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As florestas tropicais estão entre os ecossistemas mais ameaçados devido às ações antropogênicas que levam à fragmentação de hábitats (Wright 2005) e, associadas ao uso da terra, as alterações climáticas podem aumentar o risco de extinção das espécies. Plantas tropicais têm baixa capacidade de aclimatação (Feeley et al. 2012), e assim, muitas podem ser extintas (Keppel et al. 2012).

With extraordinary levels of plant diversity and endemism, the Brazilian campos rupestres across the Espinhaço Range have a species/area ratio 40 times higher than the lowland Amazon. Although diversification drivers in campos rupestres remain a matter of debate, the Pleistocene refugium hypothesis (PRH) is often adopted as the most plausible explanation for their high diversity. The PRH has two main postulates: highland interglacial refugia and a species pump mechanism catalysed by climatic changes. We critically assessed studies on campos rupestres diversification at different evolutionary levels and conclude that most of them are affected by sampling biases, unrealistic assumptions or inaccurate results that do not support the PRH. By modelling the palaeo-range of campos rupestres based on the distribution of 1123 species of vascular plants endemic to the Espinhaço Range and using climate and edaphic variables, we projected a virtually constant suitable area for campos rupestres across the last glacial cycle. We challenge the great importance placed on Pleistocene climatic oscillations in campos rupestres plant diversification and offer an alternative explanation named escape-to-radiate model, which emphasizes niche shifts. Under this biogeographic model of diversification, the long-term fragmentation of campos rupestres combined with recurrent extinctions after genetic drift and sporadic events of adaptive radiation may provide an explanation for the current diversity and endemism in the Espinhaço Range. We conclude that long-term diversification dynamics in campos rupestres are mainly driven by selection, while most endemic diversity is ephemeral, extremely fragile and mainly driven by drift.

Hemipogon s. str. (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) currently consists of three species sharing an erect herbaceous habit, narrow leaves and corona-less flowers with urceolate, internally bearded corolla, that are mainly distributed in savannahs of the Cerrado biodiversity hotspot, South America. Here, we describe and illustrate a new species of Hemipogon, H. trilobatus Bitencourt & Rapini sp. nov., from an open savannah in Chapada dos Veadeiros, Central Brazil. Hemipogon trilobatus sp. nov. differs from the other species of the genus mainly by the presence of a reduced staminal corona with 3-lobed lobes, but also by opposite leaves and triangular anthers. Distribution and habitat data, as well as a key and a comparative table to distinguish the four species currently accepted in Hemipogon s. str., are provided. Based on criteria B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv) of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the species is provisionally assessed as Critically Endangered.

Resumen Keller, H. A.; S. Liede-Schumann; A. Rapini & S. Cáceres Moral. 2020. El género Ruehssia (Apocynaceae) en la Argentina: filogenia, nuevas combinaciones y nuevos registros. Darwiniana, nueva serie 8(2): 414-437. Ruehssia se restableció recientemente para clasificar a todas las especies americanas de la tribu Marsdenieae. Aquí, ofrecemos una revisión del género en la Argentina, con una clave de identificación, comentarios, un mapa de distribución e imágenes de todas las especies. La posición filogenética de todas las especies se ha evaluado utilizando secuencias de ADN nuclear y cloroplástico. Reconocemos seis especies. Además de R. altissima y R. macrophylla, incluimos dos nuevos registros, R. hilariana y R. brasiliensis, y proponemos dos nuevas combinaciones en el género, R. castillonii (Lillo ex T. Mey.) H.A. Keller & Liede y R. tressensiae (S.A. Cáceres y Morillo) H.A. Keller & Liede. Ruehssia montana y R. ulei, previamente citadas para la Argentina, no habitan en el país. Abstract Keller, H. A.; S. Liede-Schumann; A. Rapini & S. Cáceres Moral. 2020. The genus Ruehssia (Apocynaceae) from Argentina: phylogeny, new combinations and new records. Darwiniana, nueva serie 8(2): 414-437. Ruehssia was recently reestablished to classify all American species of the tribe Marsdenieae. Here, we provide a revision of the genus in Argentina, with an identification key, comments, a distribution map, and images of all species. The phylogenetic position of all species has been assessed using chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences. We recognize six species. Besides R. altissima and R. macrophylla, we include two new records, R. hilariana and R. brasiliensis, and propose two new combinations in the genus, R. castillonii (Lillo ex T. Mey.) H.A. Keller & Liede and R. tressensiae (S.A. Cáceres & Morillo) H.A. Keller & Liede. Ruehssia montana and R. ulei, previously reported to Argentina, do not occur in the country.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T17:33:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-05-19 Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservacao da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa e Inovacao do Espirito Santo FAPES Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) Background Brazil is one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, with about 37,000 species of land plants. Part of this biodiversity is within protected areas. The development of online databases in the last years greatly improved the available biodiversity data. However, the existing databases do not provide information about the protected areas in which individual plant species occur. The lack of such information is a crucial gap for conservation actions. This study aimed to show how the information captured from online databases, cleaned by a protocol and verified by taxonomists allowed us to obtain a comprehensive list of the vascular plant species from the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, the first national park founded in Brazil. All existing records in the online database JABOT (15,100 vouchers) were downloaded, resulting in 11,783 vouchers identified at the species level. Overall, we documented 2,316 species belonging to 176 families and 837 genera of vascular plants in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. Considering the whole vascular flora, 2,238 species are native and 78 are non-native. New information The Parque Nacional do Itatiaia houses 13% of the angiosperm and 37% of the fern species known from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Amongst these species, 82 have been cited as threatened, following IUCN categories (CR, EN or VU), seven are data deficient (DD) and 15 have been classified as a conservation priority, because they are only known from a single specimen collected before 1969. Univ Fed Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil Inst Pesquisas Jardim Bot Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil Univ Estadual Santa Cruz, Ilheus, BA, Brazil Univ Estadual Feira De Santana, Feira De Santana, BA, Brazil Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil Univ Estado Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Univ Fed Juiz De Fora, Juiz De Fora, Brazil Univ Fed Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil Inst Bot, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Norte Fluminense, Campos Dos Goytacazes, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Fed Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas, RS, Brazil Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil Univ Fed Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil Univ Fed Oeste Para, Santarem, Brazil Univ Fed Rural Rio De Janeiro, Seropedica, Brazil Univ Fed Sao Joao Del Rei, Sao Joao Del Rei, Brazil Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem, Para, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil Flowr Corp, Markham, ON, Canada Univ Estado Rio De Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil Univ Estadual Campinas, Campinas, Brazil Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservacao da Biodiversidade (ICMBio): 18/2017 CNPq: 18/2017 CNPq: CNPq 421276/2017-7 Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa e Inovacao do Espirito Santo: 18/2017 Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa e Inovacao do Espirito Santo: FAPES 34/2018 FAPES: 525/2018 FAPERJ: E-26/202.775/2018 FAPERJ: E-26/202.778/2018

The MOG clade is one of the four neotropical lineages of the subfamily Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae), and its core group is formed by the subtribes Metastelmatinae, Oxypetalinae, Gonolobinae, Tassadiinae and Topeinae, consisting of about 935 species and 63 genera. These subtribes form well-supported and morphologically distinguishable clades, but the relationships among them are yet to be resolved. Metastelmatinae is composed of approximately 300 species and 12 genera with complex circumscriptions. There is no agreement regarding the sequence of phylogenetic events at the beginning of the Metastelmatinae evolution. Petalostelma stands out for being a genus frequently assigned to the basal grade of Metastelmatinae. In this study, we evaluated the circumscription of Petalostelma, its phylogenetic position in Metastelmatinae and the relationships between the subtribes of the MOG core group, thus offering an overview of the initial diversification of Metastelmatinae. Our results support the monophyly of Petalostelma and a basal grade sequentially formed by Blepharodon s.s., Petalostelma, Barjonia and Minaria within Metastelmatinae; however, alternative hypotheses in which the positions of Petalostelma and Barjonia are interchanged cannot be rejected. The sister clades Metastelmatine–Gonolobinae and Oxypetalinae–Tassadiinae are the most likely within the MOG core group, although without statistical significance. We also present a taxonomic revision of Petalostelma in Brazil, including complete morphological descriptions, an identification key, illustrations, distribution maps, assessments of the conservation status and taxonomic comments for the nine species recognized in the country, including a new species from eastern Brazil, P. atlanticum, endemic to Espirito Santo and critically endangered.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:47:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-12-31 Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservacao da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa e Inovacao do Espirito Santo FAPES Background Brazilian protected areas are essential for plant conservation in the Atlantic Forest domain, one of the 36 global biodiversity hotspots. A major challenge for improving conservation actions is to know the plant richness, protected by these areas. Online databases offer an accessible way to build plant species lists and to provide relevant information about biodiversity. A list of land plants of Parque Nacional do Caparao (PNC) was previously built using online databases and published on the website Catalogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservacao do Brasil. Here, we provide and discuss additional information about plant species richness, endemism and conservation in the PNC that could not be included in the List. We documented 1,791 species of land plants as occurring in PNC, of which 63 are cited as threatened (CR, EN or VU) by the Brazilian National Red List, seven as data deficient (DD) and five as priorities for conservation. Fifity-one species were possible new ocurrences for ES and MG states. New information Parque Nacional do Caparao houses 8% of the land plant species endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, including 6% of its angiosperms, 31% of its lycophytes and ferns and 14% of its avascular plants. Twelve percent of the threatened species listed for the State of Espirito Santo and 7% listed for the State of Minas Gerais are also protected by PNC. Surprisingly, 79% of the collections analysed here were carried out in Minas Gerais, which represents just 21% of the total extension of the Park. The compiled data uncover a huge botanical collection gap in this federally-protected area. Univ Fed Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil Inst Pesquisas Jardim Bot Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil Univ Estadual Feira de Santana, Feira De Santana, BA, Brazil Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Fundacao Espirito Santense Tecnol, Vitoria, ES, Brazil Secretaria Desenvolvimento Cidade & Meio Ambiente, Cariacica, Brazil Univ Estadual Campinas, Campinas, Brazil Univ Estadual Santa Cruz, Ilheus, BA, Brazil Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil Inst Nacl Mata Atlantica, Santa Teresa, Brazil Univ Estado Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Univ Fed Juiz de Fora, Juiz De Fora, Brazil Univ Fed Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil Univ Estado Santa Catarina, Laguna, Brazil Univ Nacl Nordeste, Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Corrientes, Argentina Univ Estadual Norte Fluminense, Campos Dos Goytacazes, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil STCP Engn Projetos, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil Univ Fed Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas, RS, Brazil Univ Fed Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, Brazil Inst Bot, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Fed Oeste Para, Santarem, Brazil Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Univ Fed Sao Joao del Rei, Sao Joao Del Rei, Brazil Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem, Para, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil Univ Fed Vicosa, Vicosa, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil CNPq: CNPq 421276/2017-7 Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa e Inovacao do Espirito Santo: FAPES 34/2018 Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa e Inovacao do Espirito Santo: Chamada CNPq/ICMBio/FAPs No 18/2017 FAPES: 19/2018 FAPES: 525/2018

Four new species of Marsdenia (M. avacanoeira, M. minutiflora, M. rupestris, and M. serpentina) endemic to the Cerrado domain are described and illustrated here. We also provide a geographical distribution map and notes about the species, as well as an identification key for the species of Marsdenia that occur in the Cerrado.

Three new species of Marsdenia (Apocynaceae) are described from Brazil: M. paganuccii, known from two disjunct populations, one in the Caatinga of Bahia and other in the Atlantic Forest of Espírito Santo; M. paraibana, restricted to the Restinga of Cabedelo National Forest in the Atlantic Forest of Paraíba; and M. trisegmentata, known from two populations in Caatinga, one in Bahia and other in Ceará. Illustrations, a geographic distribution map and comparisons with morphologically similar species are also presented for each species.

The Atlantic Forest is one of the most diverse and threatened tropical forests in the world, and the Rio Doce valley seems to represent a limit between biotas from its southern and northern portions. In the present study, we investigated the distribution of Kielmeyera (Calophyllaceae), a woody, typically wind-dispersed genus, with a high endemism rate in the Atlantic Forest. The 351 specimens analysed, representing 21 of 22 species of Kielmeyera from the Atlantic Forest, pointed to a complete dissimilarity between species composition in the southern (Rio de Janeiro state) and northern (Bahia state) portions of the forest. However, the Rio Doce valley in Espírito Santo state, rather than being a limit between these two portions, appear to represent a confluent area. The northern boundary of species from the southern portion is the São Mateus basin, whereas the southern boundary of species from the northern portion is at the Litorânea do Espírito Santo basin. Most specimens of Kielmeyera were collected in areas that currently are not remnants of original vegetation and that are not within any conservation unit, suggesting that an imminent loss of biodiversity is taking place. Studies comprising a broad range of functionally and phylogenetically distinct taxa make individual patterns of distribution obscure and overlook the conservation needs for specific groups. Therefore, our study on the distribution of Kielmeyera in the Atlantic forest highlights the importance of biogeographic analyses of less inclusive taxa of a flora.

The Marsdenieae (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) comprise approximately 750 species and 26 accepted genera, half of which contain just one or two species. The tribe has been under-represented in phylogenetic studies to date, most of which have focussed on the ornamental paleotropical genus Hoya and related genera. American Marsdenieae are all currently classified in Marsdenia, a heterogeneous genus with about 150 species distributed in the tropics and subtropics and whose broad circumscription has been questioned for a long time. Here, we perform phylogenetic analyses comprising half of the tribe's genera and using two plastid (trnL-F and psbD-trnT) and two nuclear (ITS and ETS) regions. Our analyses show that the American species of Marsdenia are monophyletic but not closely related to M. tinctoria, the type of the genus. Thus, we reinstate Ruehssia H.Karst. to classify this American clade of Marsdenieae. We present a taxonomic revision of the genus in Brazil, with 42 species (one with two varieties) recognised. Other than R. macrophylla, the type of Ruehssia, all names are new combinations. One new synonym is proposed and 10 lectotypes and two neotypes are selected. All species are described and illustrated, together with comments and distribution maps for their occurrence in Brazil.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T16:57:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-23 British Ecological Society Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Background and Aims: Large clades of angiosperms are often characterized by diverse interactions with pollinators, but how these pollination systems are structured phylogenetically and biogeographically is still uncertain for most families. Apocynaceae is a clade of >5300 species with a worldwide distribution. A database representing >10 % of species in the family was used to explore the diversity of pollinators and evolutionary shifts in pollination systems across major clades and regions. Methods: The database was compiled from published and unpublished reports. Plants were categorized into broad pollination systems and then subdivided to include bimodal systems. These were mapped against the five major divisions of the family, and against the smaller clades. Finally, pollination systems were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction that included those species for which sequence data are available, and transition rates between pollination systems were calculated. Key Results: Most Apocynaceae are insect pollinated with few records of bird pollination. Almost three-quarters of species are pollinated by a single higher taxon (e.g. flies or moths); 7 % have bimodal pollination systems, whilst the remaining approx. 20 % are insect generalists. The less phenotypically specialized flowers of the Rauvolfioids are pollinated by a more restricted set of pollinators than are more complex flowers within the Apocynoids + Periplocoideae + Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae (APSA) clade. Certain combinations of bimodal pollination systems are more common than others. Some pollination systems are missing from particular regions, whilst others are over-represented. Conclusions: Within Apocynaceae, interactions with pollinators are highly structured both phylogenetically and biogeographically. Variation in transition rates between pollination systems suggest constraints on their evolution, whereas regional differences point to environmental effects such as filtering of certain pollinators from habitats. This is the most extensive analysis of its type so far attempted and gives important insights into the diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large clades. Faculty of Arts Science and Technology University of Northampton, Newton Building, Avenue Campus Lehrstuhl für Pflanzensystematik Universität Bayreuth Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107 Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM) Curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo - LEC Campus JK - Diamantina School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01 Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste UNNE-CONICET Department of Plant Biology Ecology and Evolution, 301 Physical Sciences Laboratorio de Plantas Vasculares Departamento de Biología Comparada Facultad de Ciencias UNAM Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações - LEPI Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho'- Unesp Saint Louis University Department of Biology Biology Extension Building, 1008 S. Spring Ave. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Mah. 269. Cad. Urankent Prestij Konutlarý Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town, P/Bag X3 Ecosystem Management Group ETH Zurich EDB UMR 5174 Université de Toulouse UPS, 118 route de Narbonne Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva - Biología Floral IMBIV (UNC-CONICET) Departamento de Botânica Museu Nacional Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Quinta da Boa Vista Department of Plant Sciences Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State, PO Box 339 Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro Departamento de Botânica - CB Laboratório de Biologia Floral e Reprodutiva - POLINIZAR Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar Centro de Ciências Agrárias Depto. Ciências da Natureza Matemática e Educação, Rod. Anhanguera Km 174 Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão 915 Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) IMBIV (CONICET-UNC) Herbarium - Royal Botanic Gardens Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botánicas (LABIBO) Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Av. Bolivia 5150 Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Biology Department Franklin and Marshall College Natural History Museum Georgia College, 231 W. Hancock Street Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Campus Department of Biology Willamette University Department of Botany Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road Department of Biodiversity Earth and Environmental Sciences Academy of Natural Sciences Drexel University Center for Ecological Research Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3 Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Botânica Laboratório de Fenologia Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), PO Box 661 School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London Graduate School of Arts and Sciences University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus IX. Rodovia BR 242, km 4, s/n. Flamengo Tropical Biology Association David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street Instituto de Biologia - UFU, Campus Umuarama Bloco 2D Department of Botany Rhodes University, PO Box 94 Biospheres Eshwari, 52/403, Nanasaheb Peshva Marg, Near Ramna Ganpati Department of Evolution Ecology and Organismal Biology University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue Departamento de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Universitária s/n, Novo Horizonte Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road Laboratorio de Ecología UBIPRO FES-Iztacala Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tlalnepantla de Baz Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109 Department of Plant Sciences Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State, Qwaqwa campus, Kestell Road Penn State University, 542 ASI Building Department of Chemistry and Bioscience Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H Graduate School of Human Development and Environment Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Universidade Federal de VIçosa (UFV) Museo Botánico Córdoba y Cátedra de Morfologia Vegetal (IMBIVUNC-CONICET) Graduate School of Technology Industrial and Social Science Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijyosanjima Centro Acadêmico de Vitória Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Departamento de Educação Universidade Federal da Paraiba Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente Universidade Federal da Paraiba Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações - LEPI Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho'- Unesp Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Botânica Laboratório de Fenologia

Phylogenetic studies in Acanthaceae revealed that Schaueria azaleiflora and three species of Streblacanthus are closely related to the genus Pachystachys. In the present study, we propose the enlargement of Pachystachys to reflect these relationships. Two new species are described and illustrated, P. gracilis from Brazil and P. linearibracteata from Peru, and four new combinations are proposed in the genus. A key to identify the 18 species of Pachystachys s.l. is also provided.

The genus Schaueria (Acanthaceae) has not been comprehensively treated for more than 150 years. Here, we propose a recircumscription of Schaueria based on molecular phylogenetic results and present a taxonomic revision of the genus. We recognise 14 species, which occur mainly in semideciduous montane forests, rain forests, and restingas, from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul states, Brazil. Three new species are described in the genus—S. hirta, S. pyramidalis, and S. thyrsiflora—and six are excluded from the genus. Four new combinations and two new synonyms are proposed, and five lectotypes are designated. Many species of Schaueria are endangered, critically endangered or vulnerable, and two species are assessed as near threatened because of continuous decline of habitat quality and extent of Atlantic forest. We provide a key to identify the genera of the Tetramerium lineage that occur in South America, and present descriptions, illustrations, and comments for the 14 species of Schaueria, as well as a key to identify them.

Current global warming causes range changes and affects the distribution of species. Microendemics are the first affected and the most threatened by climate change. Here, we model the potential range of the rupestrian grassland biome (campos rupestres) in a neotropical, endemic-rich mountain range to project changes in its distribution and biodiversity. Our approach is based on the distribution of 42 asclepiad species endemic to the Espinhaco Range, southeastern Brazil. Models were produced for the present and for 2020, 2050 and 2080, under two different scenarios of CO2 emission, by implementing a maximum-entropy machine-learning algorithm (maxent). The area suitable for campos rupestres was projected to be smaller in the future, and in 2080 would represent approximately half of the current area, most of which would be restricted to the southern portion of the Espinhaco Range. According to our models, by the end of the century, the area suitable for campos rupestres in the northern portion of the Espinhaco Range (Chapada Diamantina) would be reduced to only 1.7%, restricted to two small fragments that are not yet protected by the current reserves. This habitat loss corresponds to an estimated 56% richness loss and the likely extinction of 328 (97%) microendemic species of angiosperms. Our results highlight the importance of approaches at local and regional scales for conservation planning in a world undergoing anthropogenic climate change.

With 145 species, Turnera is the largest genus of Turneraceae (Malpighiales). Despite several morphotaxonomic and cytogenetic studies, our knowledge about the phylogenetic relationships in Turnera remains mainly based on morphological data. Here, we reconstruct the most comprehensive phylogeny of Turnera with molecular data to understand the morphological evolution within this group and to assess its circumscription and infrageneric classification. We analyzed two nuclear and six plastid markers and 112 taxa, including species and infraspecific taxa, 97 from Turnera, covering the 11 series of the genus. Bayesian inference, maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses show that Turnera, as traditionally circumscribed, is not monophyletic. The genus is divided into two well-supported independent clades; one of them is sister to the genus Piriqueta and is here segregated as the new genus Oxossia. According to our reconstructions, Turnera probably evolved from an ancestor without extrafloral nectaries and with solitary, homostylous flowers with yellow petals. The emergences of extrafloral nectaries and distyly, both common in extant taxa, played an important role in the diversification of the genus. An updated infrageneric classification reflecting the relationships within Turnera is now possible based on morphological synapomorphies and is here designed for further studies.

Here, we present the treatment of the Loganiaceae of Bahia state. Three genera and 42 species are recognized, representing more than 90% of the species of Loganiaceae from Northeast Brazil. Besides Antonia ovata, 21 species of Strychnos (2 endemic to Bahia) and 20 of Spigelia (8) were reported. The treatment includes descriptions, illustrations, identification keys for native genera and species, as well as comments and maps of the geographical distribution of species in Bahia.

The South American genus Himatanthus (Apocynaceae) includes nine species. Himatanthus drasticus, known in Brazil as “janaguba,” is used in popular medicine to treat inflammation, gastric ulcers and tumors. Scientific studies have confirmed that its latex, popularly referred to as “leite de janaguba” (janaguba milk), exhibits some important therapeutic activities.

Loss of phylogenetic diversity (PD) has gained increasing attention in conservation biology. However, PD is not equally distributed in a phylogeny and can be better assessed when species relatedness (phylogenetic structure: PS) is also considered. Here, we investigate PD and PS in two refuges of biodiversity in northeastern Brazil: the Bahia Costal Forest (BCF) in the Atlantic Forest domain and Chapada Diamantina (CD) in the Caatinga domain. We used geographic data of 205 species at two spatial scales and a chronogram of Apocynaceae based on matK sequences to estimate PD and PS. Our results show an exceptionally high PD in both refuges, overdispersed in BCF and clustered in CD, although this difference is less evident or absent for recent relationships, especially at a smaller spatial scale. Overall, PS suggests long-term competitive exclusion under climatic stability, currently balanced by habitat filtering, in BCF, and biome conservatism and limited dispersal leading to in situ diversification and high density of microendemics in CD. The phylogenetically clustered flora in CD, also threatened by climate changes, are naturally more vulnerable than BCF. Therefore, while in situ conservation may ensure protection of biodiversity in BCF, emergency ex situ conservation is strongly recommended in CD.

Recent debates on the number of plant species in the vast lowland rain forests of the Amazon have been based largely on model estimates, neglecting published checklists based on verified voucher data. Here we collate taxonomically verified checklists to present a list of seed plant species from lowland Amazon rain forests. Our list comprises 14,003 species, of which 6,727 are trees. These figures are similar to estimates derived from nonparametric ecological models, but they contrast strongly with predictions of much higher tree diversity derived from parametric models. Based on the known proportion of tree species in neotropical lowland rain forest communities as measured in complete plot censuses, and on overall estimates of seed plant diversity in Brazil and in the neotropics in general, it is more likely that tree diversity in the Amazon is closer to the lower estimates derived from nonparametric models. Much remains unknown about Amazonian plant diversity, but this taxonomically verified dataset provides a valid starting point for macroecological and evolutionary studies aimed at understanding the origin, evolution, and ecology of the exceptional biodiversity of Amazonian forests., Sistema de Informação sobre a Biodiversidade Brasileira, supporting the Flora do Brasil 2020 project; Programa de Apoio a Pesquisadores Emergentes da Universidade Federal da Bahia and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (process 23038.009148/2013-19, to D.C.); the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (E-26/203.269/2016–JCNE and E-26/010.000990/2016–APq1, to M.T.); the National Science Foundation (Grant DEB-0316614, to S.K. and L.L.G. and Grant DEB- 0818399, to F.A.M. and R.G.); the British Council [Researcher Link 127407379 and the Royal Society of London (International Exchange IE140292, to T.S.)]; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (2015/50488-5, to D.C. and L.P.d.Q); and the Natural Environment Research Council (NE/N012488/1; to T.S. and P.M.).

The Espinhaco Range, eastern Brazil, is a region with remarkable floristic diversity and endemism, which are mainly concentrated in the campo rupestre. Minaria (Apocynaceae) is a genus with 21 species, most of which are endemic to the Espinhaco Range. In the present study, we investigated the biogeography of Minaria as the basis for understanding the origin and maintenance of plant diversity and endemism in the campo rupestre of the Espinhaco Range. We assessed the ecological divergence between clades, reconstructed the historical biogeography and dated the phylogeny of Minaria based on plastid and nuclear DNA. According to our estimates, Minaria arose in the Espinhaco Range during the Neogene. Its distribution is postulated to have been driven by a trend toward long-term retraction, interrupted by a few episodes of expansion. Ecologically, Minaria species do not present any obvious innovations that could explain their diversification by adaptive radiation. Appar- ently, the higher-altitude rocky savannas in the Espinhaco Range have offered stable environments in which dry seasons and fire regimes are less intense than in savannas at lower altitudes. Isolated on rocky outcrops, lineages would be more likely to differentiate by non-adaptive radiation, which may result in high plant diversity and endemism.

Analyses of cpDNA using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference reveal that Metastelma is polyphyletic in its present circumscription. Two species are transferred to Tassadia as T. richardiana and T. stricta. One species, M. eggersii, is retrieved as a member of subtribe Gonolobinae rather than Metastelmatinae, and several South American species fall within the “Stelmation” clade together with species of Ditassa. In Metastelma sensu stricto, the South American species are not monophyletic, falling into a M. tubatum Clade and a South American-Caribbean M. parviflorum Clade. Most Caribbean species, except for M. anegadense, M. decipiens, M. lineare, and M. parviflorum, form a clade in which the Cuban species are sister to the remaining taxa. The Central American mainland species show a clear geographical structure with a center of diversity in central Mexico, two radiations along the Occidental portion of Sierra Madre, and one radiation along the Oriental portion of Sierra Madr...

Petalostelma is a taxonomically neglected genus of Apocynaceae with only seven species of climbing plants and voluble subshrubs with the smallest flowers of Metastelmatinae (c. 6 mm in diam.), mainly characterized by rotate corolla and fleshy gynostegial corona, with or without an annular corolline corona. During the revision of the genus, we recognized three new species of Petalostelma, two of which had specimens misidentified as P. sarcostemma, a species originally known only from Argentina. Here, we describe and illustrate these new species – P. andinum, P. auriculatum and P. longipedunculatum – and compare them with the other species of Petalostelma that also have flowers without corolline corona. The three new species occur in the Andean dry forests of Bolivia, but P. andinum also occurs in Argentina and P. longipedunculatum in the Brazilian Cerrado. Additionally, the occurrence of P. sarcostemma is confirmed for Bolivia and reported for the first time in Brazil here.

In a world where changes in land cover and climate happen faster than ever due to the expansion of human activities, narrowly distributed species are predicted to be the first to go extinct. Studies projecting species extinction in tropical regions consider either habitat loss or climate change as drivers of biodiversity loss but rarely evaluate them together. Here, the contribution of these two factors to the extinction risk of narrowly distributed species (with ranges smaller than 10,000 km2) of seed plants endemic to a fifth-order watershed in Brazil (microendemics) is assessed. We estimated the Regional Climate Change Index (RCCI) of these watersheds (areas with microendemics) and projected three scenarios of land use up to the year 2100 based on the average annual rates of habitat loss in these watersheds from 2000 to 2014. These scenarios correspond to immediate conservation action (scenario 1), long-term conservation action (scenario 2), and no conservation action (scenario 3). In each scenario, areas with microendemics were classified into four classes: (1) areas with low risk, (2) areas threatened by habitat loss, (3) areas threatened by climate change, and (4) areas threatened by climate change and habitat loss. We found 2,354 microendemic species of seed plants in 776 areas that altogether cover 17.5% of Brazil. Almost 70% (1,597) of these species are projected to be under high extinction risk by the end of the century due to habitat loss, climate change, or both, assuming that these areas will not lose habitat in the future due to land use. However, if habitat loss in these areas continues at the prevailing annual rates, the number of threatened species is projected to increase to more than 85% (2,054). The importance of climate change and habitat loss as drivers of species extinction varies across phytogeographic domains, and this variation requires the adoption of retrospective and prospective conservation strategies that are context specific. We suggest that tropical countries, such as Brazil, should integrate biodiversity conservation and climate change policies (both mitigation and adaptation) to achieve win-win social and environmental gains while halting species extinction.

Although the high diversity of neotropical plants is often associated with rain forests, another important location is open vegetation at mountain tops. In the present study, we investigated the phytogeographic patterns of the Espinhaco Range, in eastern Brazil, a region characterized by campos rupestres and marked by high levels of plant richness and endemism. Based on the occurrence of Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) in a grid of 0.5o × 0.5o cells, we conducted cluster analyses and parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE). We also calculated indexes of diversity and endemism and examined the distribution of palaeo- and neo-endemics. According to our data, the topographic gap between the Espinhaco Range of Minas Gerais and Bahia seems to be an important constraint for the dispersion of endemics, and the floristic similarity between northern Minas Gerais and Bahia is a result of species with broad distribution. Based on the seven areas of endemism that emerged from PAE, we defined five principal centres of en...

Foi elaborada uma chave interativa para a identificação das 26 espécies da Aliança Tabebuia (Bignoniaceae) nativas do estado da Bahia, Brasil. A partir de uma página web, contendo caixas de seleção com caracteres botânicos, de marcação livre e não sequencial, vão se eliminando as espécies que não atendem aos critérios selecionados até a identificação completa do material. A chave está inserida em um site, contendo informações sobre Bignoniaceae, a Aliança Tabebuia e o estado da Bahia, bem como um glossário dos termos botânicos utilizados na chave e um banco de imagens. O sistema foi desenvolvido a partir das linguagens HTML e Javascript, é autoexecutável em CD-ROM e está disponível para download em: http://www.mendeley.com/profiles/alessandro-rapini/publications/ComputerProgram/. A utilização das chaves interativas facilita e dinamiza o processo de identificação dos táxons, contribuindo para a difusão do conhecimento biológico e elaboração de programas voltados ao reconhecimento e conservação da biota.

Este trabalho consiste no levantamento florístico e estudo taxonômico da tribo Justicieae (Acanthaceae) no Semiárido do Estado da Bahia. Para a execução desse inventário, foram analisadas as coleções dos herbários baianos e dos principais herbários do Sudeste e Sul, e realizadas diversas coletas georeferenciadas e aleatórias abrangendo 25 municípios incluídos no Semiárido do Estado da Bahia. Foram reconhecidas 27 espécies e dez gêneros: Justicia L. (17 espécies), Harpochilus Nees (2), Anisacanthus (A. trilobus Lindau), Clistax Mart. (C. brasiliensis Nees), Dicliptera Juss. (D. mucronifolia Nees), Herpetacanthus Nees (H. magnobracteolatus Idriunas & Kameyama), Poikilacanthus Lindau (P. bahiensis (Nees) Wassh.), Pseuderanthemum Radlk. (P. modestum (Nees) Radlk.), Schaueria Nees (S. humuliflora Nees) e Thyrsacanthus Moric. (T. ramosissimus Moric.). É proposta a nova combinação Justicia chamaedryoides (Nees) Wassh. ex A.L.A. Côrtes & P.L.R. Moraes. Várias espécies não eram descritas desde a Flora Brasiliensis, publicada no século XIX, e algumas são ocorrências novas para o Estado da Bahia. Seis espécies de Justicia, incluindo quatro espécies recentemente descritas, além de Harpochilus neesianus e Anisacanthus trilobus, são endêmicas da Caatinga. Foram preparadas chaves de identificação e descrições dos táxons, além de ilustrações e comentários taxonômicos e sobre a distribuição geográfica das espécies, incluindo mapas de ocorrência no Estado. The inventory and taxonomic study of the tribe Justicieae (Acanthaceae) of Bahia State's Semiarid region are presented. For the execution of this inventory, collections of Bahia herbaria and major herbaria of the Southeast and South of Brazil, and random collections (georeferenced) were conducted covering 25 municipalities of the Semiarid region of the Bahia State. Twenty-seven species and ten genera were recognized, namely: Justicia L. (17 species), Harpochilus Nees (2), Anisacanthus (A. trilobus Lindau), Clistax Mart. (C. speciosus Nees), Dicliptera Juss. (D. mucronifolia Nees), Herpetacanthus Nees (H. magnobracteolatus Idriunas & Kameyama), Poikilacanthus Lindau (P. bahiensis (Nees) Wassh.), Pseuderanthemum Radlk. (P. modestum (Nees) Radlk.), Schaueria Nees (S. humuliflora Nees), and Thyrsacanthus Moric. (T. ramosissimus Moric.). A new combination is proposed, Justicia chamaedryoides (Nees) Wassh. ex A.L.A. Côrtes & P.L.R. Moraes. Many of the species included in the treatment have not been described since the Flora Brasiliensis, published in the 19th century, and some are new reports to the Bahia State. Six species of Justicia, including four new species recently described besides Harpochilus neesianus and Anisacanthus trilobus, are endemic to the Semiarid. Key for identification and descriptions of taxa, illustrations and comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of species, including maps of occurrence in the State, are provided.

The taxonomic treatment of the Begoniaceae from Bahia state is presented. We recognize 38 species, 15 are endemic and four were firstly described based on this study. Most of the species occur in the Atlantic Forest (32 species), followed by the Caatinga (11 species) and Cerrado (one species). Nine names are treated as synonym for the first time here. Descriptions, identification key, phenological data, illustrations, maps of geographical distribution in Bahia and comments are presented.