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1. Minimal reporting guideline for research involving eye tracking (2023 edition)

Author

Dunn, Matt J., Alexander, Robert G., Amiebenomo, Onyekachukwu M., Arblaster, Gemma, Atan, Denize, Erichsen, Jonathan T., Ettinger, Ulrich, Giardini, Mario E., Gilchrist, Iain D., Hamilton, Ruth, Hessels, Roy S., Hodgins, Scott, Hooge, Ignace T. C., Jackson, Brooke S., Lee, Helena, Macknik, Stephen L., Martinez-Conde, Susana, Mcilreavy, Lee, Muratori, Lisa M., Niehorster, Diederick C., Nyström, Marcus, Otero-Millan, Jorge, Schlüssel, Michael M., Self, Jay E., Singh, Tarkeshwar, Smyrnis, Nikolaos, and Sprenger, Andreas

Published
2024
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2. Author Correction: Minimal reporting guideline for research involving eye tracking (2023 edition)

Author

Dunn, Matt J., Alexander, Robert G., Amiebenomo, Onyekachukwu M., Arblaster, Gemma, Atan, Denize, Erichsen, Jonathan T., Ettinger, Ulrich, Giardini, Mario E., Gilchrist, Iain D., Hamilton, Ruth, Hessels, Roy S., Hodgins, Scott, Hooge, Ignace T. C., Jackson, Brooke S., Lee, Helena, Macknik, Stephen L., Martinez-Conde, Susana, Mcilreavy, Lee, Muratori, Lisa M., Niehorster, Diederick C., Nyström, Marcus, Otero-Millan, Jorge, Schlüssel, Michael M., Self, Jay E., Singh, Tarkeshwar, Smyrnis, Nikolaos, and Sprenger, Andreas

Published
2024
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3. Retraction Note: Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline

Author

Holmqvist, Kenneth, Örbom, Saga Lee, Hooge, Ignace T. C., Niehorster, Diederick C., Alexander, Robert G., Andersson, Richard, Benjamins, Jeroen S., Blignaut, Pieter, Brouwer, Anne-Marie, Chuang, Lewis L., Dalrymple, Kirsten A., Drieghe, Denis, Dunn, Matt J., Ettinger, Ulrich, Fiedler, Susann, Foulsham, Tom, van der Geest, Jos N., Hansen, Dan Witzner, Hutton, Samuel B., Kasneci, Enkelejda, Kingstone, Alan, Knox, Paul C., Kok, Ellen M., Lee, Helena, Lee, Joy Yeonjoo, Leppänen, Jukka M., Macknik, Stephen, Majaranta, Päivi, Martinez-Conde, Susana, Nuthmann, Antje, Nyström, Marcus, Orquin, Jacob L., Otero-Millan, Jorge, Park, Soon Young, Popelka, Stanislav, Proudlock, Frank, Renkewitz, Frank, Roorda, Austin, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael, Sharif, Bonita, Shic, Frederick, Shovman, Mark, Thomas, Mervyn G., Venrooij, Ward, Zemblys, Raimondas, and Hessels, Roy S.

Published
2024
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4. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline

Author

Holmqvist, Kenneth, Örbom, Saga Lee, Hooge, Ignace T. C., Niehorster, Diederick C., Alexander, Robert G., Andersson, Richard, Benjamins, Jeroen S., Blignaut, Pieter, Brouwer, Anne-Marie, Chuang, Lewis L., Dalrymple, Kirsten A., Drieghe, Denis, Dunn, Matt J., Ettinger, Ulrich, Fiedler, Susann, Foulsham, Tom, van der Geest, Jos N., Hansen, Dan Witzner, Hutton, Samuel B., Kasneci, Enkelejda, Kingstone, Alan, Knox, Paul C., Kok, Ellen M., Lee, Helena, Lee, Joy Yeonjoo, Leppänen, Jukka M., Macknik, Stephen, Majaranta, Päivi, Martinez-Conde, Susana, Nuthmann, Antje, Nyström, Marcus, Orquin, Jacob L., Otero-Millan, Jorge, Park, Soon Young, Popelka, Stanislav, Proudlock, Frank, Renkewitz, Frank, Roorda, Austin, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael, Sharif, Bonita, Shic, Frederick, Shovman, Mark, Thomas, Mervyn G., Venrooij, Ward, Zemblys, Raimondas, and Hessels, Roy S.

Published
2023
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5. Evidence of Weight Bias in the College Classroom: A Call for Inclusive Teaching Practices for Students of All Sizes

Author

Alexander, Katherine E. and Alexander, Robert G.

Abstract

Groupwork is a useful classroom tool, but may not fully benefit students who are ostracized by peers due to nonacademic factors, like weight. Here, undergraduate students estimated GPAs of hypothetical student peers who were described as "overweight" or "normal-weight" and judged how much they wanted to work with them. We found small but significant effects: students rated overweight peers as having lower GPAs and reported less desire to work with them relative to normal-weight peers. Instructors should be cognizant that overweight students are believed by their peers to be less desirable class partners and may be excluded from classroom participation.

Published
2022
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8. Fixational Eye Movements

Author

Alexander, Robert G., Martinez-Conde, Susana, Reuter, Martin, Series Editor, Montag, Christian, Series Editor, Klein, Christoph, editor, and Ettinger, Ulrich, editor

Published
2019
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9. Retraction Note: Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline

Author

Holmqvist, Kenneth, primary, Örbom, Saga Lee, additional, Hooge, Ignace T. C., additional, Niehorster, Diederick C., additional, Alexander, Robert G., additional, Andersson, Richard, additional, Benjamins, Jeroen S., additional, Blignaut, Pieter, additional, Brouwer, Anne-Marie, additional, Chuang, Lewis L., additional, Dalrymple, Kirsten A., additional, Drieghe, Denis, additional, Dunn, Matt J., additional, Ettinger, Ulrich, additional, Fiedler, Susann, additional, Foulsham, Tom, additional, van der Geest, Jos N., additional, Hansen, Dan Witzner, additional, Hutton, Samuel B., additional, Kasneci, Enkelejda, additional, Kingstone, Alan, additional, Knox, Paul C., additional, Kok, Ellen M., additional, Lee, Helena, additional, Lee, Joy Yeonjoo, additional, Leppänen, Jukka M., additional, Macknik, Stephen, additional, Majaranta, Päivi, additional, Martinez-Conde, Susana, additional, Nuthmann, Antje, additional, Nyström, Marcus, additional, Orquin, Jacob L., additional, Otero-Millan, Jorge, additional, Park, Soon Young, additional, Popelka, Stanislav, additional, Proudlock, Frank, additional, Renkewitz, Frank, additional, Roorda, Austin, additional, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael, additional, Sharif, Bonita, additional, Shic, Frederick, additional, Shovman, Mark, additional, Thomas, Mervyn G., additional, Venrooij, Ward, additional, Zemblys, Raimondas, additional, and Hessels, Roy S., additional

Published
2023
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12. Minimal reporting guideline for research involving eye tracking (2023 edition)

Author

Dunn, Matt J., primary, Alexander, Robert G., additional, Amiebenomo, Onyekachukwu M., additional, Arblaster, Gemma, additional, Atan, Denize, additional, Erichsen, Jonathan T., additional, Ettinger, Ulrich, additional, Giardini, Mario E., additional, Gilchrist, Iain D., additional, Hamilton, Ruth, additional, Hessels, Roy S., additional, Hodgins, Scott, additional, Hooge, Ignace T. C., additional, Jackson, Brooke S., additional, Lee, Helena, additional, Macknik, Stephen L., additional, Martinez-Conde, Susana, additional, Mcilreavy, Lee, additional, Muratori, Lisa M., additional, Niehorster, Diederick C., additional, Nyström, Marcus, additional, Otero-Millan, Jorge, additional, Schlüssel, Michael M., additional, Self, Jay E., additional, Singh, Tarkeshwar, additional, Smyrnis, Nikolaos, additional, and Sprenger, Andreas, additional

Published
2023
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16. Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline

Author

Holmqvist, Kenneth, primary, Örbom, Saga Lee, additional, Hooge, Ignace T. C., additional, Niehorster, Diederick C., additional, Alexander, Robert G., additional, Andersson, Richard, additional, Benjamins, Jeroen S., additional, Blignaut, Pieter, additional, Brouwer, Anne-Marie, additional, Chuang, Lewis L., additional, Dalrymple, Kirsten A., additional, Drieghe, Denis, additional, Dunn, Matt J., additional, Ettinger, Ulrich, additional, Fiedler, Susann, additional, Foulsham, Tom, additional, van der Geest, Jos N., additional, Hansen, Dan Witzner, additional, Hutton, Samuel B., additional, Kasneci, Enkelejda, additional, Kingstone, Alan, additional, Knox, Paul C., additional, Kok, Ellen M., additional, Lee, Helena, additional, Lee, Joy Yeonjoo, additional, Leppänen, Jukka M., additional, Macknik, Stephen, additional, Majaranta, Päivi, additional, Martinez-Conde, Susana, additional, Nuthmann, Antje, additional, Nyström, Marcus, additional, Orquin, Jacob L., additional, Otero-Millan, Jorge, additional, Park, Soon Young, additional, Popelka, Stanislav, additional, Proudlock, Frank, additional, Renkewitz, Frank, additional, Roorda, Austin, additional, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael, additional, Sharif, Bonita, additional, Shic, Frederick, additional, Shovman, Mark, additional, Thomas, Mervyn G., additional, Venrooij, Ward, additional, Zemblys, Raimondas, additional, and Hessels, Roy S., additional

Published
2022
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17. Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline.

Author

Holmqvist, Kenneth, Örbom, Saga Lee, Hooge, Ignace T. C., Niehorster, Diederick C., Alexander, Robert G., Andersson, Richard, Benjamins, Jeroen S., Blignaut, Pieter, Brouwer, Anne-Marie, Chuang, Lewis L., Dalrymple, Kirsten A., Drieghe, Denis, Dunn, Matt J., Ettinger, Ulrich, Fiedler, Susann, Foulsham, Tom, van der Geest, Jos N., Hansen, Dan Witzner, Hutton, Samuel B., and Kasneci, Enkelejda

Subjects
EYE tracking, DATABASES, EMPIRICAL research, EYE movements
Abstract

In this paper, we present a review of how the various aspects of any study using an eye tracker (such as the instrument, methodology, environment, participant, etc.) affect the quality of the recorded eye-tracking data and the obtained eye-movement and gaze measures. We take this review to represent the empirical foundation for reporting guidelines of any study involving an eye tracker. We compare this empirical foundation to five existing reporting guidelines and to a database of 207 published eye-tracking studies. We find that reporting guidelines vary substantially and do not match with actual reporting practices. We end by deriving a minimal, flexible reporting guideline based on empirical research (Section "An empirically based minimal reporting guideline"). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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18. Evidence of Weight Bias in the College Classroom: A Call for Inclusive Teaching Practices for Students of All Sizes.

Author

Alexander, Katherine E. and Alexander, Robert G.

Subjects
*STUDENT engagement, *STUDENT teaching, *CLASSROOMS, *UNDERGRADUATES, *OBESITY
Abstract

Groupwork is a useful classroom tool, but may not fully benefit students who are ostracized by peers due to nonacademic factors, like weight. Here, undergraduate students estimated GPAs of hypothetical student peers who were described as "overweight" or "normal-weight" and judged how much they wanted to work with them. We found small but significant effects: students rated overweight peers as having lower GPAs and reported less desire to work with them relative to normal-weight peers. Instructors should be cognizant that overweight students are believed by their peers to be less desirable class partners and may be excluded from classroom participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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26. A Review of Perceptual Expertise in Radiology-How it develops, How we can test it, and Why humans still matter in the era of Artificial Intelligence

Author

Waite, Stephen, primary, Farooq, Zerwa, additional, Grigorian, Arkadij, additional, Sistrom, Christopher, additional, Kolla, Srinivas, additional, Mancuso, Anthony, additional, Martinez-Conde, Susana, additional, Alexander, Robert G., additional, Kantor, Alan, additional, and Macknik, Stephen L., additional

Published
2020
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27. Advanced Circuit and Cellular Imaging Methods in Nonhuman Primates

Author

Macknik, Stephen L., primary, Alexander, Robert G., additional, Caballero, Olivya, additional, Chanovas, Jordi, additional, Nielsen, Kristina J., additional, Nishimura, Nozomi, additional, Schaffer, Chris B., additional, Slovin, Hamutal, additional, Babayoff, Amit, additional, Barak, Ravid, additional, Tang, Shiming, additional, Ju, Niansheng, additional, Yazdan-Shahmorad, Azadeh, additional, Alonso, Jose-Manuel, additional, Malinskiy, Eugene, additional, and Martinez-Conde, Susana, additional

Published
2019
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35. Creative Wealth Planning with Grantor Trusts, Family Limited Partnerships, and Family Limited Liability Companies

Author

Alexander, Robert G. and Klemmer, Dallas E.

Subjects
FLPs, FLLCs, Family limited liability companies, Grantor retained annuity trusts, Wealth management, Intentionally defective grantor trusts, BDITs, Family limited partnership, Trusts, GRATs, IDGTs, Goods and services tax, Estate, Family, GST, Gifts, Beneficiary defective investors trusts
Abstract

With the 2010 Federal Tax law changes, the nature of estate, tax, and wealth planning changed as well. This change had a substantial effect on the GST tax. This article focuses on combining Grantor retained Annuity Trusts (GRATs), Intentionally Defective Grantor Trusts (IDGTs), and Beneficiary Defective Investors Trusts (BDITs) with Family Limited Partnerships (FLPs) and Family Limited Liability Companies (FLLCs) and wealth transfer issues related to these entities. A practitioner should look for a jurisdiction that has well developed wealth transfer protection laws and implement creative planning tools to give their clients the greatest monetary benefit.

Published
2010

38. Decomposing Self-Control: Individual Differences in Goal Pursuit Despite Interfering Aversion, Temptation, and Distraction.

Author

Steimke, Rosa, Stelzel, Christine, Gaschler, Robert, Rothkirch, Marcus, Ludwig, Vera U., Paschke, Lena M., Trempler, Ima, Kathmann, Norbert, Goschke, Thomas, Walter, Henrik, Alexander, Robert G., and Jiefeng Jiang

Subjects
EYE tracking, SELF-control, INDIVIDUAL differences, VISUAL perception, ATTENTION control, TASK performance
Abstract

Self-control can be defined as the ability to exert control over ones impulses. Currently, most research in the area relies on self-report. Focusing on attentional control processes involved in self-control, we modified a spatial selective attentional cueing task to test three domains of self-control experimentally in one task using aversive, tempting, and neutral picture-distractors. The aims of the study were (1) to investigate individual differences in the susceptibility to aversive, tempting, and neutral distraction within one paradigm and (2) to test the association of these three self-control domains to conventional measures of self-control including self-report. The final sample consisted of 116 participants. The task required participants to identify target letters "E" or "F" presented at a cued target location while the distractors were presented. Behavioral and eyetracking data were obtained during the performance of the task. High task performance was encouraged via monetary incentives. In addition to the attentional self-control task, self-reported self-control was assessed and participants performed a color Stroop task, an unsolvable anagram task and a delay of gratification task using chocolate sweets. We found that aversion, temptation, and neutral distraction were associated with significantly increased error rates, reaction times and gaze pattern deviations. Overall task performance on our task correlated with self-reported selfcontrol ability. Measures of aversion, temptation, and distraction showed moderate split-half reliability, but did not correlate with each other across participants. Additionally, participants who made a self-controlled decision in the delay of gratification task were less distracted by temptations in our task than participants who made an impulsive choice. Our individual differences analyses suggest that (1) the ability to endure aversion, resist temptations and ignore neutral distractions are independent of each other and (2) these three domains are related to other measures of self-control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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39. Reversible Accumulation of Plant Suspension Cell Cultures in G1 Phase and Subsequent Synchronous Traverse of the Cell Cycle 1

Author

Conia, Jérôme, Alexander, Robert G., Wilder, Mark E., Richards, Kimberlynn R., Rice, Mary E., and Jackson, Paul J.

Subjects
Development and Growth Regulation
Abstract

The induction of DNA synthesis in Datura innoxia Mill. cell cultures was determined by flow cytometry. A large fraction of the total population of cells traversed the cell cycle in synchrony when exposed to fresh medium. One hour after transfer to fresh medium, 37% of the cells were found in the process of DNA synthesis. After 24 hours of culture, 66% of the cells had accumulated in G(2) phase, and underwent cell division simultaneously. Only 10% of the cells remained in G(0) or G(1). Transfer of cells into a medium, 80% (v/v) of which was conditioned by a sister culture for 2 days, was adequate to inhibit this simultaneous traverse of the cell cycle. A large proportion of dividing cells could be arrested at the G(0) + G(1)/S boundary by exposure to 10 millimolar hydroxyurea (HU) for 12 to 24 hours. Inhibition of DNA synthesis by HU was reversible, and when resuspended into fresh culture medium synchronized cells resumed the cell cycle. Consequently, a large fraction of the cell population could be obtained in the G(2) phase. However, reversal of G(1) arrested cells was not complete and a fraction of cells did not initiate DNA synthesis. Seventy-four percent of the cells simultaneously reached 4C DNA content whereas the frequency of cells which remained in G(0) + G(1) phase was approximately 17%. Incorporation of radioactive precursors into DNA and proteins identified a population of nondividing cells which represents the fraction of cells in G(0). The frequency of cells entering G(0) was 11% at each generation. Our results indicate that almost 100% of the population of dividing cells synchronously traversed the cell cycle following suspension in fresh medium.

Published
1990

40. Global statistical regularities modulate the speed of visual search in patients with focal attentional deficits.

Author

Lanzoni, Lucilla, Melcher, David, Miceli, Gabriele, Corbett, Jennifer E., Anderson, Britt, and Alexander, Robert G.

Subjects
STATISTICS, ATTENTION-deficit hyperactivity disorder, GABOR transforms, COGNITION, ATTENTION
Abstract

There is growing evidence that the statistical properties of ensembles of similar objects are processed in a qualitatively different manner than the characteristics of individual items. It has recently been proposed that these types of perceptual statistical representations are part of a strategy to complement focused attention in order to circumvent the visual system's limited capacity to represent more than a few individual objects in detail. Previous studies have demonstrated that patients with attentional deficits are nonetheless sensitive to these sorts of statistical representations. Here, we examined how such global representations may function to aid patients in overcoming focal attentional limitations by manipulating the statistical regularity of a visual scene while patients performed a search task. Three patients previously diagnosed with visual neglect searched for a target Gabor tilted to the left or right of vertical in displays of horizontal distractor Gabors. Although the local sizes of the distractors changed on every trial, the mean size remained stable for several trials. Patients made faster correct responses to targets in neglected regions of the visual field when global statistics remained constant over several trials, similar to age-matched controls. Given neglect patients' attentional deficits, these results suggest that stable perceptual representations of global statistics can establish a context to speed search without the need to represent individual elements in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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46. Veni, Vidi, Vici.

Author

Alexander, Robert G., McCracken, Sandra C., Lee, John C. M., Thieme, Mary H., and Morris, Lisa

Subjects
LETTERS to the editor
Abstract

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "The Sweet Spot" in the June 2008 issue.

Published
2008

47. Visual similarity effects in categorical search.

Author

Alexander RG and Zelinsky GJ

Subjects
Fixation, Ocular physiology, Humans, Photic Stimulation methods, Psychophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Attention physiology, Eye Movements physiology, Form Perception physiology, Pattern Recognition, Visual physiology
Abstract

We asked how visual similarity relationships affect search guidance to categorically defined targets (no visual preview). Experiment 1 used a web-based task to collect visual similarity rankings between two target categories, teddy bears and butterflies, and random-category objects, from which we created search displays in Experiment 2 having either high-similarity distractors, low-similarity distractors, or "mixed" displays with high-, medium-, and low-similarity distractors. Analysis of target-absent trials revealed faster manual responses and fewer fixated distractors on low-similarity displays compared to high-similarity displays. On mixed displays, first fixations were more frequent on high-similarity distractors (bear = 49%; butterfly = 58%) than on low-similarity distractors (bear = 9%; butterfly = 12%). Experiment 3 used the same high/low/mixed conditions, but now these conditions were created using similarity estimates from a computer vision model that ranked objects in terms of color, texture, and shape similarity. The same patterns were found, suggesting that categorical search can indeed be guided by purely visual similarity. Experiment 4 compared cases where the model and human rankings differed and when they agreed. We found that similarity effects were best predicted by cases where the two sets of rankings agreed, suggesting that both human visual similarity rankings and the computer vision model captured features important for guiding search to categorical targets.

Published
2011
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