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This paper deals with the construction of a possible architectural design in four dimensions. To demonstrate the hypothesis of the real consistency of a new four-dimensional spatiality for architecture, the design process has been analyzed in form of a theorem, starting from the comparison between the elements of the project and the definitions of the referred geometry, acquired from the study of the mathematical treatises on the fourth dimension. The adopted method, following the scientific process, proceeded from the exposition of the problem, to the acquisition of the state of the art, to a description of the steps of the research, to the formulation of the hypothesis and finally, to the proof of the theoretical assumption.

Background: Lowering mortality and hospitalization of older adults is one of the main goals of public health to improve both health systems' sustainability and older adults' quality of life. The aim of this study is to identify the determinants associated with mortality and the use of hospital services in the population older than 64 years of age. Methods: A randomized sample from the population of the Lazio region (Italy) above the age of 64 was enrolled in 2014 by the administration of a questionnaire to assess frailty; the rates of use of hospital services and mortality in the year following the enrolment have been retrieved by the regional database. Univariable and multivariable analyses addressed the association of health status, social and economic variables with health outcomes. Results: One thousand two hundred and eighty persons were recruited; 52 deaths were reported at 1 year of follow-up (robust 1.8%, frail 10.1% and very frail 19.1%, P < 0.001). The mean rate of use of hospital services was 692.2 per 1000 observation/year (robust 589.5, frail 1191.1 and very frail 848.4, P < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, the higher rate of use of hospital services was independently associated with functional status, social support, psychological/psychiatric discomfort, availability of home care services and physical health. Conclusions: Frailty, as a multidimensional issue, is also a strong predictor of survival in the short term. The use of the hospital services by older adults is associated mainly with functional status, social resources, psycho-physical status and health service organization factors.

Introduction. Frailty represents a major risk factor for death and Use of Hospital Services (UHS) among older adults. A simple tool to detect frailty might permit stratification of the community-dwelling older population according to the risk of negative outcomes. The present study aims at determining the sensitivity and specificity in predicting mortality and UHS of the Short Functional Geriatric Evaluation (SFGE), a short questionnaire to screen for frailty in community-dwelling older citizens. Methods. The study is a secondary analysis of all the data collected through an observational longitudinal cohort study carried out in Lazio region (Italy). The SFGE is compared with the Functional Geriatric Evaluation (FGE) questionnaire to define sensitivity and specificity for mortality and for UHS during the first year following its administration. Results. The SFGE classifies 36.3% of the respondents as frail and shows a sensitivity of 90.4% and a specificity of 78.3% compared to the FGE (area under the ROC: 0.928; CL95%: 0.910 - 0.947; p-value < 0.001). Those respondents identified by the SFGE as frail also include some of those classified by the FGE as pre-frail, who also show a high rate of UHS. The results show that the SFGE score predicts the UHS more accurately than it does the mortality rate. Conclusion. The SFGE identifies as frail a larger portion of the enrolled population than the FGE. Those people so identified show a high rate of UHS. Because of its easy and quick administration, it can be considered a useful primary screening tool but it must be followed up with a more extensive assessment of those identified as frail. The small time needed to fill in the tool and the possibility of administering it by telephone makes the SFGE a useful tool to screen for frailty and to plan the provision of care services at both individual and population level.

In mathematics, it is quite easy to define four-dimensional geometry. With their equations, in fact, mathematicians work without any difficulty with any “n” dimension. From this point of view, it is also quite easy to describe what shape in our 3d word a hypercube, for example, can assume, taking advantage of projections of the geometric figure in the lower dimension. We have to say that architects are accustomed to draw the space they imagine through orthogonal projections and therefore to see the 3d space through its 2d projection in plan and section.

Rotavirus (RV) is worldwide considered as the most important viral agent of acute gastroenteritis in children less than 5 y. Since 2006, the availability of anti-RV vaccines has deeply modified the incidence and economic burden of RV infection. In Europe, some countries have introduced an anti-RV vaccination program in the last 10 y. Although community acquired RV (CARV) disease is the most studied condition of RV infection, recently some authors have highlighted the importance of nosocomial RV (nRV) disease as an emerging public health issue. The aim of this review is to summarize the epidemiology of both CARV and nRV, in order to discuss the difficulty of a clear evaluation of the burden of the disease in absence of comparable data. In particular, we focused our attention to European studies regarding nRV in terms of divergences related to definition, report of incidence rate and methodological issues.

Routine mass immunization programs have contributed greatly to the control of infectious diseases and to the improvement of the health of populations. Over the last decades, the rise of anti-vaccination movements has threatened the advances made in this field to the point that vaccination coverage rates have decreased and outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases have resurfaced. One of the critical points of the immunization debate revolves around the level of risk attributable to vaccination, namely the possibility of experiencing serious and possibly irreversible adverse events. Unfortunately, the knowledge about adverse events, especially rare ones, is usually incomplete at best and the attribution of a causal relationship with vaccinations is subject to significant uncertainties. The aim of this paper is to provide a narrative review of seven rare or very rare adverse events: hypotonic hyporesponsive episode, multiple sclerosis, apnea in pre-term newborns, Guillain-Barré syndrome, vasculitides, arthritis/arthralgia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura. We have selected these adverse events based on our experience of questions asked by health care workers involved in vaccination services. Information on the chosen adverse events was retrieved from Medline using appropriate search terms. The review is in the form of questions and answers for each adverse event, with a view to providing useful and actionable concepts while not ignoring the uncertainties that remain. We also highlight in the conclusion possible future improvements to adverse event detection and assessment that could help identify individuals at higher risk against the probable future backdrop of ever-greater abandonment of compulsory vaccination policies., Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, Vol 58, No 1 (2017): 2017581

The high standards of safety and effectiveness of vaccines have allowed them to get a prominent role in disease prevention and health protection. However, like any other intervention, vaccination is not free from risks. Rare adverse events occur after immunization in less than one in a thousand individuals and can be linked to vaccination by causality or coincidence. These events are reported on the SmPC (Summary of Product Characteristics). We have first divided the rare adverse events in local and generalized, and then we have analyzed them according to the type of vaccine linked to the event. Communication of the benefits of vaccines, that are surely greater than their risks, must take place in a conscious and scientific way, in order to avoid vaccinations being perceived as an imposition, instead of the great opportunity for everyone that they are.

Rotaviruses are the most common etiological cause for pediatric acute gastroenteritis, particularly in children under 5 years of age or immunocompromised. Since 2008, vaccination program has determined a decrease in Rotavirus-related hospitalization, outpatient's visits, emergency department visits and mortality. These indicators of illness for Rotaviruses diseases remain high in those countries where there is no access to rehydrating therapies. In Italy vaccine coverage is very low, even if the burden of RV disease is well known, and at present vaccination is offered free of charge in a single region.

Vaccines play the main role in primary prevention in Public Health as they allow the control of many infectious diseases progression, reducing complications, morbidity and mortality. Pharmaceutical industry has spread worldwide the production and distribution of vaccines; moreover, research and new technological approaches inside industry make possible new formulations and preparations with an increasing safety. In spite of these positive aspects, lack of confidence in the utility of vaccination as well as in the real role of the pharmaceutical industry has grown in importance in recent decades. Aim of the study was to analyze these issues, with regards to cost and timing of vaccine production, and complex vaccine planning, related to efficacy, safety and tolerability assessment. Relationship between pharmaceutical industry and Public Health was finally considered; in particular, the role of Public Health as mediator between the pharmaceutical industry and the general population.

In recent times many architects have proclaimed a new design philosophy based on complex-systems science, in opposition to conventional analytical methodology, or reductionism, and non-linear processes including computer aided design. Some claim that with the support of computers, entire new forms of design have become possible, while others believe that computers have even modified the creative processes and the design theory. In this sense, architects are involved in scientific investigations of artificial life, genetic algorithms and neural network programs. Artificial Intelligence, which supports the development of digital systems, both those produced for self-generated architectures as well as those for drawing topological transformation in Euclidean space, is evolving quickly. The use of digital systems for animation, on which programs such as ALIAS and MAYA are based, have had a liberating and cathartic effect enabling architects to draw and control unusual shapes with high levels of complexity.

The Philips Pavilion at the Brussels World Fair is the first of Le Corbusier’s architectural works to connect the evolution of his mathematical thought on harmonic series and modular coordination with the idea of three-dimensional continuity. This propitious circumstance was the consequence of his collaboration with Iannis Xenakis, whose profound interest in mathematical structures was improved on his becaming acquainted with the Modulor, while at the same time Le Corbusier encountered double ruled quadric surfaces. For the Philips Pavilion—the Poeme Electronic—Corbusier entrusted Xenakis with a “mathematical translation” of his sketches, which represented the volume of a rounded bottle with a stomach-shaped plan. The Pavilion was designed as if it were an orchestral work in which lights, loudspeakers, film projections on curved surfaces, spectators’ shadows and their expression of wonder, objects hanging from the ceiling and the containing space itself were all virtual instruments.

Alessandra Capanna summarizes the life and work of Iannis Xenakis, who passed away on 4 February 2001.He was a musician, but above all he was a theorist and pure researcher who used mathematical thought as a basis for of his compositions. Because of this, his way of working more closely resembles that of a philosopher of science than that of an artist, whose instinctive creations are sometimes controlled only by aesthetical aims. he was also an architect. In 1956 Le Corbusier entrusted his sketches for the Philips Pavilion for the Brussels World’s Fair to Xenakis, who was charged to “translate them through mathematics”.

Background Discrepancies between severity of lesions and symptoms may be observed in Crohn's disease. We prospectively assessed whether Crohn's disease may be diagnosed among asymptomatic relatives of patients, using Small Bowel Contrast Ultrasonography. Methods Diagnosis of asymptomatic Crohn's disease relatives was defined ultrasonographically as: bowel wall thickness >3 mm, bowel dilation/stricture, lumen diameter >2.5 cm. Diagnosis was confirmed by ileocolonoscopy. Subjects were also screened for the Leu3020insC mutation. Results Consent was given by 35 asymptomatic first-degree relatives of 18 Crohn's disease patients. Ultrasonography indicated increased bowel wall thickness (5 mm) compatible with ileal Crohn's disease in 1 relative (2.8%), a 42 year-old male. Ileocolonoscopy, histology, and radiology confirmed the diagnosis of stricturing ileal Crohn's disease. Gallbladder stones were detected in 7/35 (20%) relatives and Leu3020insC mutation in 3/35 (8.5%). Conclusions Small Bowel Contrast Ultrasonography may be a useful tool to diagnose asymptomatic small bowel Crohn's disease among first-degree relatives of patients.

This paper is one of a set of lessons prepared for the course of “Theory of Architecture” (Faculty of Architecture — “La Sapienza” University of Rome). The didactic aim was to present — to students attending the first year of courses — some methods for the beginning stages of design and their applicability to any kind creative work. The brief multimedia hypertext quoted at the end of this paper was carried out in collaboration with the “LaMA” (Laboratorio Multimediale di Architettura) as a test for new educational tools applied to first our “e-learning” experiences.

P352 Screening for melanoma and non melanoma skin cancer in IBD patients before treatment with thiopurines and anti-TNFs: A prospective cohort study E. Lolli1 *, R. Saraceno2, C. Petruzziello1, G. Condino1, M. Ascolani1, A. Ventura2, A. Capanna1, A. Ruffa1, S. Onali1, E. Calabrese1, S. Chimenti2, F. Pallone1, L. Biancone1. 1Universita di Roma Tor Vergata, Medicina dei sistemi, cattedra di Gastroenterologia, Roma, Italy, 2Dermatology Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Systems Medicine, Rome, Italy

To illustrate the crisis between the two terms announced in the title it is not easy to say that the first is a noun deliberately kept in the singular and the latter an adjective rendered in the plural. In terms apparently paradoxical we find that while in the notion of form we find a plurality of meanings and articulations in that of forms, this multiplicity of declinations is notably reduced even though there are positions therein have highlighted the propulsive potential as opposed to the usual limiting designation by denial. On the level of etymological ascent, the term “form” in reference to Greek or Latin origin offers significations not only distant and multiple but sometimes oppositional. The origin of the word ‘formless’ or “shapeless” is quite different, although on one side it is of more recent formation [first half of the sec. XIV] on the other hand has no other derivation than the Latin one of informis (der fōrma with negative prefix in-). Connecting this meaning to the term ‘amòrfo’ we get to the Greek ἄμορφος as ‘shapeless’ (comp. of - priv. and μορφή) denoting what is “without a definite form: amorphous matter”. The formless is therefore what “has nothing distinct in its structure “which, not being ordered, would not yet have a definite, stable, recognizable shape and therefore available to transmutations. On the aesthetic and philosophical and theoretical level, the multiple values of the term ‘form’ take on the meaning of an “ordering principle that gives unity and coherence to a multiplicity of elements”. A relevant singularity is represented by the formal theory of Henri Focillon in which each work “is an attempt towards the unique; it affirms itself as a whole, as an absolute; and, at the same time, it is part of a system of complex relationships (...) it is matter and spirit, it is form and content” and arises from an active encounter between the formal vocation of man and the formal vocation of the subject. In recent years, a search for the stability of the form as a transgression of the form but also as a promise, as a possibility, is reflected in this search for stability of form. The arguments of George Battaile want to argue that the form “serves to downgrade” and to transgress the form, to de-sublimate it, managing to trigger new processes. Against the stability and clarity of the form of the classical tradition and of the modern one connected to the essential relationship with the construction, in these years of reductio ad imaginem, we assist to the disarticulation between image and form. The first responsible for the seductive aggression to the senses and the second relegated to a precarious hyper-formalism that has its counterparts in technological exhibition or in the obscene excess of forms in reference to a misunderstanding neo-naturalism.

The permeating phenomenon of the zones – as an extraterritorial enclave and state of exception – produces variegated forms of sovereignty that, despite their heterogeneous and camouflaging languages, become manifest throughout their architecture. Mostly investigated due to their economic and geopolitical role, recently zones emerged beyond the overwhelming logistics-oriented process of urbanization whence they’re spreading. Acting as a topology of enclaves and urban templates, sometimes these spatial devices endorse space of representation, that remarks their cultural role within urban imagination and its fulfillment. This paper traces a trajectory comparing two controversial episodes, where these phenomena materialize in architecture. The first examines the spatial establishment of Khorgos (Kazakhstan), where the monumental CH-KZ border settles a stage for spectacular scenes and hosts an ambivalent kind of ideology. The second addresses the instant rise and fall – but still expected – of the new city of Lazika (Anaklia, Georgia), where the municipality building is standing as a landmark for the society that leads to the Rose Revolution but it has never existed on-site, so beyond it. Although Lazika and Khorgos display some similarities, it is possible to question how their architecture embodies these processes and exception apparatuses through its form, as specific sovereign expression. It reveals respectively a certain degree of heteronomy, in the first instance, and autonomy, for the second. In fact, in some cases the exception becomes the norm, once absorbed by the vast network; in other, it becomes partis of an archipelago of fragments. Therefore, whereas zones usually challenge the space of sovereignty by virtue of economic and political re-scaling under deregulation, on the other hand they represent a political mean that elicit contestation and criticism, even by the construction of two opposing city images: the city as an object produced, distributed and consumed; or the city as a project.

La città, nella quale oggi si vive, è una città dove tutto si trasforma in modo dinamico, spesso incontrollato, e dove l’immagine urbana appare sempre più caratterizzata da una dimensione globale a fronte di una locale. La rapidità delle modificazioni comporta un adattamento a nuove esigenze che spesso si compie in assenza di elementi di riferimento e che, pertanto, in più occasioni comporta un elevato disordine relazionale fra le parti. Lo studio che qui si propone intende offrire un apporto in termini di lettura delle qualità materiali e immateriali dei contesti urbani nell’accezione di sistema complesso in divenire. L’oggetto d’indagine corrisponde alle contaminazioni delle facciate degli edifici e spesso allo svuotamento degli stessi. Il fine è quello di indagare le modificazioni che contaminano l’identità storica di questi luoghi. Sulla base dell’integrazione disciplinare di più saperi teorico-operativi, attraverso la metodologia del rilievo multidimensionale sono stati qui indagati a scala architettonica, urbana e ambientale i caratteri distintivi che connotano la storica cortina stradale di via Seggio in Aversa, connotata da identità quantitative e qualitative che la rendono all’attualità esempio critico di realtà complessa in movimento. The city where we live today, is a city where everything changes dynamically, often uncontrolled, and where the urban image appears increasingly characterized by a global in respect to a local dimension. The rapidity of the modifications involves an adaptation to the new requirements which often takes place without elements of reference and that, therefore, on many occasions involves a high relational disorder between the parties. The study here proposed intends to offer a contribution for reading the material and immaterial qualities of urban contexts in the sense of complex evolving system. The object of investigation corresponds to the contamination of the buildings facades and often to emptying of these last. The aim is to investigate the modifications which contaminate the reality of these places. Based on the disciplinary integration of more theoretical and practical knowledge, through the methodology of multidimensional survey were here investigated on an architectural scale, urban and environmental the distinctive characteristics which connote historical street facade of via Seggio in Aversa, characterized by quantitative and quality identity that make it an actually critical example of the complex reality on the move.