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Durante as últimas décadas o ultrassom vem ganhando cada vez mais espaço na odontologia, especialmente na Endodontia. Esta ferramenta pode ser aplicada nas mais diferentes etapas do tratamento como: acesso e localização dos canais, desinfecção e modelagem, obturação de canais radiculares, remoção de retentores, retratamento e cirurgia parendodôntica. Tal aumento da utilização se dá em decorrência da alta eficiência de corte e efeitos biológicos resultando no aumento na qualidade e previsibilidade do tratamento de casos simples aos complexos. Sendo assim, a primeira seção desta revisão descreve a evolução, conceitos técnicos e variadas aplicações do ultrassom na endodontia. A segunda seção desta revisão descreve o uso do ultrassom durante procedimentos endodônticos específicos, desde o acesso até a resolução de casos complexos por meio de casos clínicos.

The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large-scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications.

Astyanax eigenmanniorum (Cope, 1894) foi originalmente descrita para o Rio Grande do Sul sem localidade-tipo definida. Posteriormente, a esp?cie foi restrita para o sistema da laguna dos Patos, por?m nenhum estudo mais aprofundado propondo uma diagnose foi publicada desde sua descri??o original. O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a varia??o entre as diferentes popula??es de Astyanax eigenmanniorum considerando sua distribui??o geogr?fica, baseado em caracteres morfol?gicos, atrav?s de an?lises morfom?tricas e mer?sticas e do padr?o de colorido buscando assim detectar poss?veis linhagens distintas. Para isto, tr?s ?reas localizadas no sul do Brasil e Uruguai foram escolhidas por apresentarem algum grau de endemismo em peixes. S?o elas: sistema do rio Tramanda? (A1), sistema da Laguna dos Patos (A2) e sistema do m?dio/baixo rio Uruguai (A3). Nas an?lises morfom?tricas foram usadas contagens e medidas tradicionais, e morfometria geom?trica. Ao todo, foram analisados 705 exemplares depositados nas cole??es de peixes do Museu de Ci?ncias e Tecnologia da Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (MCP), Museu de Ci?ncias Naturais, Porto Alegre (MCN), Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo (ZVCP), Universidade Estadual de Maring?, Maring? (UEM), Universidade Estadual Paulista, S?o Jos? do Rio Preto (UNESP), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (UFRGS) e Universidade S?o Paulo, Ribeir?o Preto (LIRP). Foram realizadas 19 medidas corporais e da cabe?a com o aux?lio de um paqu?metro digital, 14 contagens sob o estereomicrosc?pio com luz incidente e 40 indiv?duos diafanizados para a realiza??o de 18 contagens, especialmente quanto ao n?mero de dentes e c?spides, v?rtebras e supraneurais. Para as an?lises de morfometria geom?trica, os exemplares foram fotografados e realizou-se a marca??o de 11 pontos hom?logos ao longo do corpo para verificar as poss?veis varia??es de tamanho centroide e forma. As popula??es foram, inicialmente, examinadas separadamente considerando a presen?a ou aus?ncia de ganchos nas nadadeiras anal e ventral, e da 2? mancha umeral. Ap?s confirmar a uniformidade dos resultados dentro de cada ?rea, os dados e as an?lises foram conduzidos entre as diferentes ?reas. Analisou-se os dados de medidas e contagens com os softwares DATAX for Windows vers?o 1.01 e o programa PAST (Paleontological Statistics, vers?o 3.12) foi utilizado para a An?lise dos Componentes Principais e da Fun??o Discriminante, visando representar graficamente os grupos formados. Para a morfometria geom?trica, as an?lises e gr?ficos foram elaborados nos softwares MorphoJ vers?o 1.06 e R software vers?o 3.6.1. Os resultados mostraram relativa varia??o morfol?gica entre as ?reas geograficamente mais distantes, sem, no entanto, uma sustenta??o suficiente para afirmar-se que s?o esp?cies distintas. O intervalo de varia??o dos dados mer?sticos, morfom?tricos e do padr?o de colorido da esp?cie em rela??o ao que se conhece atualmente ? expandido. Em consequ?ncia, Astyanax eigenmanniorum ? aqui redescrita. Fica percept?vel, pelos resultados alcan?ados, a capacidade de adapta??o de A. eigenmanniorum a diferentes ambientes, assim como a sua plasticidade fenot?pica. Taxonomic review of Astyanax eigenmanniorum (Cope, 1894) based in morphological characters (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) Astyanax eigenmanniorum (Cope, 1894) was originally described from Rio Grande do Sul State without a precise type locality. Later, the species was restricted to the Laguna dos Patos system, however no further study on the diagnosis was published since the original description. The aim of this study was to analyze the variation between different populations of Astyanax eigenmanniorum considering its geographical distribution, based on f morphological characters through morphometric and meristic analyses and color pattern of individuals seeking to detect possible distinct lineages. For this purpose, three areas in southern Brazil and Uruguay were selected, because of its endemism level of fish fauna. They are: Tramanda? river system (A1), Laguna dos Patos system (A2), and middle/lower Uruguay river system (A3). Morphometric analyses comprised the traditional measurements and counts, and geometric morphometry. The analyses included 705 specimens examined, deposited in the fish collections of the Museu de Ci?ncias e Tecnologia da Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (MCP), Museu de Ci?ncias Naturais, Porto Alegre (MCN), Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo (ZVCP), Universidade Estadual de Maring?, Maring? (UEM), Universidade Estadual Paulista, S?o Jos? do Rio Preto (UNESP), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (UFRGS) e Universidade S?o Paulo, Ribeir?o Preto, (LIRP). Nineteen measurements of body and head were taken using digital calliper, 14 counts under a stereomicroscope with incident light and 40 cleared and stained individuals were used for the 18 counts, particularly those regarding the number of teeth and cusps, vertebrae and supraneurals. For the geometric morphometry analysis, the specimens were photographed and 11 homologous points on the body were defined to verify possible variations in centroid size and shape. The populations were firstly examined separately considering the presence or absence of hooks on the anal and ventral fins, and the 2nd humeral spot. By confirming the uniformity of results within each area, the data and analyses were conducted between the different areas. Measurement and counts were analyzed with DATAX for Windows software version 1.01, and PAST program (Paleontological Statistics, version 3.12) was used for Principal Components Analysis and the Discriminant Function, aiming to graphically represent the groups formed. The geometric morphometry analyses and graphs were performed in MorphoJ version 1.06 and R version 3.6.1. The results showed some morphological variation between the areas more distant geographically, but without sufficient support to confirm them as a distinct species. The variation range of meristic and morphometric data, and color pattern for the species in relation to what is currently known is expanded. As a result, Astyanax eigenmanniorum is herein redescribed. It is noticeable, by the results achieved, the capacity of adaptation of A. eigenmanniorum to different environments, as well as its phenotypic plasticity. Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES

In 2013, the European Commission launched the Environmental Footprint Rules pilot phase. This initiative aims at setting specific rules for life cycle assessment (LCA: raw material sourcing, production, logistics, use, and disposal phase) studies within 1 product category, called product environmental footprint category rules (PEFCR), and for organizations, called organizational environmental footprint sector rules (OEFSR). Such specific rules for measuring environmental performance throughout the life cycle should facilitate the comparability between LCA studies and provide principles for communicating environmental performance, such as transparency, reliability, completeness, and clarity. Cosmetics Europe, the association representing the cosmetics industry in the European Union, completed a voluntary study into the development of PEFCR for shampoo, generally following the guidelines and methodology developed by the European Commission for its own pilot projects. The study assessed the feasibility and relevance of establishing PEFCR for shampoo. Specifically, the study defines a large number of modeling assumptions and default values relevant for shampoo (e.g., for the functional unit, the system boundaries, default transport distances, rinsing water volumes, temperature differences, life cycle inventory data sources) that can be modified as appropriate, according to the specificities of individual products, manufacturing companies, and countries. The results of the study may be used to support internal decision making (e.g., to identify "hotspots" with high environmental impact and opportunities for improvement) or to meet information requests from commercial partners, consumers, media, or authorities on product environmental characteristics. In addition, the shampoo study also highlighted many of the challenges and limitations of the current product environmental footprint (PEF) methodology, namely its complexity and resource intensiveness. It highlighted 2 areas where improvements are much needed: (1) data quality and availability, and (2) impact assessment methodologies and robustness. Many of the findings are applicable to other rinse-off cosmetic products, such as shower gels, liquid soaps, bath products, and hair conditioners. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:649-659. © 2018 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

In 2013, the European Commission launched the Environmental Footprint Rules pilot phase. This initiative aims at setting specific rules for life cycle assessment (LCA: raw material sourcing, production, logistics, use, and disposal phase) studies within 1 product category, called product environmental footprint category rules (PEFCR), and for organizations, called organizational environmental footprint sector rules (OEFSR). Such specific rules for measuring environmental performance throughout the life cycle should facilitate the comparability between LCA studies and provide principles for communicating environmental performance, such as transparency, reliability, completeness, and clarity. Cosmetics Europe, the association representing the cosmetics industry in the European Union, completed a voluntary study into the development of PEFCR for shampoo, generally following the guidelines and methodology developed by the European Commission for its own pilot projects. The study assessed the feasibility and relevance of establishing PEFCR for shampoo. Specifically, the study defines a large number of modeling assumptions and default values relevant for shampoo (e.g., for the functional unit, the system boundaries, default transport distances, rinsing water volumes, temperature differences, life cycle inventory data sources) that can be modified as appropriate, according to the specificities of individual products, manufacturing companies, and countries. The results of the study may be used to support internal decision making (e.g., to identify "hotspots" with high environmental impact and opportunities for improvement) or to meet information requests from commercial partners, consumers, media, or authorities on product environmental characteristics. In addition, the shampoo study also highlighted many of the challenges and limitations of the current product environmental footprint (PEF) methodology, namely its complexity and resource intensiveness. It highlighted 2 areas where improvements are much needed: (1) data quality and availability, and (2) impact assessment methodologies and robustness. Many of the findings are applicable to other rinse-off cosmetic products, such as shower gels, liquid soaps, bath products, and hair conditioners. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:649-659. © 2018 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental ToxicologyChemistry (SETAC).

This study investigated the influence of cervical preflaring with different rotary instruments on determination of the initial apical file (IAF) in mesiobuccal roots of mandibular molars. Fifty human mandibular molars whose mesial roots presented two clearly separated apical foramens (mesiobuccal and mesiolingual) were used. After standard access opening and removal of pulp tissue, the working length (WL) was determined at 1 mm short of the root apex. Five groups (n=10) were formed at random, according to the type of instrument used for cervical preflaring. In group 1, the size of the IAF was determined without preflaring of the cervical and middle root canal thirds. In groups 2 to 5, preflaring was performed with Gates-Glidden drills, ProTaper instruments, EndoFlare instruments and LA Axxes burs, respectively. Canals were sized manually with K-files, starting with size 08 K-files, inserted passively up to the WL. File sizes were increased until a binding sensation was felt at the WL and the size of the file was recorded. The instrument corresponding to the IAF was fixed into the canal at the WL with methylcyanoacrylate. The teeth were then sectioned transversally 1 mm short of the apex, with the IAF in position. Cross-sections of the WL region were examined under scanning electron microscopy and the discrepancies between canal diameter and the diameter of IAF were calculated using the tool "rule" (FEG) of the microscope's proprietary software. The measurements (µm) were analyzed statistically by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests at 5% significance level. There were statistically significant differences among the groups (p0.05) were found among the rotary instruments. In conclusion, cervical preflaring improved IAF fitting to the canals at the WL in mesiobuccal roots of maxillary first molars. The rotary instruments evaluated in this study did not differ from each other regarding the discrepancies produced between the IAF size and canal diameter at the WL. Este estudo investigou a influência do alargamento cervical feito com diferentes instrumentos rotatórios na determinação do instrumento apical inicial (IAI) das raizes mésio-vestibulares de molares inferiores. Foram utilizados 50 molares inferiores cujas raízes mesiais apresentavam dois forames apicais nitidamente separados (mésio-vestibular e mésio-lingual). Após o acesso à câmara pulpar de forma convencional e remoção do tecido pulpar, o comprimento de trabalho foi definido a 1 mm do ápice radicular. Os dentes foram divididos aleatoriamente em cinco grupos (n= 10) de acordo com o tipo de instrumento utilizado no alargamento cervical. No grupo 1, o IAI foi definido sem o prévio alargamento dos terços médio e cervical das raízes. Nos grupos 2 a 5, o terço cervical e médio do canal radicular foi alargado com as brocas de Gates-Glidden, instrumentos Pro Taper, Endo Flare e brocas LA Axxes, respectivamente. A determinação do IAI foi realizada manualmente com limas tipo K em ordem crescente de diâmetro a partir da lima 08 até se chegar ao instrumento que permitisse ao operador ter a sensação tátil do mesmo estar firmemente ajustado ao CRT. O instrumento que correspondeu ao IAI foi fixado no interior do canal radicular com cianocrilato de metila. Com o IAI posicionado, os dentes foram seccionados transversalmente até 1 mm do ápice. As seções transversais do CRT foram observadas através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura e os desajustes entre o diâmetro do canal e o diâmetro do IAI foram calculados com a função "régua" (FEG) do software do próprio microscópio. Os resultados foram avaliados estatisticamente pelo testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn ao nível de significância de 5%. Houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos (p

Estudou-se, por meio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura, a remoção da \"smear layer\" dos canais radiculares preparados com sistemas rotatórios com e sem \"radial land\". Após a preparação, as paredes dos canais radiculares foram submetidas aos tratamentos com ultra-som, aplicação do agente quelante EDTA a 15% e do laser Er:YAG. Noventa e seis incisivos inferiores humanos foram selecionados e divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos distintos, preparados com técnica rotatória Free Tip (Pecora et al, 2002) com instrumentos de níquel-titânio, 0,5 mm aquém do ápice anatômico, variando-se apenas o tratamento final das paredes do canal radicular. No grupo 1 utilizou-se o hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5% durante a instrumentação; no grupo 2 realizou-se irrigação com hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5% durante a instrumentação, recebendo posteriormente irradiação com laser Er:YAG (KaVo Key Laser II), com o auxílio de uma fibra óptica 30/28 de 285 µm de diâmetro, gerando uma energia total de 42 J, freqüência de 15 Hz e potencia de 250mJ input (140mJ output). A cinemática utilizada na irradiação foi de movimento helicoidal de tração da fibra óptica, de apical para cervical, durante 10 segundos, sendo repetida quatro vezes; no grupo 3 utilizou-se a solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5% ativada pelo ultra-som (MiniPiezon, EMS, Suíça); no grupo 4 utilizou-se a solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5% e irrigação final com EDTA a 17%. Os espécimes foram preparados para microscopia eletrônica de varredura, e as fotomicrografias obtidas dos terços médio e apical submetidas a avaliação qualitativa por três observadores previamente calibrados, que atribuíam escores as imagens. A análise estatística revelou que a presença ou ausência da superfície radial de apoio (radial land) não interferiu na limpeza das paredes dos canais radiculares. Com relação ao tratamento final, o EDTA a 15% foi capaz de eliminar a \"smear layer\" com maior eficácia, sendo seguido pelo ultra-som e finalmente o laser Er:YAG. Houve diferença estatística significante entre os terços médio e apical dos canais radiculares. This study evaluated, in vitro, smear layer removal in apical and middle root thirds after instrumentation with four different rotary Ni-Ti instruments and the use of Er:YAG laser, ultrasonic or EDTA. Nineth six mandibular incisors root canals were instrumented with Free Tip Technique, and irrigated with 10 ml of sodium hypochlorite. In Group 1, 24 teeth were instrumented and irrigated only with 10 ml of 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite. Group 24, instrumented as group 1 and irradiated laser Er:YAG in the following parameters: 30/28 fiber optic tip, 42 J, 15Hz and 250mJ input (140mJ output), with the tip activated at the apex and removed to the canal entrance in a helicoidal moviment. Group 3, instrumented as in group 1 and associated with ultrasonic. Group 4, instrumented as in group 1 and associated with with 15% EDTA. Electronic Microscope images were evaluated showed that group 4 had significantly less smear layer (p

Aim To investigate the influence of cervical preflaring with different instruments (Gates-Glidden drills, Quantec Flare series instruments and LA Axxess burs) on the first file that binds at working length (WL) in maxillary central incisors. Methodology Forty human maxillary central incisors with complete root formation were used. After standard access cavities, a size 06 K-file was inserted into each canal until the apical foramen was reached. The WL was set 1 mm short of the apical foramen. Group 1 received the initial apical instrument without previous preflaring of the cervical and middle thirds of the root canal. Group 2 had the cervical and middle portion of the root canals enlarged with Gates-Glidden drills sizes 90, 110 and 130. Group 3 had the cervical and middle thirds of the root canals enlarged with nickel-titanium Quantec Flare series instruments. Titanium-nitrite treated, stainless steel LA Axxess burs were used for preflaring the cervical and middle portions of root canals from group 4. Each canal was sized using manual K-files, starting with size 08 files with passive movements until the WL was reached. File sizes were increased until a binding sensation was felt at the WL, and the instrument size was recorded for each tooth. The apical region was then observed under a stereoscopic magnifier, images were recorded digitally and the differences between root canal and maximum file diameters were evaluated for each sample. Results Significant differences were found between experimental groups regarding anatomical diameter at the WL and the first file to bind in the canal (P

Summary Two newborn males, two adult males 9 and 72 months old, one newborn female and two adult females of 30 and 54 months old pacas were used. Animals were radiographed on lateral recumbency, teeth were extracted and the vestibulolingual and mesiodistal lengths were achieved at the occlusal surface, besides the longitudinal length. The lower incisors presented greater length in relation to the other ones and sinuous shape; the upper incisors, relatively smaller, are practically straight. There is no canine tooth, and after a great diastema there is one premolar and three molars in each hemiarcade. In adult pacas, the enamel of incisors presents yellowish colour, mainly in the labial surface; in the premolars and molars, the enamel is present as internal sheets disposed nearly in a parallel way and in vestibulolingual direction, through practically all the dental length, which provides several joined teeth aspect.

Summary The microscopic description of the teeth of pacas (Agouti paca) bred in captivity was developed for providing biological data on one of the largest American wild rodents, as not many references exist in the literature about this species. Two newborn males, two adult males (9 and 72 months old), one newborn female and two adult females (30 and 54 months old) were used after death due to fights, neonatal cannibalism or unknown causes. Animals were radiographed, and their teeth were extracted and put on an acrylic resin block, cut on a diamond-like disc microtome and diaphanized. It was noted that enamel surrounds the coronary dentine and projects to the root region, besides being present as internal laminae, arranged in a parallel way and in the vestibulolingual direction. The dentine is located between the enamel laminae and surrounds the pulp horns. The cementum is located internal to the enamel laminae. From scanning electronic microscopy, we find that the enamel is the outer element on the vestibular surface, and it is in direct contact with the dentine. On the lingual surface, the cementum and dentine are the outer elements.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of cervical preflaring on determination of the initial apical file in maxillary lateral incisors. Forty human lateral incisors with complete root formation were used. After standard access cavities, a size 06 K-file was inserted into each canal until the apical foramen was reached. The WL (WL) was set 1 mm short of the apical foramen. Four groups (n=10) were formed at random, according to the type of cervical preflaring performed. Group 1 received the initial apical instrument without previous preflaring of the cervical and middle root canal thirds. Group 2 had the cervical and middle root canal thirds enlarged with nickel-titanium Orifice Opener instruments. Group 3 had the cervical and middle root canal thirds enlarged with Gates-Glidden drills. Titanium-nitrite treated, stainless steel LA Axxess burs were used for preflaring the cervical and middle root canal thirds of group 4. Each canal was sized using manual K-files, starting with size 08 files with passive movements until the WL was reached. File sizes were increased until a binding sensation was felt at the WL, and the instrument size was recorded for each tooth. The apical region was then observed under a stereoscopic magnifier, images were recorded digitally and the differences between root canal and maximum file diameters were recorded (in mm) for each sample. Significant differences were found between the groups regarding the anatomical diameter at the WL and the first file to bind the canal (p = 0.01). The major discrepancy was found when no preflaring was performed (0.1882 mm average). Canals preflared with Orifice Opener instruments (0.0485 mm average) and Gates-Glidden drills (0.1074 mm average) also showed great discrepancy. The LA Axxess burs produced the smallest differences between anatomical diameter and first file to bind (0.0119 mm average). Instrument binding technique for determining anatomical diameter at WL was not accurate. Preflaring of the cervical and middle thirds of the root canal improved anatomical diameter determination; the instrument used for preflaring played a major role on determination of the anatomical diameter at the WL. Canals preflared with LA Axxess burs created a more accurate relationship between file size and anatomical diameter. Avaliou-se a influência do pré-alargamento cervical na determinação do instrumento apical inicial em incisivos laterais superiores. Foram selecionados quarenta incisivos laterais superiores com completa formação radicular. Concluída cirurgia de acesso, uma lima tipo K #06 foi inserida em cada canal até atingir o forame apical. A partir desse comprimento foi reduzido 1 mm e determinou-se o comprimento de trabalho. Os dentes foram divididos em cinco grupos (n=10), de acordo com o tipo de alargamento cervical realizado: Grupo 1: sem alargamento; Grupo 2: instrumentos Orifice Opener; Grupo 3: brocas Gates-Glidden; Grupo 4: LA Axxess. Os canais foram explorados com lima do tipo K inserindo-se passivamente a lima 08 no comprimento de trabalho. A seguir, limas de maiores diâmetros foram sucessivamente introduzidas no canal radicular, até se obter a sensação de travamento no comprimento de trabalho. O diâmetro desse instrumento foi registrado, e este foi fixado em posição no canal com cianoacrilato de metila. Secções transversais realizadas no comprimento de trabalho foram observadas em lupa estereoscópica com auxílio de máquina fotográfica acoplada e as imagens foram digitalizadas. A diferença entre o menor diâmetro do canal e o diâmetro do instrumento apical inicial foi calculada para cada amostra (em mm). A análise estatística indicou diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos experimentais (p=0.01). A maior discrepância foi representada pelo grupo que não recebeu o pré-alargamento (média: 0,1882 mm). O grupo no qual o pré-alargamento foi realizado com instrumentos Orifice Opener também apresentou elevada discrepância entre o diâmetro anatômico e o instrumento apical inicial (média: 0,0485 mm), seguido pelo grupo que se utilizou Gates-Glidden (média: 0,1074 mm). As brocas LA Axxess promoveram a menor diferença entre o diâmetro anatômico no comprimento de trabalho e o instrumento apical inicial (média: 0,0119 mm). Pode-se concluir que o pré-alargamento dos terços cervical e médio permitiu uma melhor determinação do instrumento apical inicial. O grupo no qual foram utilizados instrumentos LA Axxess refletiu com maior precisão o diâmetro anatômico no comprimento de trabalho de incisivos laterais superiores.

OBJECTIVES: to compare the apical sealing ability of four root canal sealers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: forty extracted human maxillary canines were instrumented 1 mm short of the anatomical apex and randomly assigned to four groups (n=10), according to the root canal sealer used for obturation: Endofill, AH Plus, EndoREZ and Epiphany. Root canals were obturated with gutta-percha points, except for the Epiphany group, in which resin points (Resilon) were used. The teeth were immersed in India ink for seven days and clarified using methyl salicylate. The extent of apical dye penetration was measured with a measuroscope in all aspects of the canal. RESULTS: AH Plus (0.02 mm ± 0.07), Epiphany (0.00 mm ± 0.00) and EndoREZ (0.32 mm ± 0.62) did not differ statistically to each other (p>0.01). EndoFill presented the highest dye penetration mean (0.83 mm ± 0.73) and was statistically different from the other sealers (p0,01). EndoFill apresentou a maior média de penetração do corante (0,83 mm ± 0,73) e diferiu estatisticamente dos demais (p

This paper makes a practical analysis about the paradigm on the instrumentation of curved root canals. In Endodontics, a paradigm has been created. Theories and techniques for instrumentation of curved root canals state that the use of a #25 file in the apical portion fulfills all the requirements for cleaning and shaping of the root canal system. Every scientific theory or paradigm should be continuously opened to modifications or refutation. The existence of extremely flexible instruments fabricated from metal alloys, methods for accurate determination of the real anatomic diameter and achievement of optimal shaping and cleaning of the apical portion created new theories and a new paradigm on the instrumentation of curved root canals. Therefore, this new insight will gradually modify the mentality of researchers and clinicians, but will still be open to further investigations and theories. Este artigo faz uma análise crítica do paradigma da instrumentação de canais radiculares curvos. Na Endodontia, criou-se um paradigma onde teorias e técnicas de instrumentação de canais radiculares curvos estabelecem que a utilização de uma lima #25 na região apical preenche todos os requisitos para a limpeza e modelagem dos canais. Toda teoria ou paradigma científico deve estar continuamente aberto a modificações ou refutação. A utilização de instrumentos fabricados com ligas metálicas mais flexíveis, formas de determinação precisa do real diâmetro anatômico e a obtenção de uma limpeza eficiente da porção apical criaram teorias e um novo paradigma de instrumentação de canais radiculares curvos. Assim, essa nova visão irá modificar a mentalidade dos pesquisadores e clínicos, que devem estar abertos a novas investigações e novas teorias.

The aim of this study was to investigate, in vitro, the percentage of filling of simulated lateral canals in teeth obturated with TP medium and standardized gutta-percha points. Twenty human mandibular canines were prepared with LA Axxess (SybronEndo) and K3 Endo rotary system (SybronEndo) up to a #50 file, according to the Free Tip Preparation Technique. During instrumentation, the root canals were alternately irrigated with 1% sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA. Six artificial lateral canals were prepared at the apical third of each tooth. Then, the teeth were assigned to two groups (n=10): Group 1 - filled with TP medium master gutta-percha points (Dentsply, Mailleffer); Group 2 - filled with standardized master gutta-percha points (Dentsply, Mailleffer). Root canal filling was complemented with AH Plus sealer (Dentsply, Mailleffer) and accessory gutta-percha points (Dentsply, Mailleffer), according to the classic technique. The teeth were radiographed and the images obtained were digitized. Linear measurements of the percentage of filling of the artificial lateral canals in each group were accomplished on the Image Tool 2.02 software. Statistical analysis of the data using Mann-Whitney U non-parametric test evidenced significant difference (p

Submitted by Fabiano Malheiro (fabianomalheiro22@hotmail.com) on 2013-12-04T15:58:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 In vitro Evaluation of the Thermal Alterations on the.pdf: 127674 bytes, checksum: 5d030d282d0b8be16e986c236f280cd6 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Fabiano Malheiro(fabianomalheiro22@hotmail.com) on 2013-12-04T15:58:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 In vitro Evaluation of the Thermal Alterations on the.pdf: 127674 bytes, checksum: 5d030d282d0b8be16e986c236f280cd6 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-04T15:58:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 In vitro Evaluation of the Thermal Alterations on the.pdf: 127674 bytes, checksum: 5d030d282d0b8be16e986c236f280cd6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 The present study evaluated, in vitro, the temperature alterations on the external root surface during instrumentation with four differentrotary systems. A total of 20 extracted human maxillary lateral incisors were instrumented using either the ProFile, MicroMega,Quantec or K3 systems and the thermal alterations on the root surface were recorded by means of three thermocouples attached to the coronal, middle and apical portions of the root. Mean temperature increases no higher than 0.4ºC ± 1.0ºC (ProFile system) were recorded, which indicates that these instruments are safe for the surrounding periodontal tissues

The smear layer removal of root canal walls irradiated with Er:YAG laser after nickel-titanium rotary instrumentation was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Thirty mesial roots of human mandibular molars were selected and randomly distributed in three groups, according to treatment. Group 1 was instrumented with rotary nickel-titanium files 1 mm from the anatomical apex and irrigated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Group 2 received the same treatment as Group 1, but after instrumentation the root canals were irradiated with Er:YAG laser. Group 3 received the same treatment as Group 1, but irrigation was performed with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite alternated wtih 17% EDTA during instrumentation. Photomicrographs were obtained from middle and apical thirds and submitted to qualitative evaluation. Statistical analysis showed that 2.5% sodium hypochlorite associated with 17% EDTA (Group 3) removed smear layer more efficiently than 2.5% sodium hypochlorite al one (Group 1) (p 0.05).

This study evaluated smear layer removal of 40 mesio-distal flattened root canals after rotary instrumentation. Teeth were divided into 4 goups: Group 1: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite was used as an irrigating solution; Group 2: instrumented as Group 1 followed by Er:YAG laser irradiation (140mJ input/10Hz, withdrawn at 2mm/s from the apical to the cervical region touching the buccal wall; the procedure was then repeated for the lingual wall); Group 3: instrumented as Group 1 and followed by Er:YAG laser irradiation (250mJ input/10Hz, in the same way as described for Group 2) and Group 4: instrumented as Group 1 and alternated with 17% EDTA. Teeth were then split longitudinally and prepared for examination under the scanning electron microscope. Scores from 1 to 4 were given to the fotomicrographs by three independent evaluators, and these data were submitted to statistical analysis. Teeth where alternated 17% EDTA was used (Group 4) showed less amount of smear layer, followed by the group irradiated with 250mJ input/10Hz (Group 3), the group irradiated with 140mJ input/10Hz(Group 2) and the group where only sodium hypochlorite was used (Group 1). The apical third presented more smear layer than the middle third (p