalls and other karst phenomena. Caves in the Zlatibor county, as representative speleological geosites, are one of the first established tourist caves in Serbia. They have great potential for speleotourism and geotourism development in the region and are considered important for tourism development of Zlatibor mountain. In this paper we analyze the speleological potential for geotourism development in Zlatibor county (west Serbia). The main goal of the paper was to determine the current state of speleotourism in Zlatibor county and possibilities for further development by analyzing two caves in this area: Stopica cave and Potpecka cave. Our research was carried out by applying the Modified Geosite Assessment Model (M-GAM). The results show that these caves are not just favourable geosites with great complementary tourism potential of the Zlatibor mountain, but they are also unique speleological objects with vast speleotourism and geotourism development opportunities.

Nanocomposites (HAp/iron oxide), made of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and ferrimagnetic iron oxide, were synthesized by high-energy ball milling a mixture consisting of iron oxide nanoparticles and the starting materials used for the HAp synthesis: calcium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous (CaHPO4), and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Two HAp/iron oxide samples with the magnetic phase content of 12 and 30 wt.% were prepared and their microstructure, morphology and magnetic properties were analysed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the measurement of particle size distribution was performed by laser scattering, and temperature/field dependence on magnetization was determined. X-ray diffraction data confirmed the formation of two-phased samples (HAp and spinel iron oxide) without the presence of any other parasite phase. The shape of particles was nearly spherical in both samples, ranging from only a few to several tens of nanometres in diameter. These particles formed agglomerates with the most common value of the number-based particle size distribution of 380 and 310 nm for the sample with 12 and 30 wt.% of iron oxide, respectively. Magnetization data showed that both HAp/iron oxide composites had superparamagnetic behaviour at room temperature. © 2019 University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology. All rights reserved.

© 2019 Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management. Karst areas, as areas with attractive geological and geomorphological features are an important and integral part of geoheritage. They possess huge tourism potential and can be used for the development of geotourism. The Pek River basin is a highly dominant karst terrain with numerous geological and geomorphological features, especially caves. However, their geotourism potential still remains fully unrevealed. In this paper, we analyzed several geosites that represent significant karst geoheritage formations and as such they can be the backbone of future geotourism development in this area. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the geotourism potential of the Pek River lower basin and to determine the current state and geotourism potential of these geosites by applying the modified geosite assessment model (M-GAM).

Culture tourism represents a significant part of the tourist market, and as such, it includes a wide spectrum of cultural and historic values, that possess efficient tourism properties for tourist traffic and tourism income. The complete use of cultural and historic tourism potentials and attractions often include the development of cultural tour. The goal of cultural tour is to combine all cultural and historic values and present them as one unique tourism offer. The cultural-historic heritage of Požarevac, which can be implemented in the cultural tour and thus advance culture tourism in this city, was evaluated and explored in this paper. Established hypothesis is that there are possibilities of advancing culture tourism in Požarevac, by implementing the cultural tour. Methodological approach consists of Cultural Route Evaluation Model (CREM), thus the detailed analysis on all tourism values and potentials was realised. The results show that it is possible to engage cultural-historic heritage in potential cultural tour and that the tour itself can be crucial for culture tourism advancement of Požarevac city.

Establishing sustainable and responsible speleotourism development is a major challenge and involves complex activities. Adequate theoretical starting point is the application of geoethical values related to the conservation and protection of the caves to be used for touristic purposes. Positive and negative cases of human behaviors towards speleological geoheritage are discussed, in order to highlight what should be done in cave management to avoid malpractices and on what elements could be founded adequate strategies aimed at promoting sustainable speleotourism. This is important to tourism management organizations involved in the promotion of caves and in creating economic opportunities for local populations, while respecting cave ecosystems. Modern cave management must be focused on the protection of the cave ecosystems, finding ways to achieve at the same time an economic development of local communities. But this approach needs the adoption of a geoethical framework of values to be shared by all stakeholders involved so that successful cooperation can be achieved despite differences in interests and expectations. The aim of this paper is to raise the awareness about the need to apply the values of geoethics to speleotourism, stimulating new fields of discussion within the scientific and technical communities involved in studies and activities related to geotourism and geoheritage. The possibilities of developing new ways to manage caves, in order to promote a sustainable socio-economic development of local communities, have to be balanced with the protection of natural environments as much as possible. The proposed theoretical frameworks have the goal to increase the discussion on the best ways of connecting speleotourism to sustainable and responsible cave management, presenting two case studies, and pointing out potential solutions.

Interpretation of paleontological heritage of mammoths is an important factor for the development of tourism in Serbia. Most fossil remains of mammoths are found in a unique geological environment, indicating the significant tourist value of these sites. The principal aim of this paper is to emphasize the tourism potential and geoconservation values of mammoth fossils throughout Serbia. These fossil remains provide an excellent basis for establishing the first ever mammoth route in Serbia. The route stretches from the city of Kikinda in the north to the city of Jagodina in the south, encompassing the basins of three major rivers, the Danube, Tisa, and Morava River. Throughout history, these rivers have been a place where different cultures have flourished over a long period of time. Also, many prehistoric animals such as mammoths and other species inhabited these areas continuously for nearly a million years. The current state and tourism potential of the selected mammoth sites were evaluated by using the CREM (Cultural Route Evaluation Model). The application of this methodology will provide us with crucial information for future route development and help us identify which areas and sites require more attention as well as identify the major fields for improvement at each mammoth site in order to attract a larger number of tourists in the future.

The chemistry of complex compounds containing imine ligands is attracting significant attention from researchers today. In this work, complexes of selected transition metals (Cu, Co, Ni and Fe) with imines based on ninhydrin and amino acids methionine and cysteine were synthesized. FTIR and UV/VIS spectroscopy were used for structural characterization. Antioxidant activity of the complex was analyzed by the FRAP method. The synthesized compounds showed a significant reducing ability, ranging from 221.94 to 756.30 µmol/L. In vitro antimicrobial activity was tested on strains from the ATCC collection. Inhibitory activity against the tested microorganisms was recorded, and the zones of inhibition ranged from 10-24 mm. Preliminary research shows that these compounds have biological potency, but more detailed in vitro and in vivo studies are required for their use.

© 2020, The European Association for Conservation of the Geological Heritage. The interaction between speleology and tourism has been active in science and society for a very long time. In many countries, tourist caves shape the economic situation at the local and regional level. This shows their value for the development of local communities and for scientific research and promotion of science. Caves represent the indicators of cave tourism development, and they are one of the main geosites for geotourism travel. Transforming speleological objects into show caves has brought numerous positive results for many regions in the world, including Serbia. In this paper, we try to reveal the ability of speleological objects becoming show caves. The case study of our research is four caves in the Valjevo karst area (West Serbia). We examined their current state and the possibilities for cave tourism development. Using the M-GAM (modified geosite assessment model), we evaluated these four caves and thus determined their values and show cave potential. The obtained results point out the significant values of the explored speleological geoheritage, which possess imposing cave tourism potential. Moreover, the regional conception and creation of a geopark in this area is an evident potential, and more concrete indicators are presented in this paper. Cave tourism in the Zlatibor region is considered an important aspect of a potential geopark in Western Serbia and Valjevo karst area as a crucial complementary potential. The importance of including these caves in the tourist market has been determined by the research results. Active cave tourism of researched geosites can significantly influence both local and regional economic growth, as well as the concept of sustainability of the cave environment and its ecosystem, education, and responsibility.

© 2018 The European Association for Conservation of the Geological Heritage The region of Eastern Serbia is a highly dominant karst terrain with numerous geological and geomorphological features, especially caves. The speleotourism potential of these caves and other geosites still remains fully unrevealed. In this paper, we analyzed several caves with immense geotourism potential. These caves include Ceremošnja Cave, Ravništarka Cave, Resavska Cave, Rajkova Cave, Lazareva Cave and Vernjikica Cave. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the speleotourism potential of Eastern Serbia and to determine the current state and speleotourism potential of caves located in this area by applying the modified geosite assessment model (M-GAM). The results indicate that further speleotourism development should primarily be focused towards Rajkova Cave which has the highest main values. The results also emphasize the importance of additional (tourist) values which are currently at a low level among all analyzed geosites. This especially refers to tour guide service, interpretive panels and promotional activities which proved to be key elements at these types of destinations. Major improvement of these elements is necessary in the future in order to attract a larger number of visitors to these sites.

The region of Homolje in Eastern Serbia represents an area rich with numerous geological and geomorphological features, especially karst formations which are excellent representatives of this area’s geodiversity. However, the geotourism potential of these geosites still remains fully unrevealed. In this paper we analyzed the most representative ones based mainly on their aesthetic value as well as their geotourism potential. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the geotourism potential of Homolje and to determine its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats as well as interactions between them when it comes to tourism development. The results of the SWOT and TOWS analysis indicate that Homolje as a tourist destination possesses immense geotourism potential but is still in the exploration phase according to the Butler tourist cycle of destination evolution. Research results also identify four different strategies which can be applied as solutions for current problems and for further tourism development.

Nickel ferrite nanoparticles were annealed in order to find dependence of electric/magnetic properties on crystallite size. The following correlations of crystallite size with physical parameters were found: (a) lattice parameter decreases with the increase in size and it reaches value for bulk counterpart approximately for crystallites bigger than 7 nm, (b) ac electrical resistivity at room temperature increases with the increase in crystallite size, (c) for crystallites of similar to 7 nm or smaller electrical resistivity have maximum value at 50 degrees C, (d) the real part of permittivity at selected frequency generally decreases with the increase in crystallite size and (e) magnetization increases with the increase in crystallite size. Deviation of stoichiometry, cation polyvalence, and cation redistribution with annealing are the main factors that influence physical properties of Nickel ferrite nanoparticles. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.

During December 2009 snow was collected at twenty two locations across the urban area of Novi Sad, directly from roads and from traffic islands near crossroads. The total metal concentration was determined for each of ten metals (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn) using the ICP-OES analytical technique. The metal found to have the lowest concentration was Ni (0.0265 mg dm-3). The metal with the highest concentration was Na (10786 mg dm-3), which is a consequence of sodium chloride being used as de-icing salt on the roads. The metal with the second highest concentration at all locations was Ca; this was most likely the result of soil dust. The Spearman's rank correlation coefficients between analyzed metals were calculated to determine how concentrations of metals were related. A cluster analysis was carried out on the obtained data sets, using both hierarchical and partitioning methods in order to identify associations among metals and/or locations. It was shown that traffic density was not the most important factor that caused differences between the concentrations of the metals in samples.

In this research, we performed experimental investigations of the influence of copper presence on hardness of arsenic triselenide (As2Se3)–arsenic triiodide (AsI3) pseudobinary glasses. The samples belong to the group of chalcogenide glasses, that, when compared with oxide glasses, can be synthesized much more easily in a wide variety of compositions, allowing also fine-tuning of their properties. Here, presence of iodine (I) facilitates glass formation, whereas addition of copper (Cu) creates possibility for interesting optoelectronic properties. As it is important to study mechanical properties of materials with respect to their fabrication and manipulation, we report results of instrumented indentation testing (IIT) of bulk samples of Cux[(As2Se3)0.9(AsI3)0.1]100−x with x = 5, 10, 20, and 25 at.% of Cu. This technique enables fast determination of indentation hardness, hardness value according to Vickers and indentation modulus directly from the indentation load–displacement curves. It was shown that all these parameters increase linearly with the increase of copper content. Improvement of the mechanical properties justifies the addition of Cu into the glass matrix.

We conducted research in environmental history with students from a technical secondary school. Some participants of the project Our Environment Has a History probably doubted the feasibility at the outset of this transdisciplinary project in 2008. After two years' work we discuss the challenges of the project, i.e., the role definitions and cultural differences in the conception of knowledge, research and learning between school and academia, and how they were mastered. This evaluation is based on the experiences made during the cooperation and on results from concomitant research. How to guide the students in their independent research was a defining question. We analyse which factors were decisive for the success of the cooperation and we assess the contribution of the students' research to the relatively new research field of environmental history: They brought in new topics that related to their lives as technical trainees rather than to academic discourse. Their work yielded results at the interface of environmental history, technology and environmental problems. We conclude that the implementation of environmental history in schools can contribute to education for sustainable development.

Crossing Herefond race with our own cattle it is create a beef cattle of good quality for meat industry Kosovo and Metohija. The sim of this studies was toreach a history of zootechnical service about the start to cross metohijska buša with fattening beef cattle. On the base of analises examined population of Hereford cattle we can conclude: - That crossis betwin metohijska buša and Hereford cattle don't have less milk but they have better meat which is much more interesting for meat industry; - That the examined cattle have hadvery good fertility which was 364,86 days nieluding service period of 78.21 days; - That the examined Hereford cattle was very temperament and of big obstinacy; That the were hurnble in food with good fattening signs; - That the onthar cau't geve sure conclusion about aclimatisation and adaptation of race on the base of examined conditions after the first generation.