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Głównym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie charakterystyki sejsmicznej utworów o charakterze olistostromowym z obszaru paleodoliny Szczurowej–Wojnicza na podstawie interpretacji połączonych danych sejsmicznych 3D i 2D. Interpretowany rejon cechuje się skomplikowaną budową geologiczną oraz słabym stopniem rozpoznania wiertniczego, gdyż tylko nieliczne odwierty przewierciły pełen profil utworów miocenu autochtonicznego. Paleodolina Szczurowej–Wojnicza, stanowiąca jeden z najbardziej charakterystycznych elementów budowy strukturalnej obszaru badań, wyerodowana została w utworach węglanowych kredy i jury. W okresie neogenu paleodolina ta wypełniona została miąższą serią osadów klastycznych należących do formacji skawińskiej. W podłożu tej formacji zidentyfikowany został również pakiet charakterystycznych osadów gruboklastycznych o silnie zróżnicowanej miąższości, nazwany serią zlepieńcowo-olistostromową. Punktem wyjścia interpretacji był profil otworu Basowy-1, w którym w materiale rdzeniowym pochodzącym ze spągowej partii miocenu stwierdzono obecność pakietów zlepieńców oraz utworów o charakterze olistostromowym (brekcji węglanowych). Przeprowadzona obecnie interpretacja obrazu sejsmicznego pozwoliła na możliwie szczegółowe rozpoznanie rozprzestrzenienia i układu strukturalnego utworów poszczególnych kompleksów litostratygraficznych w badanym rejonie. Analiza atrybutów sejsmicznych wskazuje na zróżnicowanie litologiczne serii zlepieńcowo-olistostromowej, wynikające najprawdopodobniej z zazębiania się pakietów zlepieńców i brekcji węglanowych z utworami drobnoklastycznymi. Można przypuszczać, że przynajmniej częściowo w strefach krawędziowych paleorynny lateralny kontakt pomiędzy utworami jury i miocenu ma charakter tektoniczny, związany z reaktywacją dyslokacji. Przypuszczalnie w wyniku pogrążania centralnej części rowu tektonicznego Wojnicza doszło do przechylenia w kierunku SW warstw skalnych budujących strefę krawędziową paleorynny, co z kolei doprowadziło do zainicjowania ruchów masowych. Ponadto zaobserwowano wpływ morfologii powierzchni stropowej serii zlepieńcowo-olistostromowej na układ strukturalny zalegających powyżej utworów formacji skawińskiej, wynikający z nierównomiernego stopnia kompakcji osadów drobnoklastycznych.

This article presents a construction method of the velocity field for poststack time migration for 2D seismic calculated on the basis of interval velocities in boreholes and structural interpretation, as well as the results of poststack time migration based on this solution. Three velocity field models have been developed. The models used differ in the way of spatial interpolation and extrapolation in the adopted calculation grid in the depth domain, which was created on the basis of a structural interpretation of 2D seismic profiles. Three methods of interpolation and extrapolation were used: Gaussian distribution, kriging and moving average. The spatial distribution of the interval velocities in the boreholes was made using the Petrel software by Schlumberger. The interval velocities along the analyzed seismic profile were extracted from the computed spatial interval velocity models, and after conversion from the depth to the time domain, they were used for the poststack time migration. For comparison, poststack time migration was calculated for the same seismic profile based on the stacking velocities obtained in the seismic processing data as a result of velocity analyzes. The velocity field calculated on the basis of interval velocities and structural interpretation was used for the poststack time migration procedure performed with the Implicit FD Time Migration algorithm (finite difference), while the stacking velocities were used for the poststack time migration procedure performed with the Stolt and Kirchhoff algorithms in accordance with the technical conditions of correct operation of these algorithms. The selected percentage ranges of 60%, 100%, and 140% have been used for all velocity fields. Application of the element of directional velocity variation resulting from the spatial distribution of interval velocities in the boreholes to the velocity field for the poststack time migration allowed to obtain a better seismic image in relation to the one obtained as a result of applying the stacking velocities. The most reliable seismic image after poststack time migration was obtained for the velocity field calculated on the basis of the interval velocities with Gaussian distribution, using the finite difference algorithm with 60 percent value of the velocity field.

Apathy, a feeling of indifference or a general lack of interest and motivation to engage in activity, is one of the most common neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The large variation in prevalence and the underlying pathophysiological processes remain unclear due to heterogeneous PD populations. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for apathy, the modification or treatment of which may be clinically relevant and improve quality of life and caregiver burden for patients with Parkinson’s disease. Caucasian subjects with Parkinson’s disease were included in the study. Baseline demographics, neurological deficit, medications taken, cognitive and neuropsychiatric status, and the polymorphisms in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene were assessed. Apathy was diagnosed in 53 (50.5%) patients. They were less educated (OR 0.76 CI 0.64–0.89, p = 0.001), more frequently depressed (OR 1.08 CI 1.01–1.15, p = 0.018), and less frequently treated with inhibitors of monoamine oxidase-B (MAOB-I) (OR 0.07 CI 0.01–0.69, p = 0.023). Although apathetic patients were more likely to carry the Met/Met genotype, differences in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF rs6265 polymorphism between apathetic and non-apathetic PD patients were not statistically significant in multivariate analysis. Some risk factors for apathy may be clinically modifiable. Further studies are needed to assess whether modeling modifiable apathy risk factors will affect the prevalence of this neuropsychiatric symptom in patients with Parkinson’s disease.

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most frequent neuropsychiatric consequence of stroke. The nature of the relationship between PSD and mortality still remains unknown. One hypothesis is that PSD could be more frequent in those patients who are more vulnerable to physical disability, a mediator variable for higher level of physical damage related to higher risk of mortality. Therefore, the authors&rsquo, objective was to explore the assumption that PSD increases disability after stroke, and secondly, that mortality is higher among patients with PSD regardless of stroke severity and other neuropsychiatric conditions. We included 524 consecutive patients with acute stroke or transient ischemic attack, who were screened for depression between 7&ndash, 10 days after stroke onset. Physical impairment and death were the outcomes measures at evaluation check points three and 12 months post-stroke. PSD independently increased the level of disability three (OR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.31&ndash, 2.87, p = 0.001), and 12 months post-stroke (OR = 1.61, 95% CI 1.14&ndash, 2.48, p = 0.009). PSD was also an independent risk factor for death three (OR = 5.68, 95% CI 1.58&ndash, 20.37, p = 0.008) and 12 months after stroke (OR = 4.53, 95% CI 2.06&ndash, 9.94, p = 0.001). Our study shows the negative impact of early PSD on the level of disability and survival rates during first year after stroke and supports the assumption that depression may act as an independent mediator for disability leading to death in patients who are more vulnerable for brain injury.

BACKGROUND The purpose of our research was to evaluate the relationships between blood viscosity and recanalization of coiled intracranial aneurysms. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included consecutives patients treated endovascularly by a team of experienced neurosurgeons and neuroradiologists due to brain aneurysm. A total of 50 patients (the average age was 57.48 years, SD=13.71) were assigned to 2 groups: group A with recanalization (4 male and 8 female patients) and group B without recanalization (10 male and 28 female patients) were examined. All patients underwent a 6-month follow-up of the whole-blood viscosity test with a Brookfield DV III+pro cone-plate viscometer using the Rheocalc program. Differences between groups were assessed using the Statistica 12 computer program (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA). RESULTS Studies have shown no significant difference in the age range between group A and B (P=0.31). In group A, higher viscosity values were found for whole blood [median: 4.14 dyn×sec/cm² (mPa×sec) quartile range 0.42], compared to group B [median: 3.92 dyn×sec/cm² (mPa×sec); quartile range 0.40; (P=0.04)]. This difference was significant (P=0.04). Additionally, the level of hematocrit was positively related with recanalization, the higher the hematocrit, the more frequent recanalization. A very strong and statistically significant relationship occurred between the frequency of recanalization and smoking (P

Introduction: Cavernous sinus invasion by pituitary adenoma affects surgical procedure radicality and consequently the postoperative course and prognosis in pituitary adenoma treatment. The search for pituitary adenoma aggressive behaviour markers is still a matter of debate. Material and methods: This study evaluates the relation of pituitary adenoma invasiveness to the expression of topoisomerase IIα in 72 patients who underwent transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. The assessment of tumour growth was conducted according to the Hardy scale as modified by Wilson and the Knosp scale. Topoisomerase IIα expression in tumour specimens was evaluated using immunohistochemical staining. Results: There was a correlation between the Knosp scale degree and the topoisomerase IIα expression (Spearman R = 0.3611, p < 0.005). The Kruskal-Wallis H test (p = 0.0034) showed that there was a statistically significant topoisomerase IIα expression increase in tumours classified as grade E on the Hardy scale. The topoisomerase IIα expression correlated also with tumour size (Spearman R = 0.4117, p < 0.001). Higher levels of expression were observed in macroadenomas, as compared to microadenomas (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test). Topoisomerase IIα expression correlated with cavernous sinus invasion. Conclusions: The topoisomerase IIα expression correlated more with invasiveness than with extensiveness, which might make it an eminently useful marker in the assessment of aggressive pituitary adenoma behaviour.

Artykul powstal na podstawie pracy statutowej pt: Zwiekszenie dokladności odwzorowania ośrodka geologicznego z obszaru Karpat na podstawie przetwarzania sejsmiki powierzchniowej 2D i otworowej - praca INiG PIB na zlecenie MNiSW; nr zlecenia: 0019/SR/16, nr archiwalny: DK-4100-19/16.

Background and purpose Delirium is a very common neurobehavioral complication after stroke, but its influence on long-term outcome is not well characterized. The objective of the study was to determine the prognostic significance of delirium for functional status, nursing home admission, and mortality in a large cohort of patients with delirium in the acute phase of stroke assessed 3 and 12 months after stroke. Methods All stroke survivors included in PROPOLIS were followed up (n = 682). Outcome data included: discharge destination, recurrence of stroke, cardiovascular complications, functional activity and mobility, nursing home admission, and mortality. Results Patients with delirium were discharged to another hospital or nursing home significantly more often than those presenting without delirium. The 3- and 12-month post-stroke mortality rates were higher in delirious patients (OR 6.41 CI 3.76–10.92; p

Although delirium is the most common neurobehavioral complication after stroke, its motor subtypes-hypoactive, hyperactive, mixed, and none-as well as their risk factors are not well characterized. Motor subtypes influence recognition and prognosis of delirium in hospitalized patients.The aim of this prospective study was to assess the frequency of poststroke delirium subtypes and to describe their predictive models. Consecutive patients with stroke were screened for delirium with the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit. Delirium was diagnosed according to DSM-5 criteria, and subtypes were classified with the Delirium Motor Subtype Scale-4. Baseline demographic characteristics, biochemistry, stroke-related data, medications, neurological deficits, and premorbid cognitive and functional impairments were assessed.Out of 750 patients (mean age, 71.75 years [SD=13.13]), 203 (27.07%) had delirium: 85 (11.34%) were hypoactive, 77 (10.27%) were mixed hypoactive-hyperactive, 31 (4.13%) were hyperactive, and 10 (1.33%) had an unspecified type. Cognitive impairment at the time of hospital admission and spatial neglect, among other factors, were identified as the best predictors for all motor delirium subtypes.Screening for poststroke delirium is important because the hypoactive subtype bears the worst prognosis and is misdiagnosed the most compared with other subtypes. All identified factors for the predictive models of delirium subtypes are routinely assessed during hospital admission. Their occurrence in patients with stroke should alert the treating physician to the high risk for a particular delirium subtype.

Background The number of elderly patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms is increasing with time in aging populations; however, the choice of the proper treatment method remains inconclusive. The goal of the study is to evaluate the possible complications and treatment outcome among elderly patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysm. Methods We analyzed 139 patients >65 years old, hospitalized between 2007 and 2017 in the high-volume neurosurgical center and diagnosed with unruptured intracranial aneurysm. From their medical records, we obtained medical history and aneurysm characteristics. Patients functional status was measured by modified Rankin Scale score on admission and at discharge. Results Seventy-two patients (55.97%) underwent aneurysm clipping and 39 (27.04%) coiling. Eighteen patients (11.90%) required stent assisted coiling and 4 (5.00%) had a single stent placement. A total of 133 patients (95.71%) had good treatment outcomes (modified Rankin Scale score 0–3, surgical 0.32 ± 1.03 vs. endovascular group 0.40 ± 1.12, P = 0.65). Complete or near-complete occlusion in the endovascular group was achieved in 83% directly after treatment and in 89% at 6–12 months after procedure. The microsurgical group presented 100% occlusion at follow-up. Conclusions Despite the high prevalence of comorbidities in the age group >65 years old, the vast majority of patients in our series treated invasively for unruptured intracranial aneurysms presented with good treatment outcomes. Based on our results, among elderly patients, modern microsurgical as well as endovascular management of brain aneurysms in a high-volume center seems to be a safe and effective method of treatment.

Depressive and anxiety disorders among people with epilepsy are more common than in general population and they are associated with less efficient emotion regulation and reduced quality of life. Unfortunately, these disorders are not always correctly diagnosed or treated. Some studies suggest that the electrodermal activity may serve as a marker for depression.The aim of the study was to measure and compare depressive and anxiety symptoms, defense mechanisms and electrodermal activity in response to cognitive stimulation in patients with epilepsy with the control group, and to test the correlations between symptoms of anxiety and depression, defense mechanisms and the electrodermal activity.64 patients diagnosed with epilepsy and 66 people from the control group were assessed with following psychological questionnaires: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Defense Styles Questionnaire 40. MindLAB Set was used to measure electrodermal activity.The study showed that people with epilepsy tend to have increased levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms compared with the control group. Patients also tend to use neurotic defense mechanisms what may be associated with poorer emotion regulation. Electrodermal activity was lower among people with epilepsy after cognitive stimulation. There was no statistically significant correlation between electrodermal activity, anxiety and depressive symptoms.The results indicate the need for assessment of anxiety, depressive symptoms and types of defense mechanisms among patients with epilepsy, as appropriate psychotherapeutic and/or pharmacological intervention could significantly improve the quality of life of these patients.

Cavernous sinus invasion by pituitary adenoma affects surgical procedure radicality and consequently the postoperative course and prognosis in pituitary adenoma treatment. The search for pituitary adenoma aggressive behaviour markers is still a matter of debate.This study evaluates the relation of pituitary adenoma invasiveness to the expression of topoisomerase IIα in 72 patients who underwent transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. The assessment of tumour growth was conducted according to the Hardy scale as modified by Wilson and the Knosp scale. Topoisomerase IIα expression in tumour specimens was evaluated using immunohistochemical staining.There was a correlation between the Knosp scale degree and the topoisomerase IIα expression (Spearman R = 0.3611, p0.005). The Kruskal-Wallis H test (p = 0.0034) showed that there was a statistically significant topoisomerase IIα expression increase in tumours classified as grade E on the Hardy scale. The topoisomerase IIα expression correlated also with tumour size (Spearman R = 0.4117, p0.001). Higher levels of expression were observed in macroadenomas, as compared to microadenomas (p0.05, Mann-Whitney test). Topoisomerase IIα expression correlated with cavernous sinus invasion.The topoisomerase IIα expression correlated more with invasiveness than with extensiveness, which might make it an eminently useful marker in the assessment of aggressive pituitary adenoma behaviour.

Delirium is the most common and serious neurobehavioral complication in acute hospital admissions. Some patients develop signs of delirium but do not meet all diagnostic criteria. Stroke is a major risk factor for delirium. The aim of this prospective study was to build a predictive model for delirium and subsyndromal post-stroke delirium. Patients with stroke were screened for delirium during the first 7 days after admission. Delirium was diagnosed according to DSM-V criteria. Baseline demographic, biochemical, stroke-related data, medications used, neurological deficit, and premorbid cognitive and functional impairment were assessed. 750 consecutive stroke patients (71.75 ± 13.13 years) were recruited; 203 (27.07%) had delirium. In predictive model for delirium MoCA score and white blood count on admission, neglect, vision deficits, physical impairment, and higher comorbidity prior to stroke had the highest predictive value. Subsyndromal delirium was diagnosed in 60 patients. MoCA score and potassium level on admission, and urinary tract infection during hospitalization had the highest predictive value for its development. Delirium occurs in one-fourth of admissions due to stroke; subsyndromal delirium is less prevalent and affects less than one per ten patients. The hyperactive form is the most rare type of delirium. The factors best predicting delirium are easily assessed in everyday practice and their co-occurrence in patients with stroke should alert the treating physician of high risk of delirium.