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1. Hydrogen from Cellulose and Low-density Polyethylene via Atmospheric Pressure Nonthermal Plasma

Author

Tabu, Benard, Veng, Visal, Morgan, Heba, Das, Shubhra Kanti, Brack, Eric, Alexander, Todd, Mack, J. Hunter, Wong, Hsi-Wu, and Trelles, Juan Pablo

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

The valorization of waste, by creating economic value while limiting environmental impact, can have an essential role in sustainable development. Particularly, polymeric waste such as biomass and plastics can be used for the production of green hydrogen as a carbon-free energy carrier through the use of nonthermal plasma powered by renewable, potentially surplus, electricity. In this study, a Streamer Dielectric-Barrier Discharge (SDBD) reactor is designed and built to extract hydrogen and carbon co-products from cellulose and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as model feedstocks of biomass and plastic waste, respectively. Spectroscopic and electrical diagnostics, together with modeling, are used to estimate representative plasma properties, namely electron and excitation temperatures, number density, and power consumption. Cellulose and LDPE are plasma-treated for different treatment times to characterize the evolution of the hydrogen production process. Gas products are analyzed using gas chromatography to determine the mean hydrogen production rate, production efficiency, hydrogen yield, selectivity, and energy cost. The results show that the maximum hydrogen production efficiency for cellulose is 0.8 mol/kWh, which is approximately double that for LDPE. Furthermore, the energy cost of hydrogen production from cellulose is 600 kWh/kg of H2, half that of LDPE. Solid products are examined via scanning electron microscopy, revealing the distinct morphological structure of the two feedstocks treated, as well as by elemental composition analysis. The results demonstrate that SDBD plasma is effective at producing hydrogen from cellulose and LDPE at near atmospheric pressure and relatively low-temperature conditions in rapid-response and compact processes.

Published
2023

2. Candidate mechanisms of acquired resistance to first-line osimertinib in EGFR-mutated advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Author

Juliann Chmielecki, Jhanelle E. Gray, Ying Cheng, Yuichiro Ohe, Fumio Imamura, Byoung Chul Cho, Meng-Chih Lin, Margarita Majem, Riyaz Shah, Yuri Rukazenkov, Alexander Todd, Aleksandra Markovets, J. Carl Barrett, Ryan J. Hartmaier, and Suresh S. Ramalingam

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Abstract Osimertinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI), potently and selectively inhibits EGFR-TKI-sensitizing and EGFR T790M resistance mutations. In the Phase III FLAURA study (NCT02296125), first-line osimertinib improved outcomes vs comparator EGFR-TKIs in EGFRm advanced non-small cell lung cancer. This analysis identifies acquired resistance mechanisms to first-line osimertinib. Next-generation sequencing assesses circulating-tumor DNA from paired plasma samples (baseline and disease progression/treatment discontinuation) in patients with baseline EGFRm. No EGFR T790M-mediated acquired resistance are observed; most frequent resistance mechanisms are MET amplification (n = 17; 16%) and EGFR C797S mutations (n = 7; 6%). Future research investigating non-genetic acquired resistance mechanisms is warranted.

Published
2023
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3. Capillary-flow driven microfluidic sensor based on tyrosinase for fast user-friendly assessment of pesticide exposures.

Author

Hefner, Claire E., Aryal, Prakash, Brack, Eric, Alexander, Todd, and Henry, Charles S.

Subjects
PESTICIDE residues in food, PESTICIDE pollution, PESTICIDES, PHENOL oxidase, DETECTION limit
Abstract

Pesticides are primarily used in agriculture to protect crops and extend their longevity. However, pesticide exposure has been linked to various acute and chronic health effects, raising significant environmental concerns. Current detection methods are often expensive and time-consuming, relying on complex instruments. Although enzyme-inhibition-based microfluidic paper-based analytical device (mPAD) platforms offer an easier alternative, they suffer from slow analyte transport and analyte adsorption issues in microchannels. Consequently, there is a need for a fast, simple, and cost-effective point-of-need platform for pesticide sensing. In this study, we present a rapid microfluidic platform for on-site pesticide residue detection. Unlike traditional mPAD platforms, our system transports pesticide samples through hollow capillary channels within seconds without adsorption of pesticides in the microchannels. While much research has focused on acetylcholinesterase inhibition on paper, this study is the first to introduce a tyrosinase inhibition-based assay on a paper platform for pesticide detection. Ziram, a representative dithiocarbamate pesticide, was detected using a colorimetric enzymatic inhibition assay. A limit of detection (LoD) of 1.5 ppm was obtained. In this study, we optimized the fast-flow device, assessed its stability and susceptibility to various interferences, and conducted real-sample tests using glove extraction to evaluate its capability in real-world settings. Spike recovery analysis revealed an extraction efficiency of 82.5% to 87.5% for leather gloves and 68.9% to 71.9% for nitrile gloves. This platform demonstrates strong selectivity against interferences, with the enzyme retaining 90% activity even after a week under the established storage protocols with room for further investigation. While primarily a proof of concept, this device shows promise as an additional tool for pesticide detection, with potential future integration into multiplexed devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. Prediction of the Structural Color of Liquid Crystals via Machine Learning

Author

Nguyen, Andrew T., primary, Childs, Heather M., additional, Salter, William M., additional, Filippas, Afroditi V., additional, McInnes, Bridget T., additional, Senecal, Kris, additional, Lawton, Timothy J., additional, D’Angelo, Paola A., additional, Zukas, Walter, additional, Alexander, Todd E., additional, Ayotte, Victoria, additional, Zhao, Hong, additional, and Tang, Christina, additional

Published
2023
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11. Ocean‐Only FAFMIP: Understanding Regional Patterns of Ocean Heat Content and Dynamic Sea Level Change

Author

Alexander Todd, Laure Zanna, Matthew Couldrey, Jonathan Gregory, Quran Wu, John A. Church, Riccardo Farneti, René Navarro‐Labastida, Kewei Lyu, Oleg Saenko, Duo Yang, and Xuebin Zhang

Subjects
Dynamic Sea Level, Ocean Heat Uptake, Ocean Climate Change, Physical geography, GB3-5030, Oceanography, GC1-1581
Abstract

Abstract There is large uncertainty in the future regional sea level change under anthropogenic climate change. Our study presents and uses a novel design of ocean general circulation model (OGCM) experiments to investigate the ocean's response to surface buoyancy and momentum flux perturbations without atmosphere‐ocean feedbacks (e.g., without surface restoring or bulk formulae), as part of the Flux‐Anomaly‐Forced Model Intercomparison Project (FAFMIP). In an ensemble of OGCMs forced with identical surface flux perturbations, simulated dynamic sea level (DSL) and ocean heat content (OHC) change demonstrate considerable disagreement. In the North Atlantic, the disagreement in DSL and OHC change between models is mainly due to differences in the residual (resolved and eddy) circulation change, with a large spread in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) weakening (20–50%). In the western North Pacific, OHC change is similar among the OGCM ensemble, but the contributing physical processes differ. For the Southern Ocean, isopycnal and diapycnal mixing change dominate the spread in OHC change. In addition, a component of the atmosphere‐ocean feedbacks are quantified by comparing coupled, atmosphere‐ocean GCM (AOGCM) and OGCM FAFMIP experiments with consistent ocean models. We find that there is 10% more AMOC weakening in AOGCMs relative to OGCMs, since the extratropical North Atlantic SST cooling due to heat redistribution amplifies the surface heat flux perturbation. This component of the atmosphere‐ocean feedbacks enhances the pattern of North Atlantic OHC and DSL change, with relatively stronger increases and decreases in the tropics and extratropics, respectively.

Published
2020
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17. sj-pdf-3-cjk-10.1177_20543581231168088 – Supplemental material for Perspectives of Pediatric Nephrologists, Intensivists and Nurses Regarding AKI Management and Expected Outcomes

Author

Che, Adrian, D’Arienzo, David, Dart, Allison, Mammen, Cherry, Samuel, Susan, Alexander, Todd, Morgan, Catherine, Blydt-Hansen, Tom, Fontela, Patricia, Guerra, Gonzalo Garcia, Chanchlani, Rahul, Wang, Stella, Cockovski, Vedran, Jawa, Natasha, Lee, Jasmine, Nunes, Sophia, Reynaud, Stephanie, and Zappitelli, Michael

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-3-cjk-10.1177_20543581231168088 for Perspectives of Pediatric Nephrologists, Intensivists and Nurses Regarding AKI Management and Expected Outcomes by Adrian Che, David D’Arienzo, Allison Dart, Cherry Mammen, Susan Samuel, Todd Alexander, Catherine Morgan, Tom Blydt-Hansen, Patricia Fontela, Gonzalo Garcia Guerra, Rahul Chanchlani, Stella Wang, Vedran Cockovski, Natasha Jawa, Jasmine Lee, Sophia Nunes, Stephanie Reynaud and Michael Zappitelli in Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease

Published
2023
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18. sj-pdf-2-cjk-10.1177_20543581231168088 – Supplemental material for Perspectives of Pediatric Nephrologists, Intensivists and Nurses Regarding AKI Management and Expected Outcomes

Author

Che, Adrian, D’Arienzo, David, Dart, Allison, Mammen, Cherry, Samuel, Susan, Alexander, Todd, Morgan, Catherine, Blydt-Hansen, Tom, Fontela, Patricia, Guerra, Gonzalo Garcia, Chanchlani, Rahul, Wang, Stella, Cockovski, Vedran, Jawa, Natasha, Lee, Jasmine, Nunes, Sophia, Reynaud, Stephanie, and Zappitelli, Michael

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-cjk-10.1177_20543581231168088 for Perspectives of Pediatric Nephrologists, Intensivists and Nurses Regarding AKI Management and Expected Outcomes by Adrian Che, David D’Arienzo, Allison Dart, Cherry Mammen, Susan Samuel, Todd Alexander, Catherine Morgan, Tom Blydt-Hansen, Patricia Fontela, Gonzalo Garcia Guerra, Rahul Chanchlani, Stella Wang, Vedran Cockovski, Natasha Jawa, Jasmine Lee, Sophia Nunes, Stephanie Reynaud and Michael Zappitelli in Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease

Published
2023
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19. sj-pdf-4-cjk-10.1177_20543581231168088 – Supplemental material for Perspectives of Pediatric Nephrologists, Intensivists and Nurses Regarding AKI Management and Expected Outcomes

Author

Che, Adrian, D’Arienzo, David, Dart, Allison, Mammen, Cherry, Samuel, Susan, Alexander, Todd, Morgan, Catherine, Blydt-Hansen, Tom, Fontela, Patricia, Guerra, Gonzalo Garcia, Chanchlani, Rahul, Wang, Stella, Cockovski, Vedran, Jawa, Natasha, Lee, Jasmine, Nunes, Sophia, Reynaud, Stephanie, and Zappitelli, Michael

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-4-cjk-10.1177_20543581231168088 for Perspectives of Pediatric Nephrologists, Intensivists and Nurses Regarding AKI Management and Expected Outcomes by Adrian Che, David D’Arienzo, Allison Dart, Cherry Mammen, Susan Samuel, Todd Alexander, Catherine Morgan, Tom Blydt-Hansen, Patricia Fontela, Gonzalo Garcia Guerra, Rahul Chanchlani, Stella Wang, Vedran Cockovski, Natasha Jawa, Jasmine Lee, Sophia Nunes, Stephanie Reynaud and Michael Zappitelli in Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease

Published
2023
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20. sj-docx-1-cjk-10.1177_20543581231168088 – Supplemental material for Perspectives of Pediatric Nephrologists, Intensivists and Nurses Regarding AKI Management and Expected Outcomes

Author

Che, Adrian, D’Arienzo, David, Dart, Allison, Mammen, Cherry, Samuel, Susan, Alexander, Todd, Morgan, Catherine, Blydt-Hansen, Tom, Fontela, Patricia, Guerra, Gonzalo Garcia, Chanchlani, Rahul, Wang, Stella, Cockovski, Vedran, Jawa, Natasha, Lee, Jasmine, Nunes, Sophia, Reynaud, Stephanie, and Zappitelli, Michael

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-cjk-10.1177_20543581231168088 for Perspectives of Pediatric Nephrologists, Intensivists and Nurses Regarding AKI Management and Expected Outcomes by Adrian Che, David D’Arienzo, Allison Dart, Cherry Mammen, Susan Samuel, Todd Alexander, Catherine Morgan, Tom Blydt-Hansen, Patricia Fontela, Gonzalo Garcia Guerra, Rahul Chanchlani, Stella Wang, Vedran Cockovski, Natasha Jawa, Jasmine Lee, Sophia Nunes, Stephanie Reynaud and Michael Zappitelli in Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease

Published
2023
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21. An Open Source Framework for Real-Time, Incremental, Static and Dynamic Hand Gesture Learning and Recognition

Author

Alexander, Todd C., Ahmed, Hassan S., Anagnostopoulos, Georgios C., Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Sudan, Madhu, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, and Jacko, Julie A., editor

Published
2009
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22. Duodenum Inversum: A Rare Cause of Chronic Nausea and Vomiting

Author

Saurabh Chandan, Ojasvini Choudhry Chandan, and Alexander Todd Hewlett

Subjects
Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology, RC799-869
Abstract

Duodenum inversum (DI), also known as inverted duodenum or duodenum reflexum, is a congenital malformation in which the third portion of the duodenum, instead of continuing leftward to the ligament of Treitz, reverses direction and travels in a superior, posterior track prior to crossing the midline above the pancreas. We present a case of a 62-year-old woman presenting with chronic nausea and vomiting, subsequently found to have DI.

Published
2018
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25. The impact of the direct radiative effect of increased CO2 on the West African monsoon

Author

Harry Mutton, Robin Chadwick, Matthew Collins, F. Hugo Lambert, Ruth Geen, Alexander Todd, and Christopher M. Taylor

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Meteorology and Climatology
Abstract

Projections of future West African monsoon (WAM) precipitation change in response to increasing greenhouse gases are uncertain, and an improved understanding of the drivers of WAM precipitation change is needed to help aid model development and better inform adaptation policies in the region. This paper addresses one of those drivers, the direct radiative effect of increased CO2 (i.e., the impact of increased CO2 in the absence of SST warming and changes in plant physiology). An atmosphere-only model is used to examine both the equilibrium response and the evolution of the change over the days following the instantaneous CO2 increase. In response to the direct radiative effect, WAM precipitation increases due to a weakening of the shallow meridional circulation over North Africa, advecting less dry air into the convective column associated with the monsoon. Changes in the shallow circulation are associated with atmospheric and surface warming patterns over North Africa. A large-scale atmospheric warming pattern, whereby North Africa warms more than the monsoon region, leads to a northward shift in the Saharan heat low. In response to increased precipitation in the Sahel, local soil moisture feedbacks play a key role in determining the low-level circulation change and the location of the intertropical discontinuity. The large-scale warming patterns over North Africa result from differing levels of constraint applied by convective quasi-equilibrium. While this constraint acts strongly in the equatorial WAM region, preventing the region from warming in response to the direct radiative effect, North Africa is not strongly constrained and is therefore able to warm.

Published
2022
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26. Abstract LB294: Baseline and on-treatment plasma-based genomics as a predictor of outcome in SAVANNAH: Savolitinib + osimertinib in EGFRm MET overexpressed/amplified NSCLC post-osimertinib

Author

Ryan James Hartmaier, Aleksandra Markovets, Wanning Xu, Agata Baczynska, Alexander Todd, and Myung-Ju Ahn

Subjects
Cancer Research, Oncology
Abstract

Savolitinib, an oral, potent, and highly selective MET-TKI, in combination with osimertinib, a 3rd-generation, irreversible, oral EGFR-TKI, may overcome common acquired MET-driven resistance following osimertinib treatment. The ongoing Ph2 SAVANNAH (NCT03778229) study is investigating this combination in pts with EGFRm NSCLC who have MET overexpression and/or amplification upon progressive disease (PD) post-osimertinib. Using plasma EGFRm as an estimate of tumor burden, we report exploratory analyses of progression-free survival (PFS) by plasma EGFRm clearance during treatment at Day (D) 22. Additionally, agreement between tissue (IHC/FISH) and plasma (NGS) testing for detecting MET overexpression and/or amplification is reported. Following central MET testing on tumor tissue collected upon PD post-osimertinib, eligible pts received oral savolitinib (300 or 600 mg QD, or 300 mg BID) + oral osimertinib 80 mg QD. MET overexpression was assessed by IHC (3+ staining in ≥50% of tumor cells [IHC50+]) and amplification by FISH (MET copy number ≥5 and/or MET:CEP7 ratio ≥2 [FISH5+]). Here, PFS analysis was performed in subgroups identified by exploratory higher biomarker cut-off levels of 3+ staining in ≥90% tumor cells (IHC90+) and/or MET copy number ≥10 (FISH10+). Plasma EGFRm (Ex19del/L858R only) analysis was conducted by ddPCR at D1 and every week thereafter for 4 weeks and at week 6. Plasma EGFRm clearance was defined as undetected EGFRm ctDNA at D22, where it was detected at D1. Baseline (BL) MET amplifications were determined via ctDNA NGS at D1. Agreement analysis was performed (DCO 27Aug2021). This analysis included 192 pts who received savolitinib 300 mg QD + osimertinib and had ≥2 post-BL RECIST scans. Of those with valid tissue FISH and IHC results and evaluable ctDNA at D1 (88% [169/192]), 124 pts had detectable plasma EGFRm. Plasma EGFRm clearance was assessed in 103 pts with detectable D1 plasma EGFRm who also had evaluable ctDNA at D22. Clearance was observed more frequently in pts with IHC90+ or FISH10+ tumors (42% [28/66]) than those with IHC90- and FISH10- tumors (16% [6/37]). Median PFS (95% CI) with vs without clearance was 11.0 (7.4, 13.0) vs 4.1 (2.7, 5.5) months in pts with IHC90+ or FISH10+ tumors. Agreement between tissue FISH and plasma NGS was assessed in 72 evaluable pts. Overall, 21 (29%) pts had MET FISH10+ tumors and 14 (19%) had plasma NGS focal MET amplification, with 11 being positive by both methods (positive percent agreement [PA]: 52%, negative PA: 94%, overall PA: 67%). Plasma EGFRm clearance was observed after 3 wks of savolitinib + osimertinib, particularly in pts with MET IHC90+ or FISH10+ tumors and was associated with improved PFS. Limited positive agreement between tissue- and BL plasma-based testing suggests IHC/FISH may be able to identify more pts likely to benefit from savolitinib + osimertinib. Citation Format: Ryan James Hartmaier, Aleksandra Markovets, Wanning Xu, Agata Baczynska, Alexander Todd, Myung-Ju Ahn. Baseline and on-treatment plasma-based genomics as a predictor of outcome in SAVANNAH: Savolitinib + osimertinib in EGFRm MET overexpressed/amplified NSCLC post-osimertinib [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 2 (Clinical Trials and Late-Breaking Research); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(8_Suppl):Abstract nr LB294.

Published
2023
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28. In the Company of Legends.

Author

Alexander, Todd

Subjects
*NATIVE American antiquities, *ARCHAEOLOGICAL discoveries, *PREHISTORIC antiquities, *WORKMANSHIP, *ANCIENT history
Abstract

The article focuses on the author's journey in surface hunting and collecting prehistoric Native American artifacts, highlighting his growing passion for the hobby. Topics include the excitement of discovering significant relics, such as a remarkable Benton point, the camaraderie and knowledge shared among fellow enthusiasts, and the ethical considerations that underscore the importance of maintaining integrity within the collecting community.

Published
2024

29. Galaxy Zoo: 3D-crowdsourced bar, spiral, and foreground star masks for MaNGA target galaxies

Author

Matthew A. Bershady, Shoaib Shamsi, Karen L. Masters, Anne-Marie Weijmans, Michael R. Merrifield, Chris Lintott, Alexander Todd, Coleman Krawczyk, Sandor Kruk, Brian Cherinka, Dhanesh Krishnarao, Brooke Simmons, Kevin Bundy, Renbin Yan, Rebecca Lane, Daniel Finnegan, David R. Law, Amelia Fraser-McKelvie, University of St Andrews. School of Physics and Astronomy, and University of St Andrews. Centre for Contemporary Art

Subjects
media_common.quotation_subject, structure [Galaxies], Data analysis, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Surveys, Data cube, Observatory, QB Astronomy, Spiral, QC, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, media_common, QB, Physics, spiral [Galaxies], Spiral galaxy, Star formation, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, DAS, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, Stars, QC Physics, Sky, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
Abstract

The challenge of consistent identification of internal structure in galaxies - in particular disc galaxy components like spiral arms, bars, and bulges - has hindered our ability to study the physical impact of such structure across large samples. In this paper we present Galaxy Zoo: 3D (GZ: 3D) a crowdsourcing project built on the Zooniverse platform which we used to create spatial pixel (spaxel) maps that identify galaxy centres, foreground stars, galactic bars and spiral arms for 29831 galaxies which were potential targets of the MaNGA survey (Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory, part of the fourth phase of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys or SDSS-IV), including nearly all of the 10,010 galaxies ultimately observed. Our crowd-sourced visual identification of asymmetric, internal structures provides valuable insight on the evolutionary role of non-axisymmetric processes that is otherwise lost when MaNGA data cubes are azimuthally averaged. We present the publicly available GZ:3D catalog alongside validation tests and example use cases. These data may in the future provide a useful training set for automated identification of spiral arm features. As an illustration, we use the spiral masks in a sample of 825 galaxies to measure the enhancement of star formation spatially linked to spiral arms, which we measure to be a factor of three over the background disc, and how this enhancement increases with radius., Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures. MNRAS accepted

Published
2022

34. Improved synthesis and transient absorption spectroscopy of CuBiW2O8 with demonstration of visible-light-driven photocatalysis and mechanistic insights.

Author

Yilmaz Akkaya, Ceren, Dombrowski, James P., Colin-Ulloa, Erika, Titova, Lyubov V., Lawton, Timothy J., Alexander, Todd E., Brack, Eric, Drew, Christopher, and Rao, Pratap M.

Abstract

CuBiW2O8 (CBTO), with a band gap of 1.9–2.0 eV, responds to a wide region of the electromagnetic spectrum, which makes it a good candidate for solar-driven photocatalytic energy conversion and water treatment. We have previously demonstrated a Cu-rich solid state approach that enables the synthesis of CBTO accompanied by thermodynamically stable Bi2WO6 impurity. Here, we describe an improved synthesis protocol with decreased impurity and synthesis time, and the first demonstration of CBTO as a functional material using photocatalytic Cr(VI) photoreduction as a probe reaction. Transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) was performed to investigate the ultrafast dynamics of the charge carriers after photoexcitation. The presence of two populations of photoexcited carriers was found, including short-lived free carriers with ∼10 ps lifetime and long-lived shallowly-trapped carriers with ∼1 ns lifetime. Together with carrier mobilities measured in our previous study, the new TAS results indicate that the long-lived charges have diffusion lengths similar to the CBTO particle size and were likely responsible for the majority of the photocatalytic activity. High activity of CBTO for Cr(VI) photoreduction (∼100% reduction of 5 mg L−1 of Cr(VI) in 15 minutes) was demonstrated, which clearly establishes the promise of this novel oxide for visible light-driven photocatalytic applications. Radical quenching experiments indicate that both ˙OH radicals and O2˙− radicals are produced by CBTO and are involved in the photoreduction of Cr(VI). Repeated photocatalysis tests and analysis of the surface after the reaction show that CBTO is a stable and potentially reusable catalyst. Insights gained from correlating the synthesis conditions, carrier dynamics, and reactive species suggests that CBTO prepared with the improved protocol would be a favorable choice for photocatalytic reactions such as water decontamination from organic pollutants, water splitting, and solar fuel generation using visible light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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35. Substantial practice variation exists in the management of childhood nephrotic syndrome

Author

Samuel, Susan, Morgan, Catherine J., Bitzan, Martin, Mammen, Cherry, Dart, Allison B., Manns, Braden J., Alexander, Todd R., Erickson, Robin L., Grisaru, Silviu, Wade, Andrew W., Blydt-Hansen, Tom, Feber, Janusz, Arora, Steven, Licht, Christoph, and Zappitelli, Michael

Subjects
Children -- Diseases, Medical research, Medicine, Experimental, Nephrotic syndrome -- Care and treatment, Health
Abstract

Background Practice variation is common for nephrotic syndrome (NS) treatment. Methods A cross-sectional, web-based survey onNS treatment was administered to 58 Canadian pediatric nephrologists with the aim to document existing practice variation and compare practice with the recommendations of the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes Clinical Practice Guideline for NS. Results Of the 58 nephrologists asked to participate in the survey, 40 (69 %) responded. Among these, 62 % prescribed initial daily glucocorticoid (GC) therapy for 6 weeks, 26 % for4weeksby26%,and 10 %prescribed 'other'. Alternate-day GC was continued for 6 weeks by 63 % of respondents and for >6 and Conclusions There is substantial Canadian practice variation in NS treatment. Assessment of factors driving variation and strategies to implement Guideline recommendations are needed. Keywords Corticosteroids * Calcineurin inhibitors * Knowledge translation * Treatment * Minimal change disease * Relapse * Kidney biopsy, Introduction Childhood nephrotic syndrome (NS) is one of the most common chronic childhood kidney diseases, affecting approximately 16 per 100,000 children [1]. A series of international, multicenter trials conducted by [...]

Published
2013
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36. sj-docx-1-cjk-10.1177_20543581211033405 – Supplemental material for Training Programs for Fundamental and Clinician-Scientists: Balanced Outcomes for Graduates by Gender

Author

Rampersad, Christie, Alexander, Todd, Fowler, Elisabeth, Hartwig, Sunny, Levin, Adeera, Rosenblum, Norman D., Samuel, Susan, Wiebe, Chris, and Ho, Julie

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-cjk-10.1177_20543581211033405 for Training Programs for Fundamental and Clinician-Scientists: Balanced Outcomes for Graduates by Gender by Christie Rampersad, Todd Alexander, Elisabeth Fowler, Sunny Hartwig, Adeera Levin, Norman D. Rosenblum, Susan Samuel, Chris Wiebe and Julie Ho in Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease

Published
2021
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38. Diagnosing ENSO and Global Warming Tropical Precipitation Shifts Using Surface Relative Humidity and Temperature

Author

F. Hugo Lambert, Robin Chadwick, Alexander Todd, and Matthew Collins

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Global warming, Climate change, Tropics, Present day, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Climatology, Environmental science, Relative humidity, Climate model, Precipitation, Water cycle, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Large uncertainty remains in future projections of tropical precipitation change under global warming. A simplified method for diagnosing tropical precipitation change is tested here on present-day El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) precipitation shifts. This method, based on the weak temperature gradient approximation, assumes precipitation is associated with local surface relative humidity (RH) and surface air temperature (SAT), relative to the tropical mean. Observed and simulated changes in RH and SAT are subsequently used to diagnose changes in precipitation. Present-day ENSO precipitation shifts are successfully diagnosed using observations (correlationr= 0.69) and an ensemble of atmosphere-only (0.51 ≤r≤ 0.8) and coupled (0.5 ≤r≤ 0.87) climate model simulations. RH (r= 0.56) is much more influential than SAT (r= 0.27) in determining ENSO precipitation shifts for observations and climate model simulations over both land and ocean. Using intermodel differences, a significant relationship is demonstrated between method performance over ocean for present-day ENSO and projected global warming (r= 0.68). As a caveat, the authors note that mechanisms leading to ENSO-related precipitation changes are not a direct analog for global warming–related precipitation changes. The diagnosis method presented here demonstrates plausible mechanisms that relate changes in precipitation, RH, and SAT under different climate perturbations. Therefore, uncertainty in future tropical precipitation changes may be linked with uncertainty in future RH and SAT changes.

Published
2018
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43. Summary of the International Conference on Onco-Nephrology: an emerging field in medicine

Author

Akitaka, Ariga, Alahoti, Amit, Alexander, Todd R., Altucci, Lucia, Amer, Hatem, Barone, Vincenzo, Benigni, Ariela, Biancone, Luigi, Bonventre, Joseph V., Camussi, Giovanni, Capasso, Anna, Ciardiello, Fortunato, Capitanio, Umberto, Caraglia, Michele, Cartenì, Giacomo, Cervantes, Andrés, Citterio, Franco, Cosmai, Laura, Danesh, Farhad R., Daniele, Bruno, D’Errico, Antonietta, De Vita, Ferdinando, Di Marzo, Vincenzo, Ereditato, Antonio, Falco, Geppino, Fouque, Denis, Franco, Renato, Gallieni, Maurizio, Gambaro, Giovanni, Gesualdo, Loreto, Grandaliano, Giuseppe, Kuo, Calvin, Jaimes, Edgar A., Launay-Vacher, Vincent, Maiello, Evaristo, Mallamaci, Francesca, Malysxko, Jolanta, Marino, Gennaro, Martinelli, Erica, Matarese, Giuseppe, Matsubara, Takeshi, Messa, Piergiorgio, Messina, Carlo, Mirone, Vincenzo, Morgillo, Floriana, Costa, Alessandro Nanni, Orditura, Michele, Pani, Antonello, Perazella, Mark Anthony, Perna, Alessandra, Pisano, Claudio, Pitts, Todd, Porta, Camillo, Procopio, Giuseppe, Qian, Qi, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Ronco, Pierre, Rosner, Mitchell H., Russo, Domenico, Siu, Lilian L., Stadler, Walter, Trepiccione, Francesco, Troiani, Teresa, Viggiano, Davide, Weisz, Alessandro, Więcek, Andrzej, Xiaoqiang, Ding, Zecchino, Ortensio, Zoccali, Carmine, Benigni, Ariella, Malyszko, Jolanta, Perazella, Mark A., and Capasso, Giovambattista

Published
2019
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46. Instability in SU(2) gauge field theory

Author

Gillespie, Alexander Todd

Subjects
530.1, Theoretical physics
Abstract

Classical solutions to SU(2) gauge theory with a static charge source or with wave-like behavior are examined. In both cases gauge rotations cause instability. A quantum mechanical model with a local gauge symmetry is constructed. The quantum numbers of the model are constrained by the local symmetry. The S-matrix elements of SU(2) gauge theory are analysed in terms of angular orientation in gauge space. Most S-matrix elements are found to vanish in a way that indicates that most states are unstable. This result is due to the ambiguity in the time evolution of the states inherent in the local symmetry and it indicates that the gauge must be fixed in the path integral for a well defined dynamical evolution. When the gauge is fixed the result reduces to the conservation of quantised isospin.

Published
1981

47. How much should we believe correlations between Arctic cyclones and sea ice extent?

Author

Alexander Todd, Jeff Ridley, Edward W. Blockley, and J. G. L. Rae

Subjects
lcsh:GE1-350, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Sampling (statistics), Vorticity, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Arctic ice pack, lcsh:Geology, Variable (computer science), Arctic, Climatology, Sea ice, Environmental science, Cyclone, Climate model, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

This paper presents an investigation of the robustness of correlations between characteristics of Arctic summer cyclones and September Arctic sea ice extent. A cyclone identification and tracking algorithm is run for output from 100-year coupled climate model simulations at two resolutions and for 30 years of reanalysis data, using two different tracking variables (mean sea-level pressure, MSLP; and 850 hPa vorticity) for identification of the cyclones. The influence of the tracking variable, the spatial resolution of the model, and spatial and temporal sampling on the correlations is then explored. We conclude that the correlations obtained depend on all of these factors and that care should be taken when interpreting the results of such analyses. Previous studies of this type have used around 30 years of reanalysis and observational data, analysed with a single tracking variable. Our results therefore cast some doubt on the conclusions drawn in those studies.

Published
2017
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48. Overall Survival with Osimertinib in Untreated

Author

Suresh S, Ramalingam, Johan, Vansteenkiste, David, Planchard, Byoung Chul, Cho, Jhanelle E, Gray, Yuichiro, Ohe, Caicun, Zhou, Thanyanan, Reungwetwattana, Ying, Cheng, Busyamas, Chewaskulyong, Riyaz, Shah, Manuel, Cobo, Ki Hyeong, Lee, Parneet, Cheema, Marcello, Tiseo, Thomas, John, Meng-Chih, Lin, Fumio, Imamura, Takayasu, Kurata, Alexander, Todd, Rachel, Hodge, Matilde, Saggese, Yuri, Rukazenkov, Jean-Charles, Soria, and Nhung, Nguyen

Subjects
Male, Acrylamides, Aniline Compounds, Lung Neoplasms, Antineoplastic Agents, Gefitinib, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Middle Aged, ErbB Receptors, Erlotinib Hydrochloride, Double-Blind Method, Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung, Mutation, Humans, Female, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Aged, Proportional Hazards Models
Abstract

Osimertinib is a third-generation, irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR-TKI) that selectively inhibits both EGFR-TKI-sensitizing andIn this trial, we randomly assigned 556 patients with previously untreated advanced NSCLC with anThe median overall survival was 38.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 34.5 to 41.8) in the osimertinib group and 31.8 months (95% CI, 26.6 to 36.0) in the comparator group (hazard ratio for death, 0.80; 95.05% CI, 0.64 to 1.00; P = 0.046). At 3 years, 79 of 279 patients (28%) in the osimertinib group and 26 of 277 (9%) in the comparator group were continuing to receive a trial regimen; the median exposure was 20.7 months and 11.5 months, respectively. Adverse events of grade 3 or higher were reported in 42% of the patients in the osimertinib group and in 47% of those in the comparator group.Among patients with previously untreated advanced NSCLC with an

Published
2019

49. Author Correction: El Niño–Southern Oscillation complexity

Author

Wenju Cai, Karl Stein, Pamela R. Grothe, Sang-Wook Yeh, Jin-Ho Yoon, Tim Li, WonMoo Kim, Yann Planton, Sunyong Kim, Xuebin Zhang, Hong Li Ren, Agus Santoso, Ken Takahashi, Yoshimitsu Chikamoto, Scott B. Power, Sarah Ineson, Fei-Fei Jin, Matthieu Lengaigne, Kyung-Sook Yun, Daehyun Kang, Han Ching Chen, Woo Hyun Yang, Alexander Todd, Boris Dewitte, Andrew T. Wittenberg, June-Yi Lee, Eric Guilyardi, Shayne McGregor, Kim M. Cobb, Michiya Hayashi, Dietmar Dommenget, Tobias Bayr, Jong-Seong Kug, Axel Timmermann, Malte F. Stuecker, Ruihuang Xie, Soon Il An, Antonietta Capotondi, Michael J. McPhaden, Elke Zeller, Harun Rashid, Guomin Wang, Guojian Wang, Jing-Jia Luo, Yoo-Geun Ham, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), International Pacific Research Center (IPRC), School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM)-University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Seoul], Yonsei University, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Unité de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées (UMPA-ENSL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research [Aspendale], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Atlanta], Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Seattle], University of Washington [Seattle], NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), National Taiwan University [Taiwan] (NTU), Department of Plants, Soils and Climate, Utah State University (USU), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Monash University [Clayton], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ATLSS Center, Lehigh University, Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CAWCR), University of Sussex, University of South Wales (USW), University of Occupational and Environmental Health [Kitakyushu] (UEOH), College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies (COLA), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), CSIRO Marine and Atmosphere Research [Hobart], École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, El Niño Southern Oscillation, Climatology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], CobB, Mathematics
Abstract

In this Review, the middle initial of author Kim M. Cobb was omitted. The original Review has been corrected online.

Published
2019
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50. El Niño–Southern Oscillation complexity

Author

Ken Takahashi, Matthieu Lengaigne, Guomin Wang, Tim Li, Antonietta Capotondi, Tobias Bayr, Michael J. McPhaden, Axel Timmermann, WonMoo Kim, Wenju Cai, Malte F. Stuecker, Sunyong Kim, Ruihuang Xie, Harun Rashid, Fei-Fei Jin, Alexander Todd, Jong-Seong Kug, Boris Dewitte, Sang-Wook Yeh, Yoo-Geun Ham, Kim M. Cobb, Elke Zeller, Agus Santoso, Scott B. Power, Dietmar Dommenget, Daehyun Kang, Michiya Hayashi, Soon Il An, Kyung-Sook Yun, Pamela R. Grothe, Guojian Wang, June-Yi Lee, Karl Stein, Jing-Jia Luo, Shayne McGregor, Eric Guilyardi, Yoshimitsu Chikamoto, Xuebin Zhang, Sarah Ineson, Andrew T. Wittenberg, Woo Hyun Yang, Han Ching Chen, Jin-Ho Yoon, Yann Planton, Hong Li Ren, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Pusan National University, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Atlanta], Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Seattle], University of Washington [Seattle], NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), National Taiwan University [Taiwan] (NTU), Department of Plants, Soils and Climate, Utah State University (USU), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Monash University [Clayton], NCAS-Climate [Reading], Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR)-University of Reading (UOR), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CAWCR), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW)-Australian Research Council [Canberra] (ARC), Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP), Exeter Climate Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Korean Ocean Research and Development Institute (KORDI), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), CSIRO, Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, Australia, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of Exeter

Subjects
El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Tropical Climate, Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate Change, Equator, Climate change, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 15. Life on land, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Earth system science, Sea surface temperature, La Niña, El Niño, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Tropical climate, Water Movements, Environmental science, Terrestrial ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

El Niño events are characterized by surface warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean and weakening of equatorial trade winds that occur every few years. Such conditions are accompanied by changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulation, affecting global climate, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, fisheries and human activities. The alternation of warm El Niño and cold La Niña conditions, referred to as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), represents the strongest year-to-year fluctuation of the global climate system. Here we provide a synopsis of our current understanding of the spatio-temporal complexity of this important climate mode and its influence on the Earth system.

Published
2018
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