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Muluken Nigatu Selam,1 Andualem Ababu,2 Regasa Bayisa,2 Mahdi Abdella,2 Edessa Diriba,2 Minychel Wale,3 Tadesse Alemu,4 Tesfa Marew,1 Assefa Mulu Baye5 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2Pharmaceutical and Medical Equipment Directorate, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 3ALERT Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 4Universal Medical and Business College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 5Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Muluken Nigatu SelamDepartment of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaTel +251912159807Email muluken.nigatu@aau.edu.etBackground: Skin diseases are among the major contributors of disease burden in Ethiopia affecting individuals of all age. Extemporaneous compounding of topical medications serves as a necessary option to treat skin diseases when manufactured medications could not meet specific patient needs. Different classes of drugs are commonly used for the treatment of dermatologic diseases. Failure to periodically assess the prescribing pattern and patient needs may lead to inappropriate planning and implementation that ultimately compromise the service. Periodic prescription analysis for compounded medications helps to monitor the prescription pattern with respect to medication selection, disease condition, dosage form types and other relevant parameters. The current study was conducted to analyze the pattern of compounding prescriptions for dermatologicals in ALERT hospital.Methods: A cross-sectional design was conducted by retrospectively evaluating compounding prescription records of January and July, 2021. A total of 460 prescriptions in the hospital community pharmacy were systematically selected. Data related to disease pattern, product selection and dosage form type were extracted and analyzed. Data analysis was done using software for the statistical package for social science version 25.0.Results: A total of 441 prescriptions containing dermatological products for compounding were analyzed. Most patients were female (62.8%) and aged 30– 64 years (44.0%). Psoriasis (36.2%), acne vulgaris (15.3%), and rosacea (13.4%) were the top 3 skin diseases for which the compounding preparations were prescribed. Salicylic acid (38.0%) was the most frequently prescribed drug followed by betamethasone (20.2%); while white petrolatum (47.2%) was the most common diluting agent used for compounding.Conclusion: Psoriasis was the major dermatologic disease for compounding prescriptions and salicylic acid was the most frequent product used in compounding for treatment of the prescribed skin diseases.Keywords: compounding, dermatological preparations, prescription pattern, ALERT hospital

Ashenafi Habte Woyessa,1 Adugna Oluma,2 Thanasekaran Palanichamy,3 Birtukan Kebede,2 Eba Abdissa,3 Busha Gamachu Labata,4 Tamirat Alemu,2 Lamessa Assefa5 1Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Health Science, Wollega University, Nekemte, Oromia, Ethiopia; 2Department of Nursing, Institute of Health Science, Wollega University, Nekemte, Oromia, Ethiopia; 3Department of Psychiatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Health Science, Wollega University, Nekemte, Oromia, Ethiopia; 4Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Wollega University, Nekemte, Oromia, Ethiopia; 5Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Science, Wollega University, Nekemte, Oromia, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Ashenafi Habte WoyessaDepartment of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Health Science, Wollega University, P.O Box 395, Nekemte, Oromia, EthiopiaTel +251 92-218-3065Fax +251 576617980Email ashexman2015@gamail.comPurpose: Willingness to work in disasters is context-specific and corresponds to the nature, magnitude, and threats posed by a particular public health emergency. None us is certain that our health professionals will continue to provide service should the COVID-19 pandemic crisis climb to its worst level. It was with this uncertainty in mind that this study was done to assess predictors of the unwillingness of health-care workers (HCWs) to continue providing their professional services during the climax of the COVID-19 crisis.Methods: This was a facility-based descriptive cross-sectional study undertaken among 633 HCWsin western Ethiopia.Results: Overall, 205 (32.4%) providers said that they would be unwilling to continue work if COVID-19 peaked. Of these, 176 (27.9%) respondents reported that they would stop going in to work before they were at greatest risk. Statistical analysis performed to predict HCWs unwillingness’ to continue work at peak COVID-19 showed male sex (AOR 11.4, 95% CI 8.32– 12.6), younger age (AOR 25.3, 95% CI 4.61– 40.67), lack of experience in handling similar pandemics (AOR 5.15, 95% CI 1.1– 255), and low perceived level of hospital preparedness (AOR 2.05, 95% CI 0.80– 5.21) were predictors of unwillingness. In accordance with the extended parallel-process model, higher threat perception (P≤ 0.001) and low efficacy perception (P≤ 0.040) were associated with unwillingness of the HCWs to continue working.Conclusion: The proportion of HCWs unwilling to continue their job during COVID-19 is sufficient to affect efforts tof fight the pandemic. As the question of whether our HCWs must risk themselves to treat COVID-19 patients does not have a uniform answer, working on predictors of potential unwillingness is of paramount importance.Keywords: COVID-19, unwillingness, pandemic, health-care workers

Tefera Alemu,1 Semagn Amare,2,* Seid Legesse,2,* Abtew Abera,2,* Misganaw Ayalew,2,3,* Belay Bezabih2,4,* 1Amhara Public Health Institute, Public Health Emergency Management Directorate, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; 2Amhara Public Health Institute Dessie Branch, Dessie, Ethiopia; 3ICAP Ethiopia, Bahir Dar Regional Office, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; 4The World Health Organization (WHO), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Tefera AlemuAmhara Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 47764, Bahir Dar, EthiopiaTel +251 911598660Email teferaalemu2@gmail.comBackground: Sufficient knowledge and favorable attitude are among the key determinants for people’s adherence to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) precaution measures. Hence, this study assessed Dessie city resident’s knowledge, attitude, and practice on COVID-19.Methods: We used a facility-based cross-sectional study among 424 Dessie city residents from 17 to 21/05/2020. We dichotomized knowledge, attitude and practice scores based on the mean value. We entered the data into EpiData manager software 4.2 and exported to SPSS-20 for data analysis. We run three independent logistic regression analyses to determine factors associated with sufficient knowledge, a favorable attitude, and adequate practice. We defined significant association at a p-value of < 0.05.Results: Among 424 participants, 92.7% have sufficient knowledge about COVID-19, while 96% have a favorable attitude to prevent and control the pandemic. However, the practice was adequate only in 44.6% of the participants. Increasing educational status (AOR: 6.5, 95% CI: 2– 21.4), availability of television (AOR: 3.8, 95% CI: 1.4– 10.5), having a telephone (AOR: 3.4, 95% CI: 1.3– 9.1) and radio (AOR: 4.2, 95% CI: 1.1– 15.5) are the factors associated with sufficient knowledge, while sufficient knowledge (AOR: 5.4, 95% CI: 1.7– 17.2), is the only predictor identified for favorable attitude. Similarly, being a farmer (AOR: 0.14, 95% CI: 0.047– 0.4), availability of telephone (AOR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.2– 8.2), and sufficient knowledge (AOR: 15.2, 95% CI: 1.9– 118) are the predictors of adequate practice.Conclusion: In the study area, the participant’s knowledge and attitude are found to be sufficient to halt coronavirus transmission. However, practice in the vast majority is not adequate to stop coronavirus transmission. Educational status, television, telephone, radio, occupation and knowledge are the significant factors for successful prevention and control of coronavirus. Despite escalating public knowledge, our finding suggests the government to follow some compulsory regulations for uniform implementation of preventive measures.Keywords: attitude, COVID-19, knowledge, practice, Dessie city

Tirhas Tadesse,1 Tariku Tesfaye,2 Tadesse Alemu,3 Werissaw Haileselassie4 1Public Health Department, Yekatit12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2Public Health Department, Ethiopian Police University College, Sendafa, Ethiopia; 3Public Health Department, Universal Medical and Business College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 4School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Tirhas TadessePublic Health Department, Yekatit12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaTel +251912053189Email ttrhas@gmail.comBackground: Face masks were considered as an effective method of preventing respiratory infections like coronavirus infection. Identifying knowledge, attitude, and practice of healthcare workers regarding face mask utilization is very important to identify gaps and intervene immediately to control the spread of the infection. Hence, the main aim of this study was to determine the health worker’s knowledge, attitude, and practice of proper face mask utilization and associated factors at police health faculties in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020.Methods: Across-sectional, quantitative approach study was conducted from June to July 2020. The study covered 408 health professionals of all categories working in the different police health facilities found in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, during the study period. Data were collected using a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire adopted from different studies after getting consent from the study participants. After the data were collected, it was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 23 computer software. A logistic regression model was used to measure the association between the predictor and outcome variables. Statistical significance was declared at p-value< 0.05. Direction and strength of association were expressed using OR and 95% CI.Results: The study showed that the overall knowledge, attitude, and practice of the healthcare provider towards proper face mask utilization were 98 (33.5%), 185 (45.3%), and 272 (33.3%) respectively. Factors associated with proper utilization of face mask were educational status (AOR = 10.4, 95% CI: 2.51, 43.32), police rank (AOR=0.2. CI: 0.05, 0.41), profession (AOR = 7.7, 95% CI: 2.63, 22.65), and knowledge about face mask use (AOR = 0.01, 95% CI: 0.003, 0.023).Conclusion: In this study, the level of knowledge and attitude towards face mask utilization was relatively low, and the level of proper face mask utilization was quite low in comparison with some studies. Comprehensive training about a face mask that focuses on its proper use should be designed and given by the authorities to healthcare workers who are on the front-line in the fight against COVID-19.Keywords: healthcare workers, knowledge, attitude, practices, proper face mask utilization, police health facilities

Trhas Tadesse,1 Tadesse Alemu,2 Getasew Amogne,3 Getabalew Endazenaw,1 Ephrem Mamo1 1Public Health Department, Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2Public Health Department, Universal Medical and Business College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 3School of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Trhas TadessePublic Health Department, Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaTel +251912053189Email ttrhas@gmail.comBackground: Ethiopia has taken strict preventive measures against COVID-19 to control its spread, to protect citizens, and ensure their wellbeing. Employee’s adherence to preventive measures is influenced by their knowledge, perceived susceptibility, severity, benefit, barrier, cues to action, and self-efficacy. Therefore, this study investigated the predictors of COVID-19 prevention practice using the Health Belief Model among employees in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020.Methods: Multicentre cross-sectional study design was used. A total of 628 employees selected by systematic sampling method were included in this study. Data were collected using a pretested self-administered questionnaire. Summary statistics of a given data for each variable were calculated. Logistic regression model was used to measure the association between the outcome and the predictor variable. Statistical significance was declared at p-value< 0.05. Direction and strength of association were expressed using OR and 95% CI.Results: From a total of 628 respondents, 432 (68.8%) of them had poor COVID-19 prevention practice. Three hundred ninety-one (62.3%), 337 (53.7%), 312 (49.7), 497 (79.1%), 303 (48.2%) and 299 (52.4%) of the respondents had high perceived susceptibility, severity, benefit, barrier, cues to action and self-efficacy to COVID-19 prevention practice, respectively. Employees with a low level of perceived barriers were less likely to have a poor practice of COVID-19 prevention compared to employees with a high level of perceived barrier [AOR = 0.03, 95% CI (0.01,0.05)]. Similarly, employees with low cues to action and employees with a low level of self-efficacy were practiced COVID prevention measures to a lesser extent compared those with high cues to action and high level of self-efficacy [AOR = 0.05, 95% CI (0.026,0.10)] and [AOR = 0.08, 95% CI (0.04,0.14)], respectively.Conclusion: The proportion of employees with poor COVID-19 prevention was high. Income, perceived barrier, cues to action, and self-efficacy were significantly associated with COVID-19 prevention practice.Keywords: predictor, COVID-19, Health Belief Model, employees

Ginenus Fekadu,1 Firomsa Bekele,2 Kumera Bekele,3 Tsiyon Girma,4 Getu Mosisa,5 Mohammed Gebre,1 Tamirat Alemu,1 Tesfa Tekle,1 Busha Gamachu,1 Amenu Diriba6 1Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; 2Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Mettu University, Mettu, Ethiopia; 3Department of Nursing, College of Health Science, Selale University, Fiche, Ethiopia; 4Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University Referral Hospital, Nekemte, Ethiopia; 5Department of Nursing, Institute of Health Science, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; 6Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Wollega University, Nekemte, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Firomsa BekeleDepartment of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Mettu University, Mettu, EthiopiaTel +251-919536460Email firomsabekele21@gmail.comBackground: Non-adherence to tuberculosis treatment is the most challenging and hindering factor for successful tuberculosis therapy. The long duration of tuberculosis treatment and the undesirable effects of anti-tuberculosis drugs result in non-adherence to treatment among pediatric patients. Hence, this study was aimed to evaluate pediatrics adherence status among tuberculosis pediatric patients on anti-tuberculosis treatment at Nekemte Specialized Hospital.Methods: A health facility-based cross-sectional study design was used to recruit pediatric TB patients who were receiving their treatment between February 15 and March 15, 2019. Adherence to tuberculosis therapy was evaluated using data obtained from face-to-face interviews of their respective caregivers. The collected data were entered into EPI-manager 4.0.2 software and analyzed using SPSS version 24. Logistic regression was used to analyze the variables and variables with p-value < 0.05 had a statistically significant association with the adherence to anti TB treatment.Results: Among 202 participants involved in the study, 120 (59.4%) of them were males and 119 (58.9%) were in the age category of 11– 15 years. A total of 166 (82.2%) of the patients had extra-pulmonary tuberculosis and 174 (86.1%) of them were in the intensive phase. Of the pediatric tuberculosis patients, 48 (73.3%) of them have adhered to the treatment regimen. Female gender [AOR: 3.3, 95% CI: 1.52– 7.2], younger age (0– 5 years) [AOR: 5.96 95% CI: 1.81– 19.6], living in urban area [AOR: 3.73, 95% CI: 1.67– 8.36], and patients who did not experience side effect [AOR: 2.87, 95% CI: 1.41– 5.81] were predictors of good adherence to tuberculosis treatment up on multivariable logistic regression analysis.Conclusion: The level of adherence observed in our study area was low. Age, sex, residence, and side effect experience showed an association with tuberculosis treatment adherence. Therefore, health care providers should educate all patients with tuberculosis before the initiation of anti-tuberculosis treatment.Keywords: adherence, pediatrics, tuberculosis, treatment, Ethiopia

Trhas Tadesse,1 Tesfaye Zewdu,2 Frew Tadesse,3 Getabalew Endazenaw,1 Tadesse Alemu4 1Department of Public health, Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2Department of Public health, Ethiopian Police University College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 3Department of Public health, Jigigiga University, Jigigiga, Ethiopia; 4Department of Public health, Universal Medical and Business College, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Trhas Tadesse Email ttrhas@gmail.comBackground: Police officers are grouped among the most at-risk population for HIV. Most police officers who are mobile related to work behavior might be at risk of HIV for themselves and/or the main source of infection in transmitting the disease to the police members. So the basic aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of condom use and associated factors among police force riot control in Addis Ababa in September 2015.Materials and Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional quantitative survey was conducted among a sample of 400 police officers. The sample size was calculated using a single size proportion formula by considering 52% prevalence of multiple sexual partners. A systematic random sampling technique was used to get study subjects from the institution. A pretested structured questionnaire was employed to obtain the necessary information after getting both written and verbal consent from the concerned body and study subjects. The collected data were checked for completeness and consistency and was coded before data entry. Data were entered and cleaned analyzed using SPSS statistical package.Results: Some 379 individuals provided data. Most of the respondents 348 (95.3%) had been sexually active during the past 12 months and 280 (84.1%) of them had more than one sexual partner. Seventy-five (19.8%) of the sexually active respondents used condoms consistently in the last 12 months. Had sex after drinking alcohol (adjusted OR=2.23; 95% CI (1.08, 4.61)),ever used substance (adjusted OR=4.37; 95% CI (1.18, 16.27)), had sex after consuming substance (Adjusted OR=4.37; 95% CI (1.18, 16.27)) and less education status (adjusted OR=0.38; 95% CI (0.16, 0.93)) were significantly associated with inconsistent condom use.Conclusion: There is a high inconsistency of condom use among federal police riot control. This indicates that the study populations are at higher risk of acquiring HIV infection. Substance use like khat, consuming alcohol, and low educational status was the significant predictor of inconsistent condom use among federal police riot control.Keywords: risky sexual behavior, HIV/AIDS, police force

Background: Population-based research on the prevalence and determinants of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and cognitive impairment is scarce in East Africa. Objective: To provide an overview of community- and population-based studies among older adults on the prevalence of dementia and cognitive impairment in East Africa, and identify research gaps. Methods: We carried out a literature search using three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar) using pertinent search terms. Results: After screening 445 publications, we identified four publications on the population-based prevalence of dementia, and three on cognitive impairment. Prevalence rates varied from 6– 23% for dementia, and 7– 44% for cognitive impairment, among participants aged≥50–70 years. Old age and a lower education level were risk factors for dementia and cognitive impairment. Physical inactivity, lack of a ventilated kitchen, and history of central nervous system infections and chronic headache were associated with increased odds of dementia. Female sex, depression, having no spouse, increased lifetime alcohol consumption, low income, rural residence, and low family support were associated with increased odds of cognitive impairment. Potential misclassification and non-standardized data collection methods are research gaps that should be addressed in future studies. Conclusions: Establishing collaborative networks and partnering with international research institutions may enhance the capacity for conducting population-based studies on dementia and cognitive impairment in East Africa. Longitudinal studies may provide valuable insights on incidence, as well as potential risk and protective factors of dementia and cognitive impairment, and may inform the development of targeted interventions including preventive strategies in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study performed landslide susceptibility mapping in Awabel Woreda, situated in the east Gojjam zone of the Amhara region in Ethiopia. The occurrence of landslides and slope instability is widespread in Awabel Woreda, leading to the devastation of agricultural fields, crops, and residences, the demise of animal life, and the forced relocation of local inhabitants from their dwellings. The present investigation utilized remote sensing and GIS techniques in conjunction with the Frequency Ratio (FR) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) models to map landslide risk zones. For the landslide susceptibility mapping of this study, nine causative factors, such as “elevation, slope, aspect, drainage density, lineament density, land use and land cover (LULC), soil texture, rainfall, and lithology”, were considered. A total of 130 past landslide events were identified via field survey and Google Earth image, of which 70% (91) of them were used as training datasets and 30% (39) were used as validation datasets of the proposed models (i.e., FR and AHP). The nine contributing variables and their classes were evaluated, and factor weights were computed using the IDRISI Selva 17.0 expert programme. The landslide susceptibility indexes (LSI) of the FR and AHP models were calculated and categorized into five relative zones using ArcGIS 10.7. The landslide susceptibility map (LSM) produced by the FR model shows that 93.2 km2 (14.52%) of the study area is classified as very low susceptibility, 167.51 km2 (26.09%) as low susceptibility, 174.10 km2 (27.12%) as moderate susceptibility, 137.03 km2 (21.34%) as high susceptibility, and 70.30 km2 (10.93%) as very high susceptibility to landslides. Based on the AHP model's LSM, different landslide susceptibility zones were identified in the study area. Specifically, 140.46 km2 (21.88%) of the region falls into the very low susceptibility zone, 116.78 km2 (18.59%) falls into the low susceptibility zone, 147.94 km2 (23.04%) falls into the moderate susceptibility zone, 154.04 km2 (23.99%) falls into the high susceptibility zone, and 82.78 km2 (12.89%) falls into the very high susceptibility zone. The validation investigation demonstrated that the FR and AHP models had accuracy rates of 89.73 and 87.18%, respectively. The FR model exhibited marginally more accurate results than AHP, primarily because of the direct correlation between previous and current occurrences of landslides. Nevertheless, the AHP model’s effectiveness relies on the individual’s expertise and the characteristics of the components that cause the outcome. The landslide susceptibility maps generated through these models provide valuable insights for land management and disaster mitigation efforts, with delineated zones indicating very low to very high susceptibility areas.

Abstract Milk coagulation, traditionally relied on Calf rennet, is a crucial enzymatic process in cheese production. Ethical and practical constraints in using Calf rennet have led to the exploration of alternative sources. This study aimed to identify plant-based substitutes for calf rennet by investigating the coagulating potential of extracts from three plants: Calotropis procera, lemon, and Solanum incanum. Each plant tested with three extract levels (15, 20, and 25 ml), and replicated three times. Juices were extracted from lemon and Solanum incanum fruits through incision and squeezing. Meanwhile, Calotropis procera aqueous filtrates were separated from its polymeric gum using centrifugation. Then after, all extracts were further purified through muslin cloth and Whatman filter paper. Extracts were added to a beaker containing 500 ml of milk heated at 50 °C, and allowed to coagulate, resulting in the separation of cheese, curds and whey. Then after whey production, fresh and dry weights of cheese, and cheese yield percentage were measured and recorded. Statistical analysis using SAS Studio showed that there is highly significant differences with P

BackgroundDespite poor menstrual hygiene practices exposing adolescent females to reproductive health problems, it has not been adequately studied in low-income countries. Due to a lack of proper information, the majority of teenage girls enter puberty without having prepared themselves. The aim of this study was to assess menstrual hygiene practice and associated factors among adolescent female students.MethodsAn institution-based cross-sectional study design was employed from March 10 to April 20, 2022. A random sample of 608 adolescent female students was included in the study. A multistage sampling was applied to employee study participants. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered through an interview technique. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the data using version 26 SPSS statistical software. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and a corresponding p-value

BackgroundUnder-five mortality continues to be a serious public health concern in low-and middle-income countries, particularly in Africa. This study investigates the probability of under-five survival and its predictors of mortality in the African continent using a recent demographic health survey from 2014-2022.MethodsThis study utilized recent Demographic and Health Survey data from 30 African countries, encompassing 226,862 live births. This study employed a multivariable lognormal accelerated failure time gamma shared frailty parametric survival regression analysis to identify the predictors of time-to-death among under-five children in these African nations.ResultThe overall under-five child mortality rate in Africa was 37.55 per 1,000 live births (95% CI: 37.35, 37.74. In this study, children born in Western Africa; children born in Eastern Africa; children born to mothers aged 15-19 years; maternal educational status; maternal decision autonomy; being female; place of delivery; number of ANC visits; children born among mothers who delivered by Cesarean section; mothers who have multiple birth outcome; children who were second birth order; and third birth order and third birth order; children who were small in size at birth; children who were born from a community with a low women education; having poor wealth index; respondents working; mothers delivered at the age between 20-35 were significant predictors of survival time to event of under-five children in Africa.ConclusionThis study found that the overall under-five mortality rates remain high across Africa. In this study country region, maternal age, maternal education status, maternal age at first birth, respondent's employment status, birth outcome, wealth index, birth order, place of delivery, mode of delivery, women's autonomy in healthcare decision-making, number of antenatal care visits, child's size at birth, sex of the neonate, and community-level women's education were found to be significant predictors of survival time to death of under-five children. Addressing these multilevel factors is crucial for developing targeted interventions to reduce under-five mortality further and improve child survival in African countries.

Abstract Background Sorghum anthracnose is a major disease that hampers the productivity of the crop globally. The disease is caused by the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Colletotrichum sublineola. The identification of anthracnose-resistant sorghum genotypes, defining resistance loci and the underlying genes, and their introgression into adapted cultivars are crucial for enhancing productivity. In this study, we conducted field experiments on 358 diverse accessions of Ethiopian sorghum. Quantitative resistance to anthracnose was evaluated at locations characterized by a heavy natural infestation that is suitable for disease resistance screening. Results The field-based screening identified 53 accessions that were resistant across locations, while 213 accessions exhibited variable resistance against local pathotypes. Genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) was performed using disease response scores on 329 accessions and 83,861 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated through genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). We identified 38 loci significantly associated with anthracnose resistance. Interestingly, a subset of these loci harbor genes encoding receptor-like kinases (RLK), nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), stress-induced antifungal tyrosine kinase that have been previously implicated in disease resistance. A SNP on chromosome 4 (S04_66140995) and two SNPs on chromosome 2 (S02_75784037, S02_2031925), localized with-in the coding region of genes that encode a putative stress-induced antifungal kinase, an F-Box protein, and Xa21-binding RLK that were strongly associated with anthracnose resistance. We also identified highly significant associations between anthracnose resistance and three SNPs linked to genes (Sobic.002G058400, Sobic.008G156600, Sobic.005G033400) encoding an orthologue of the widely known NLR protein (RPM1), Leucine Rich Repeat family protein, and Heavy Metal Associated domain-containing protein, respectively. Other SNPs linked to predicted immune response genes were also significantly associated with anthracnose resistance. Conclusions The sorghum germplasm collections used in the present study are genetically diverse. They harbor potentially useful, yet undiscovered, alleles for anthracnose resistance. This is supported by the identification of novel loci that are enriched for disease resistance regulators such as NLRs, LRKs, Xa21-binding LRK, and antifungal proteins. The genotypic data available for these accessions offer a valuable resource for sorghum breeders to effectively improve the crop. The genomic regions and candidate genes identified can be used to design markers for molecular breeding of sorghum diseases resistance.

A Novel bioanalytical detector based on Poly(Diaquabis(1,10-phenanthroline copper (II) Iodide) (poly([Cu(H2O)2P2]I2)/GCE) has been fabricated by potentiodynamic polymerization of [Cu(H2O)2P2]I2. The synthesized complex and the fabricated electrodes showed a promising electrocatalytic behavior towards the electrooxidation of Trimethoprim (TPM). Based on the regression coefficient value of scan rate with peak current and square root of peak current, the oxidation of TMP at poly([Cu(H2O)2P2]I2)/GCE was dominated by diffusion. Under the optimized experimental conditions and square wave voltammetric parameters, the poly([Cu(H2O)2P2]I2)/GCE revealed very wide responses in the range of concentration of 500 nM–160 μM with a limit of detection of 3.91 nM and a Limit of quantification of 13.02 nM with the relative standard deviation below 1.75 %. The valuable applicability of the fabricated sensor for the determination of TMP in real samples, including cow's milk, blood serum, and human urine, was successfully investigated. The electroanalysis results from the spike recovery and interference study provided an excellent range of recovery with an error percent of below 3.0 % in the combination effect with the potential interferents. The sensor exhibited excellent reproducibility, sensitivity, long-term stability, high accuracy, and fast response. The developed bioanalytical sensor revealed the best application prospect for biomedicine and environmental monitoring activities.

Abstract Background Feeding the world's future population while still facing a variety of socioeconomic and climate change scenarios with uncertain outcomes is a key global societal concern that should be addressed in a science-based manner. Ethiopia boasts a great diversity of wild edible plant species (WEPS), but millions of its citizens still suffer from chronic hunger every year. In this context, we here document the use and conservation of WEPS in the Awi Agäw community, Northwestern Ethiopia. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study from October 2021 to June 2022. Ethnobotanical and conservation status data were collected via semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, field walks and market surveys. A total of 374 respondents from three districts (Guangua, Jawi and Ankasha) were purposely selected for the study. Descriptive statistics, including preference rankings, frequencies and direct matrix rankings, were employed for the data analysis. Results We identified a total of 39 WEPS plant taxa distributed among 26 families and 32 genera. The Moraceae and Rosaceae had the greatest numbers of plants, with five and three species, respectively. The WEPS are regularly consumed in the study area to alleviate hunger. However, threats such as habitat loss, agricultural expansion, deforestation for firewood and other reasons, and pesticide use threaten WEPS availability. Conclusion Therefore, community-based conservation interventions need to be encouraged to safeguard WEPS and associated traditional knowledge. Furthermore, nutritional quality analysis is recommended for the selection of promising WEPS candidates.

Abstract Background Dyspepsia is a common gastrointestinal illness sometimes associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Screening and eradicating the bacterium reduces the risk of infection-related complications. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of H. pylori infection among dyspeptic patients and the effectiveness of triple eradication therapy at hospitals in Hawassa city, Ethiopia. Results The prevalence of H. pylori infection was 48.5%. The H. pylori eradication rate using first-line triple therapy was 83.8%. Eradication therapy failure is associated with previous exposure compared to no exposure (AOR: 4.8, 95% CI: 1.37–10.97), a regimen for 10-days compared to 14-days (AOR: 4.05, 95% CI: 1.42–11.55), and self-reported side effects compared to no report (AOR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.12–5.97). Based on Morisky-eight scale 230 (79.0%) patients were adherent to their triple therapy. Participants with no reports of adverse effects showed increased odds of adherence to triple therapy compared to those who had reports (AOR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.29–4.62). Conclusions This study demonstrated that about half of adult dyspeptic patients were infected with H. pylori, and moderate eradication was observed. Factors such as previous history of eradication therapy, duration of the eradication regimen, and perception of potential adverse effects are associated with eradication rate and should be considered during the initiation of eradication therapy.

Abstract Environmental changes pose major impacts on the performance of crop genotypes with important implications for crop improvement strategies. Hence, breeders pay attention to the effects of genotype by environment interaction (GEI) to mine genetic resources and select adapted genotypes. Twenty sorghum genotypes selected from a large collection of Ethiopian sorghum landraces and two improved varieties were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications at eight locations representing different environmental conditions in Ethiopia. The study aimed at assessing GEI and identifying stable and high‐yielding genotypes of sorghum for grain yield and major agronomic traits. Analysis of variance and additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) revealed highly significant (p ≤ 0.001) variance due to genotypes, environments, and GEI among all traits except for days to maturity. Plant height, days to maturity, panicle width, panicle weight, and grain yield were highly affected by environment and GEI, while days to flowering, panicle length, and 1000‐grain weight were mainly affected by genotypic variations. The data also suggest the importance of considering GEI in screening for high‐yielding and stable sorghum genotypes across environments. Among testing sites, Chawaka, Gute, and Uke were ideal environments for grain yield and Asosa was the most discriminative environment. Three genotypes (ETSL100808, Merera, and ETSL100474) were superior and stable across test environments for grain yield and related traits. Overall, based on mean grain yield and disease reaction, AMMI, GGE (genotype and genotype by environment interaction) biplot, and regression models, ETSL100808 was the most stable, high‐yielding, and disease‐tolerant sorghum genotype, suggesting its potential both in breeding program, as donor of traits, and for direct release as a variety.

In present study, two pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized and characterized. The synthesized pyrazoline derivatives 6 and 9 were screened for their antibacterial activity against two Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) and two Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and S. pyogenes). Both derivatives displayed good activity against tested bacterial strains. Pyrazoline derivative 6 and 9 showed good activities against S. aureus with mean inhibition zones of 17.05 ± 0.03 and 18.2 ± 0.02 mm at 200 µg/mL respectively. Pyrazoline derivative 9 also revealed good activity against E. coli and S. pyogenes with mean inhibition of 19.5 ± 0.02 and 15.2 ± 0.04 mm at 200 and 100 µg/mL. Pyrazoline derivative 6 showed promising activity against P. aeruginosa with a mean inhibition of 17.7 ± 0.04 mm at 200 µg/mL concentration. Antioxidant activities of these derivatives were evaluated using DPPH radical assay. Here, derivatives 9 showed the strongest activity value of 90.1 at 200 µg/mL. Molecular docking study of the synthesized derivatives was conducted to evaluate their binding pattern with human myeloperoxidase and S. aureus gyrase. The in-silico interaction results aligned with the in vitro analysis of the synthesized compounds and demonstrated well against S. aureus gyrase (PDB ID 2XCT). Synthesized compounds 6 with −10.1 kcal/mol and 9 with −10.2 kcal/mol exhibited good binding scores. Whereas the binding scores against human myeloperoxidase (PDB ID 1DNU) displayed well for both compounds.

Abstract The identification of genomic regions underlying the root system architecture (RSA) is vital for improving crop abiotic stress tolerance. To improve sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) for environmental stress tolerance, information on genetic variability and genomic regions linked to RSA traits is paramount. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate common quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) via multiple methodologies and identify genomic regions linked to RSA traits in a panel of 274 Ethiopian sorghum accessions. Multi‐locus genome‐wide association study was conducted using 265,944 high‐quality single nucleotide polymorphism markers. Considering the QTN detected by at least three different methods, a total of 17 reliable QTNs were found to be significantly associated with root angle, number, length, and dry weight. Four QTNs were detected on chromosome SBI‐05, followed by SBI‐01 and SBI‐02 with three QTNs each. Among the 17 QTNs, 11 are colocated with previously identified root traits quantitative trait loci and the remaining six are genome regions with novel genes. A total of 118 genes are colocated with these up‐ and down‐streams of the QTNs. Moreover, five QTNs were found intragenic. These QTNs are S5_8994835 (number of nodal roots), S10_55702393 (number of nodal roots), S1_56872999 (nodal root angle), S9_1212069 (nodal root angle), and S5_5667192 (root dry weight) intragenic regions of Sobic.005G073101, Sobic.010G198000, Sobic.001G273000, Sobic.009G013600, and Sobic.005G054700, respectively. Particularly, Sobic.005G073101, Sobic.010G198000, and Sobic.009G013600 were found responsible for the plant growth hormone‐induced RSA. These genes may regulate root development in the seedling stage. Further analysis on these genes might be important to explore the genetic structure of RSA of sorghum.

Bread wheat is a vital staple crop worldwide; including in Ethiopia, but its production is prone to various environmental constraints and yield reduction associated with adaptation. To identify adaptable genotypes, a total of 12 bread wheat genotypes (G1 to G12) were evaluated for their genotype-environment interaction (GEI) and stability across three different environments for two years using Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and genotype main effect plus genotype-by-environment interaction (GGE) biplots analysis. GEI is a common phenomenon in crop improvement and is of significant importance in genotype assessment and recommendation. According to combined analysis of variance, grain yield was considerably impacted by environments, genotypes, and GEI. AMMI and GGE biplots analysis also provided insights into the performance and stability of the genotypes across diverse environmental conditions. Among the 12 genotypes, G6 was selected by AMMI biplot analysis as adaptive and high-yielding genotype; G5 and G7 demonstrated high stability and minimal interaction with the environment, as evidenced by their IPCA1 values. G7 was identified as the most stable and high-yielding genotype. The GGE biplot's polygon view revealed that the highest grain yield was obtained from G6 in environment three (E3). E3 was selected as the ideal environment by the GGE biplot. The top three stable genotypes identified by AMMI stability value (ASV) were G5, G7, and G10, while the most stable genotype determined by Genotype Selection Index (GSI) was G7. Even though G6 was a high yielder, it was found to be unstable according to ASV and ranked third in stability according to GSI. Based on the study's findings, the GGE biplot genotype view for grain yield identified Tay genotype (G6) to be the most ideal genotype due to its high grain yield and stability in diverse environments. G7 showed similar characteristics and was also stable. These findings provide valuable insights to breeders and researchers for selecting high-yielding and stable, as well as high-yielding specifically adapted genotypes.

The study was carried out to assess the nature and magnitude of genetic variability for grain quality traits in lowland sorghum accessions. Understanding genetic diversity and trait association is crucial to designing an effective breeding plan to develop nutrient-rich varieties. Two hundred twenty-five accessions were evaluated using a simple lattice design with two replications at Weioto. Prepared samples per replication were scanned by mixing the grains and repacking the sample cup after each scan. Analysis of grain quality traits revealed significant (P ≥ 0.01) differences among the genotypes indicating a good chance for genetic improvement. Genotypic means of nutritional content showed that amylose (Am) content ranged from 19.11 to 20.80%, ash value ranged from 0.37 to 3.14%, starch content ranged from 42.29 to 72.77%, and protein (pr) in dry basis ranged from 2.62 to 10.45%. Similarly, iron (Fe) ranged from 1.38 to 73.21 ppm, zinc (Zn) ranged from 16.8 to 66.02 ppm, and tannin content ranged between -0.08 and 9105.21%. Broad-sense heritability (h2b) of all grain quality attributes such as amylose; ash; starch; moisture; iron; zinc; protein, and tannin was in the range of 13-92%. Principal component analysis showed the first three principal components with an eigenvalue equal to or greater than unity adequately explain the variation in the data. Significant positive genetic correlations (P

For sustainable genetic improvement of crops like sorghum, assessing genetic variability and knowing the nature and extent of the association between grain yield and yield-related traits is a prerequisite. However, there needs to be sufficient information about the genetic variability study as well as yield-related trait correlation and path coefficient analysis for sorghum accessions, especially those from southern Ethiopia. Hence, this field experiment assessed genetic variability, determined the nature and extent of phenotypic–genetic correlation, and analyzed the path coefficients among 17 quantitative traits. A total of 225 sorghum genotypes were tested using a simple lattice design with two replications at the Jinka Agricultural Research Center during the 2021 cropping season. Based on the analysis of variance, most traits showed highly significant (P 0.001) differences, suggesting genetic diversity between the genotypes. High estimates of GCV and PCV were noted for leaf width (3924.50% and 3924.50%), while the lowest GCV and PCV estimates were obtained for days to flowering and days to maturity. High heritability coupled with high GAM estimates was recorded for plant height, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf area. The magnitudes of genotypic correlations were higher than those of phenotypic correlations for most of the studied traits, implying that the traits under study were genetically controlled. Grain yield was positively and significantly correlated with most of the traits at phenotypic and genotypic levels, indicating the presence of a strong inherent association between grain yield and other traits. Phenotypic path coefficient analysis showed that grain filling period and biomass yield exerted a high positive direct effect on grain yield. Genotypic path coefficient analysis revealed that biomass yield, grain filling period, leaf width, and days to flowering had a relatively high positive direct effect on grain yield. However, days to maturity, plant height, leaf number, leaf area, yield per panicle, straw weight, and harvest index exerted a negative direct effect on grain yield. Almost for all the studied traits, genotypic direct and indirect effects were higher than the phenotypic direct and indirect effects, indicating that the studied traits had a genetically inherited relationship with grain yield. Grain yield in sorghum can be improved through indirect selection for traits such as plant height, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, and biomass yield. In general, the observed variability and the information obtained from this study can be used for the genetic enhancement of sorghum thereby developing high-yielding varieties.

Abstract Background Indoor residual spraying (IRS) has been the main tool used to control malaria. Reducing the life span and the density of the vector mosquitoes are direct effects of IRS towards restricting malaria transmission. Residents must not wash or re-plaster walls after the spray application for at least 6 months to fight against malaria with IRS. This study sought to assess the alteration of the sprayed wall after the IRS operation and associated factors among households in the Boricha district. Methods Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 608 households selected using multi-stage sampling. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analysed by SPSS version 25. Both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was done. Finally, the strength of the association was measured based on AOR with 95% CI and statistical significance was declared at a p-value less than 0.05. Result From the total of 608 sprayed houses included in the study, 37.3% (95% CI: 33.41% – 41.15%) were found to have altered sprayed walls. The highest class of wealth index category (AOR = 2.50; 95% CI: 1.19, 5.16), low level of comprehensive knowledge about IRS (AOR = 6.08; 95% CI: 3.37, 10.94), did not get information within 2 weeks before spray (AOR = 2.09; 95% CI: 1.43, 3.05), absence of supervision after the spray operation (AOR = 1.77; 95% CI: 1.27, 2.73) and walking distance to nearest health facility (AOR = 2.39; 95% CI: 1.63, 3.35) remained significant factors of altering of the sprayed wall after IRS. Conclusion The prevalence of alteration was relatively high. The highest socio-economic status, poor knowledge about indoor residual spraying, lack of information about IRS within two weeks before spray, absence of supervision after IRS, and walking distance of more than 30 min to reach the nearest health post were the factors affecting the alteration status of the sprayed wall. Future efforts to focus on successive awareness creation activities should be done before and after IRS operation to the community by concerned bodies.

Mulugeta Taeme Gebretsion,1 Tilahun Sisay Alemu,2 Yimam Ali Mergiyaw1 1Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; 2Surgery Department, Kemisse General Hospital, Kemisse, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Mulugeta Taeme Gebretsion, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia, Tel +251904690867, Email mullerab1988@gmail.comIntroduction: Gossypiboma is the accidental retention of surgical gauze with inflammatory reaction in the body cavity after surgical procedures. It is an uncommon but preventable surgical mistake. This serious medical condition could have a substantial impact on morbidity and mortality as well as medico-legal issues.Case Report: We present here a case of a 30-year-old female referred to our surgical outpatient department with progressive lower abdominal swelling, pain, and low-grade fever of 4 months’ duration after she had undergone cesarean section 6 months back at the primary hospital. On physical examination, she was tachycardic and had a 15× 15 cm firm, mobile, non-tender, infra-umbilical abdominal mass. Abdominal ultrasound suggested possible gossypiboma, which was confirmed after exploratory laparotomy.Discussion: Any type of surgery can be a reason for retained surgical gauze, but its incidence can be significantly reduced if surgical checklists are used seriously and routinely in every patient. A strong index of suspicion continues to be crucial in the diagnosis of surgical gauze retention, particularly when a patient has experienced an unexplained bad course following surgery.Conclusion: : In patients who present with palpable abdominal mass and a history of previous abdominal surgical operations, the diagnosis of gossypiboma should be included in the differential diagnosis. Prevention of retained surgical items is the collective responsibility of the surgical team, the nursing team, and operation theatre technicians. Furthermore, strict measures should be implemented to avoid it.Keywords: case report, gossypiboma, retained foreign body, abdominal sponge, abdominal mass

Recent advances in automated microscopy and image analysis enables quantitative profiling of cellular phenotypes (Cell Painting). It paves the way for studying the broad effects of chemical perturbations on biological systems at large scale during lead optimization. Comparison of perturbation biosignatures with biosignatures of annotated compounds can inform on both on- and off-target effects. When building databases with phenotypic profiles of thousands of compounds, it is vital to control the quality of Cell Painting assays over time. A tool for this to our knowledge does not yet exist within the imaging community. In this paper, we introduce an automated tool to assess the quality of Cell Painting assays by quantifying the reproducibility of biosignatures of annotated reference compounds. The tool learns the biosignature of those treatments from a historical dataset, and subsequently, it builds a two-dimensional probabilistic quality control (QC) limit. The limit will then be used to detect aberrations in new Cell Painting experiments. The tool is illustrated using simulated data and further demonstrated on Cell Painting data of the A549 cell line. In general, the tool provides a sensitive, detailed and easy-to-interpret mechanism to validate the quality of Cell Painting assays.

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Abstract Background Stunting among children of ages 24-59 months is a major public health challenge in developing countries. It has been linked with poor water quality, water accessibility, a lack of environmental sanitation, and personal hygiene (WASH) practices, particularly in food-insecure areas. Stunting occurs during certain seasons in food-insecure settings. Therefore, a complete understanding of risk factors is the first step in the development of a preventive strategy. However, information is scarce about the prevalence and factors associated with stunting among children of ages 24-59 months in these settings. Objective This study aimed to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with stunting among children aged 24–59 months in Lemo district, south Ethiopia, in 2021. Methods A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1-30/2021. Data were collected from a total of 415 randomly selected children and mother /guardian/. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors associated with childhood stunting. In binary logistic regression analysis, independent variables with p-value

Introduction: Opportunistic infections (OIs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among adults living with HIV. Current and accurate information about the occurrence of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults is critical for developing more effective treatments and interventions. However, few studies have been conducted in Ethiopia on the prevalence of common opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and predictors of opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the comprehensive specialized hospital affiliated with the University of Gondar. Methods: Between January 11, 2015, and January 10, 2021, a retrospective cohort study was conducted at the University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital. A total of 715 HIV-infected adults on ART were included in the study. Data were extracted from the charts of HIV-infected adults using a data extraction form adapted from the ART entry and follow-up forms. Epi-dataTM Version 4.5 was used to enter data, and StataTM Version 16 was used to analyze the data. The time interval between opportunistic infections was estimated using the Kaplan Meier survival curve. To identify risk predictors of opportunistic infections, bivariate and multivariate semi-parametric and parametric regression models were fitted. Result: This study included the records of 715 HIV-infected adults-initiated ART between January 11, 2015, to January 10, 2021. During the follow-up period, the overall incidence of opportunistic infections was 4.1 (95 percent CI 3.74 to 4.44) per 10,000 person-year observation, with a median of 57 months (IQR = 40–69 months). Pneumocystis’ pneumonia at 90(16.51%) was the most encountered OI at follow-up. Adults are presenting with baseline CD4

BackgroundAir is the agent of pathogenic microbes that cause significant problems in the hospital environment. Multidrug resistance poses a major therapeutic challenge to these airborne microorganisms in hospital indoor environments.Method and materialsThis study was conducted at Adare General Hospital in Hawassa City, Sidama, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted. The proportional allocation method was used to select the sampled 50 rooms from the total available rooms in each category of wards and staff offices. A total of 100 indoor air samples were collected using settle plates in all units twice a day, morning (9:00–4:00 a.m.) and afternoon (3:00–4:00 p.m.). The types and number of colonies were determined in the laboratory, and the pathogenic bacteria were isolated by appropriate bacteriological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on Mueller-Hinton agar for each potentially pathogenic bacterium isolated. For each bacterium, a total of 12 antibiotics were tested using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The test organism was adjusted to McFarland turbidity standards of 0.5. Data were entered and analyzed using the SPSS version 25 window. Descriptive analysis and one-way analysis of variance were performed.ResultsThe indoor air bacterial load of Adare General Hospital was found in the range between 210 and 3,224 CFU/m3. The highest indoor air bacterial load was identified from the gynecology ward with a mean of 2,542.5CFU/m3 at p < 0.05. From 100 indoor air samples, a total of 116 bacterial pathogen isolates were obtained. Gram-positive isolates predominated at 72.4%, of which 37.1% were Staphylococcus aureus, 26.7% were coagulase-negative Staphylococci, and the rest 8.6% were Streptococcus pyogenes. The isolation of pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci showed a high level of resistance to ampicillin.ConclusionA high bacterial load was found in the study area as compared to different indoor air biological standards. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci were the isolated predominant bacteria. Attention should be given to preventing and minimizing those environmental factors that favor the multiplication of bacteria in the indoor environment of a hospital for the safe health of patients, visitors, and staff.