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Local drivers of decline matter Recent studies have reported alarming declines in insect populations, but questions persist about the breadth and pattern of such declines. van Klink et al. compiled data from 166 long-term surveys across 1676 globally distributed sites and confirmed declines in terrestrial insects, albeit at lower rates than some other studies have reported (see the Perspective by Dornelas and Daskalova). However, they found that freshwater insect populations have increased overall, perhaps owing to clean water efforts and climate change. Patterns of variation suggest that local-scale drivers are likely responsible for many changes in population trends, providing hope for directed conservation actions. Science , this issue p. 417 ; see also p. 368

The privatisation of social services has brought about many social claims regarding the increase of labour market deregulation and employment insecurity during the previous years of economic crisis. This article focuses on the experience of self-organised groups of educational workers (educatori) in Bologna (centre-north of Italy) as a significant case of precarious workers’ mobilisation in a local context and specific sector. Several self-organised groups of precarious workers like these ones have spread throughout Europe, trying to compete with trade unions for the representation of their interests in the current crisis. The main aim of this research is to describe and explain the interaction between self-organised groups and trade unions in the outsourced social sector. According to this, new horizons for labour movements and social change can be analysed by exploring the obstacles to and the opportunities of the interaction between these two subjects.

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large family of respiratory viruses that can cause mild to moderate illness. The new variant COVID-19 has started to spread rapidly since December 2019, posing a new threat to global health. To counter the spread of the virus, the Italian government forced the population to close all activities starting from 9 March 2020 to 4 May 2020. In this scenario, we conducted a cross-sectional study on a heterogeneous sample (average age of 28 ± 12 years, 62.6% females) of the University of Naples Federico II (Italy). The aim of the study was to describe the lifestyle change in the university population during quarantine for the COVID 19 pandemic. Participants compiled an online survey consisting of 3 sections: socio-demographic data, dietary behaviours, physical activity habits and psychological aspects. The different results by gender are: 90.8% of females continued to work from home (81.9% were students), 34.8% increased their physical activity, and, only 0.8% prefer ready meals. Whereas, the same percentage of men continued to work from home (90%), but only 72.1% were students (p &lt, 0.001 vs. females), only 23.9% increased physical activity (p &lt, 0.001) and 1.7% favous ready meals. Our data shows that the male population was more affected by isolation and quarantine reporting more unfavourable behavioural changes.

En Cuba los jóvenes son actores fundamentales en las cooperativas agrarias para la sostenibilidad alimentaria en el ámbito local. Sin embargo, en algunas provincias rurales de la isla la implementación de las estrategias para el desarrollo rural alcanza resultados limitados en cuanto a la participación juvenil en el sector cooperativo agrario. En la presente investigación se analiza la participación de los jóvenes en las cooperativas agrarias a partir del caso de estudio del municipio de Cifuentes, en la provincia de Villa Clara: se establecieron tres índices sintéticos para dar cuenta de una baja participación juvenil en ese territorio, con causas que incluyen las tensiones generacionales en el seno de las mismas cooperativas, el surgimiento de nuevas fuentes locales de empleo más atractivas económicamente para los jóvenes, el envejecimiento poblacional y la movilidad hacia otros sectores productivos del país. A partir de estas evidencias, en el artículo se indican algunas estrategias para impulsar la participación juvenil en las cooperativas agrarias y así fomentar un desarrollo rural sostenible.

Animals require a certain amount of habitat to persist and thrive, and habitat loss is one of the most critical drivers of global biodiversity decline. While habitat requirements have been predicted by relationships between species traits and home-range size, little is known about constraints imposed by environmental conditions and human impacts on a global scale. Our meta-analysis of 395 vertebrate species shows that global climate gradients in temperature and precipitation exert indirect effects via primary productivity, generally reducing space requirements. Human pressure, however, reduces realised space use due to ensuing limitations in available habitat, particularly for large carnivores. We show that human pressure drives extinction risk by increasing the mismatch between space requirements and availability. We use large-scale climate gradients to predict current species extinction risk across global regions, which also offers an important tool for predicting future extinction risk due to ongoing space loss and climate change.

Insects are the most ubiquitous and diverse group of eukaryotic organisms on Earth, forming a crucial link in terrestrial and freshwater food webs. They have recently become the subject of headlines because of observations of dramatic declines in some places. Although there are hundreds of long-term insect monitoring programs, a global database for long-term data on insect assemblages has so far remained unavailable. In order to facilitate synthetic analyses of insect abundance changes, we compiled a database of long-term (≥10 yr) studies of assemblages of insects (many also including arachnids) in the terrestrial and freshwater realms. We searched the scientific literature and public repositories for data on insect and arachnid monitoring using standardized protocols over a time span of 10 yr or longer, with at least two sampling events. We focused on studies that presented or allowed calculation of total community abundance or biomass. We extracted data from tables, figures, and appendices, and, for data sets that provided raw data, we standardized trapping effort over space and time when necessary. For each site, we extracted provenance details (such as country, state, and continent) as well as information on protection status, land use, and climatic details from publicly available GIS sources. In all, the database contains 1,668 plot-level time series sourced from 165 studies with samples collected between 1925 and 2018. Sixteen data sets provided here were previously unpublished. Studies were separated into those collected in the terrestrial realm (103 studies with a total of 1,053 plots) and those collected in the freshwater realm (62 studies with 615 plots). Most studies were from Europe (48%) and North America (29%), with 34% of the plots located in protected areas. The median monitoring time span was 19 yr, with 12 sampling years. The number of individuals was reported in 129 studies, the total biomass was reported in 13 studies, and both abundance and biomass were reported in 23 studies. This data set is published under a CC-BY license, requiring attribution of the data source. Please cite this paper if the data are used in publications, and respect the licenses of the original sources when using (part of) their data as detailed in Metadata S1: Table 1.

Predicting how actions result in conflicting outcomes for self and others is essential for social functioning. We tested whether Reinforcement Learning Theory captures how participants learn to choose between symbols that define a moral conflict between financial self-gain and other-pain. We tested whether choices are better explained by model-free learning (decisions based on combined historical values of past outcomes), or model-based learning (decisions based on the current value of separately expected outcomes) by including trials in which participants know that either self-gain or other-pain will not be delivered. Some participants favored options benefiting themselves, others, preventing other-pain. When removing the favored outcome, participants instantly altered their choices, suggesting model-based learning. Computational modelling confirmed choices were best described by model-based learning in which participants track expected values of self-gain and other-pain separately, with an individual valuation parameter capturing their relative weight. This valuation parameter predicted costly helping in an independent task. The expectations of self-gain and other-pain were also biased: the favoured outcome was associated with more differentiated symbol-outcome probability reports than the less favoured outcome. FMRI helped localize this bias: signals in the pain-observation network covaried with pain prediction errors without linear dependency on individual preferences, while the ventromedial prefrontal cortex contained separable signals covarying with pain prediction errors in ways that did and did not reflected individual preferences.

The lack of comprehensive and standardized taxonomic reference information is an impediment for robust plant research, e.g. in systematics, biogeography or macroecology. Here we provide an updated and much improved reference list of 1,315,479 scientific plant taxa names for all described vascular plant taxa names globally. The Leipzig Catalogue of Vascular Plants (LCVP; version 1.0.2) contains 351.176 accepted species (plus 6.160 natural hybrids), within 13.422 genera, 561 families and 84 orders. The LCVP a) contains more information on the taxonomic status of global plant names than any other similar resource and b) significantly improves the reliability of our knowledge by e.g. resolving the taxonomic status of ∼184.000 taxa names compared to The Plant List, the up to date most commonly used plant name resource. We used ∼4500 publications, existing relevant databases and available studies on molecular phylogenetics to construct a robust reference backbone. For easy access and integration into automated data processing pipelines, we provide an ‘R’-package (lcvplants) with the LCVP.

Pregnancy is characterized by significant immunological changes and a cytokine profile, as well as vitamin deficiencies that can cause problems for the correct development of a fetus. Defensins are small antimicrobial peptides that are part of the innate immune system and are involved in several biological activities. Following that, this study aims to compare the levels of various cytokines and to investigate the role of defensins between pregnant women with confirmed COVID-19 infection and pregnant women without any defined risk factor. TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-2 and IL-10, β-defensins, have been evaluated by gene expression in our population. At the same time, by ELISA assay IL-6, IL-8, defensin alpha 1, defensin beta 1 and defensin beta 4 have been measured. The data obtained show that mothers affected by COVID-19 have an increase in pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8) compared to controls; this increase could generate a sort of “protection of the fetus” from virus attacks. Contemporarily, we have an increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and an increase in AMPs, which highlights how the mother’s body is responding to the viral attack. These results allow us to hypothesize a mechanism of “trafficking” of antimicrobial peptides from the mother to the fetus that would help the fetus to protect itself from the infection in progress.

This article analyses leadership in the newsroom of the Spanish newspaper El Pais as well as its impact on the craft of journalism more generally. Through 23 in-depth interviews, we try to elucidate how the newsroom constructs its leaders (in the newsroom, what does it mean to be a leader?), paying particular attention to the main skills considered to be necessary. According to our newsroom findings, not all heads of section or editors-in-chief are leaders, a fact that questions formal authority relations and proclaims expertise and know-how as discriminatory skills. This study emphasizes that the collective recognition of a leader is not an ultimate disposition, but can vary over time: consequently leaders who do not achieve the professional requirements of the newsroom can be denied the status, despite their expertise and experience. Our findings indicate that leaders at El Pais are those journalists (no matter what their positions) with strong capacities and skills (fundamentally experience, expertise ...

espanolEn este articulo revisamos la literatura mas destacada y reciente (espanola e internacional) que aborda los embarazos y la maternidad en edad adolescente desde el ambito medico-sanitario y desde las ciencias sociales. Identificamos dos marcos analiticos que insisten, respectivamente, en las consecuencias bio-psico-sociales de la maternidad adolescente y en los elementos estructurales que la reproducen en unos determinados contextos socio-economicos y culturales. Nuestro objetivo es sistematizar las contribuciones de estos dos marcos teoricos y plantear una tercera perspectiva que da cuenta de la maternidad adolescente como experiencia subjetiva de estas mismas jovenes madres. EnglishIn this article we review the most relevant and recent scientific literature (Spanish and international ones) focused on early pregnancy and teenage childbearing from both perspectives of medical care and social science. We outline two analytical frameworks which insist, respectively, on the bio-psyco-social consequences related to teenage motherhood and on the structural elements involved in the reproduction of this phenomenon in different cultural and socio-economic contexts. Our aim is to organize contributions linked to these two theoretical frames and to discuss a third one which focuses on teenage motherhood as a subjective experience for those young mothers.

espanolEn el articulo describimos como han evolucionado la maternidad adolescente y los embarazos tempranos en Espana desde mediados de los anos noventa hasta 2017. Gracias a la explotacion de datos secundarios de encuestas nacionales y al manejo de los hallazgos de numerosas investigaciones anteriores a la nuestra, destacamos las conductas afectivo-sexuales de las adolescentes residentes en este pais y nos detenemos en el perfil socio-demografico de aquellas chicas que han dado a luz antes de haber cumplido los 20 anos durante este periodo. EnglishIn this paper we describe the evolution of teenage maternity and early pregnancies in Spain from the mid-1990s until 2017. Thanks to the examination of secondary data from national surveys and the handling of findings from a large body of research carried out prior to our own, we draw attention to the sexual and affective behaviours of adolescents residing in this country and take a closer look at the socio-demographic profile of those girls that have given birth before the age of 20 during this period.

En esta nota de investigación exponemos los principales planteamientos y hallazgos del estudio titulado “Relatos de Madres adolescentes en la España actual” patrocinado por el Centro Reina Sofía sobre Adolescencia y Juventud (FAD), por la Dirección General de Igualdad y Familias del Gobierno de Aragón y por el Grupo de Estudio sobre la Sociedad del Riesgo de la Universidad de Zaragoza, y publicado a finales de 2017. En el estudio analizamos la maternidad adolescente desde la propia experiencia de 32 jóvenes madres españolas para conocer sus vivencias y demandas y plantear medidas que faciliten su inserción social. En particular, hacemos hincapié en los significados que ellas otorgan a su embarazo, parto y crianza infantil al mismo tiempo que realizan su transición a la vida adulta.

The high rates of unemployment, the precarious labour market and the limited affordability of homeownership have increased delayed housing emancipation among European young adults (aged 18–29 years). As a consequence, many of them have become more dependent on their parents and the creation of new households has slowed down. These features are particularly evident in Spain, where young adults start living away from their parental home on average when they are 30, a trend that has been aggravated by the economic crisis. In 2007, the Spanish Government addressed this issue by implementing the Renta Basica de Emancipacion (RBE) to support young adults' transitions to adulthood by increasing the rental housing market offer and by making the rental expenditure more affordable for them, despite their employment instability. This review examines how the RBE was implemented between 2007 and 2012 and its impacts on young adults' emancipation and the private rented sector in Spain.

In Spagna, l’attuale e prolungato periodo di instabilita economica sta evidenziando le carenze funzionali e le criticita strutturali del mercato del lavoro. Nel presente articolo analizziamo queste carenze, presentando le loro origini e soffermandoci sulle risposte istituzionali a partire dal 2010. Prestiamo particolare attenzione al dibattito che le ultime riforme della regolamentazione in materia di lavoro hanno suscitato tra gli attori sociali e politici, definendo le caratteristiche salienti che hanno determinato cambiamenti nelle forme di negoziazione collettiva, nelle condizioni di impiego e nella flessibilita interna alle imprese.

Within the framework of rescaling nation-State and improving new modes of governance, activation policieshave to be interpreted as qualified initiatives for economic growth and social integration at a subnationallevel and, specifically, in regional and urban contexts. Barcelona Activa is the local agency of theBarcelona City Council (Spain) designed for business improvement and employment quality through horizontalsubsidiary and public-private partnerships. This agency acts as a pivotal body of the municipaladministration in order to implement a variety of programs aimed at labour and professional empowerment,small and medium-sized companies creation and urban marketing. The paper focuses on BarcelonaActivas strategies, outcomes and criticisms in the current financial crisis, approaching its institutional rolefor the development of Barcelona as one of the main southern gateways to Europe.

We study properties of the space of horizontal paths joining the origin with a vertical point on a generic two-step Carnot group. The energy is a Morse-Bott functional on paths and its critical points (sub-Riemannian geodesics) appear in families (compact critical manifolds) with controlled topology. We study the asymptotic of the number of critical manifolds as the energy grows. The topology of the horizontal-path space is also investigated, and we find asymptotic results for the total Betti number of the sublevels of the energy as it goes to infinity. We interpret these results as local invariants of the sub-Riemannian structure. 53C17; 37J60, 58E05

In this paper a new identification scheme to perform roll eccentricity compensation for rolling mills is proposed. The method presents the advantage that it can be easily tuned in function of the main frequency in the periodic disturbance that, in turn, is dependent on the rolling speed.

Given the high rates of unemployment and lack of secure jobs, combined with a weak system of activation policies and a shortage of access to social assistance, Spanish young adults aged between 20 and 30 are more dependent on family support and remain in the parental home for longer than their European counterparts (Aassve et al., 2010). As many scholars outline, employment instability affects the long-standing sustainability of youth biographical projects and, as a consequence, exerts a negative influence over generational replacement (Blossfeld and Mills, 2005; De Singly, 2005). Studying young people’s working conditions provides us with an important means of understanding structural constraints over their life trajectories and helps us better attend to their demands (Roberts, 2007).

[EN] In this article we carry out a conceptual review of European Social Model’s basic issues as a multilevel welfare system. We outline administrative subsidiarity between different levels of European governance as one of the main pillar of social citizenship. With such expression we define the strategic configuration between transnational legitimacy and sub-state accountability in the provision of public policies. The impact of the so-called “new social risks” (NSR) relies on the social, structural and institutional development of local communities. According to that, financial autonomy at a regional level is a key resource for policy innovation together with the concomitants issues of redistribution and solidarity. Starting from these issues, the concluding section of the paper puts forward the idea that the advancement of social citizenship in the European Union may be best achieved through the interchange of positive and innovative experiences among and within member states, especially in the current international situation of economic instability., [IT] L’articolo propone un’analisi concettuale dei fondamenti del Modello Sociale Europeo come sistema di welfare multilivello. In particolare, espone l’importanza della sussidiarietà amministrativa tra i diversi livelli della governance europea come un elemento centrale della cittadinanza sociale. Con questa espressione viene definita l’articolazione strategica tra legittimità sovra-nazionale e responsabilità sub-statale che ottimizza l’implementazione di politiche pubbliche. L’impatto dei cosiddetti “nuovi rischi sociali” (NSR) dipende dalle possibilità di sviluppo sociale, strutturale ed istituzionale delle comunità locali. In questo senso, l’autonomia fiscale a livello regionale è un aspetto centrale per garantire politiche redistributive e di solidarietà. Partendo da queste riflessioni, nell’ultima sezione si valuta come la governance multilivello possa rafforzare la cittadinanza sociale europea grazie all’interscambio di esperienze positive e innovative tra diversi stati membri, specialmente nell’attuale congiuntura di instabilità economica internazionale.

In order to assess water efficiency options on the European scale, a multi-criteria integrative hydro-economic modeling framework has been developed. With this framework, it is possible to assess combinations of measures which could help reducing the gap between water demand and water availability, while taking into account ecological, water quality, flood risk and economic aspects. The assessed measures include water retention, water savings and nutrient reduction measures. The presented work was carried out within the framework of the “Blueprint to safeguard Europe’s waters” policy initiative of the European Commission. Contrary to earlier studies concentrating on single measures in single river basins, this study shows that this modeling environment can evaluate combinations of measures in multiple river basins that meet the considered objectives, and in general can improve various water quantity and quality indicators as compared to the baseline situation. However, additional work is needed on for example quantifying the economics of damage and benefits before the modelling environment may be used for policy advice.

Atendiendo a las variables de nacionalidad, generación y clase social, el artículo analiza las representaciones de la condición de ciudadano en el ámbito de los servicios públicos. Mediante la combinación de tres lógicas, la del reconocimiento, la de la autonomía y la del mérito, los discursos rompen la esencia de la noción clásica de ciudadanía, modulando relatos diversos de prácticas y experiencias sobre lo que implica ser ciudadano. Mediante el análisis del discurso producido desde distintas condiciones sociales, a través de grupos de discusión, es posible comprender los principales elementos de valor asociados al concepto de ciudadanía. El avance de las estrategias que premian el mérito individual deja en un segundo plano la lógica del reconocimiento universal, con importantes efectos en los grupos más vulnerables.

La inestabilidad laboral hace cada vez más complicada la transición a la vida adulta de los jóvenes, especialmente a la hora de dejar el hogar familiar. En este artículo se profundiza cómo los mileuristas residentes en Barcelona de entre 25 y 34 años perciben y representan la inestabilidad laboral a partir de sus experiencias personales. El objetivo del estudio es explorar la influencia de la precariedad sobre la inserción laboral, el bienestar y los proyectos biográficos de estos jóvenes y qué papel desempeña la familia como “amortiguador social” de las externalidades negativas referidas a sus trabajos inciertos e inseguros. A través de las entrevistas realizadas a 40 jóvenes-adultos sobre estos temas, conseguimos evidenciar un amplio abanico de estrategias de emancipación que se corresponde a sus distintas formas de vivir la precariedad laboral y de dibujar trayectorias de independencia y de autonomía a pesar de ella.