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The study consisted of describing the experiences in field work for learning biology from Alfred Schütz's point of view. In this sense, didactics based on phenomenology seeks to enrich biological education by incorporating elements that connect students more deeply with nature. The study addresses the need to rethink traditional teaching, proposing the inclusion of phenomenological elements to stimulate more meaningful learning. The importance of cultivating a more intimate connection between students and biology is stressed, thus promoting a deeper appreciation of biological phenomena in the context of lived experiences. Finally, a reconsideration of teaching is proposed, proposing a perspective that values students' lived experiences as a crucial element for a genuine understanding and appreciation of the biological sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this paper we will attempt to outline a phenomenology of attention centered around the concepts of interest and selection. We will start with an analysis of Husserl’s notion of attention, then turn to the reflections of William James, Alfred Schutz and Erving Goffman, all of whom recognized the fundamental role attention plays in the processes by which social actors frame and define reality. Finally, we will consider Bernhard Waldenfels’ ethics of attention. He offers an ethics based on openness to and recognition of the other that, above all, offers both a response and an antidote to xenology and xenopolitics.

Informed by Alfred Schütz's phenomenology of social relations and its recent developments addressing online relationality, this essay reflects on the differences between online and offline death-related experiences in contemporary Romania. In Orthodox death cultures, religious, social, and familial bonds overlap. Orthodox Christianity is sceptical about body–mind separation and values unmediated liturgical communities. It is, thus, pertinent to ask what death online brings and denies in terms of experience to Romanian internet users. Some preliminary findings from our fieldwork are discussed. So far, on Romanian Facebook, three clusters of experience emerged widely: 1. A realm of belief where faith, unchallenged by digital practices, "decodes" deadly events across life-worlds; 2. Experiences of resistance and ambivalence of those who are stuck "in-between", that is, those less competent in their traditions, yet sceptical about digital change; 3. Death experiences seem less synchronised across life-worlds for those who value electronic proximity: digital death and real death obey different rules. Historical specificity, we shall conclude, sets typified combinations of motives for what Romanians do in the proximity of death and how they do it. Digital technologies modulate the "hows" and, less notably, the "whats". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both W. S. Maugham's novel The Painted Veil (1925) and Eileen Chang's short story 'Steamed Osmanthus Flower' (1944) depict a foreigner's life in China but offer two points of view. In light of Alfred Schutz's reflection on a stranger's life in a new social world, this study proposes a comparative reading of these two texts and answers the question of how foreigners in China gaze but are also gazed at by the Chinese natives, and how this new direction of observation challenges the conventional and over-generalised perception of the Western – Eastern (coloniser – colonised) power structure. Maugham's heroine observes 1920s China and its natives through the lens of her British bias, but the way in which she and other Western strangers are the object of the gaze is neglected. In contrast, the point of view is different in 1944, in Chang's story, in which Mr Garter's middle-aged Chinese maid observes him with mixed feelings of contempt, pity, and only occasional maternal care. She is an active gazer and commentator even if she may be hastily judged as a colonised inferior without voice or visibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robert Michels and Alfred Schutz might not seem to have much in common. Michels was a political sociologist and Schütz was a philosopher of phenomenology, but they shared one crucial thing: they were both strangers in foreign countries. Michels left Germany for Italy and Switzerland because he was not permitted to complete the second degree necessary to teach at the university level while Schutz was compelled to leave Austria for France and the United States because of his Jewish background. Their experiences of trying to adapt in a foreign country prompted them to reflect on what it means to be "the stranger" ("Der Fremde"). Michels wrote "Materialien zu einer Soziologie des Fremden" in 1925 and Schutz published "The Stranger: An Essay in Social Psychology" in 1944. While Schutz' article has been repeatedly cited, there does not seem to be a study devoted to it. Michels' article remains among his most neglected writings. However, both works offer a theoretical and contextual account of the obstacles the stranger encounters when trying to understand and to acclimate oneself to a new environment. As Schutz noted, the stranger is a person "without a past", and Michels suggested, is also a person with an uncertain future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Rozwijana przez Alfreda Schütza koncepcja wielości rzeczywistości stanowi waż- ną część inspirowanej ideami fenomenologicznymi socjologii wiedzy, a szczególne miejsce w tej koncepcji zajmuje kategoria świata życia codziennego, do której odnoszą się pozostałe „ograniczone dziedziny znaczenia”. Celem artykułu jest analiza sytuacji, w których w do- świadczeniu ludzi dochodzi do nałożenia (zmieszania) się dwóch światów (rzeczywistości), a jednocześnie podważona zostaje oczywistość świata życia codziennego. W artykule zostanie podjęta próba zastosowania koncepcji wielości rzeczywistości Schütza do analizy takich sytuacji, ze szczególnym wyeksponowaniem relacji między światem życia codziennego i światem fikcji. Analogicznie do Schütza, który koncepcję wielości rzeczywistości rozwijał, posługując się materiałem literackim (casus Don Kichota), w artykule również zostanie wykorzystany materiał literacki (wybrane utwory Emmanuela Carrère’a) i podjęta będzie próba odpowiedzi na postawione przez Schütza pytanie o to, jak ludzie doświadczają rzeczywistości. Wybrane utwory Carrere’a zostaną poddane analizie treści, której efektem będzie zdefiniowanie dominujących pól tematycznych, a następnie na te pola nałożone zostaną Schützowskie kategorie tworzące zręby jego koncepcji wielości rzeczywistości.

Non-player characters (NPCs) are a common feature in contemporary videogames, particularly role-playing games (RPGs). Evidence suggests player relationships with these fictional, digital characters can manifest as deeply emotional experiences that can 'bleed' off the screen and affect the daily lives of players. However, research in this area is still in its infancy, and as yet has not been given a thorough conceptual treatment. Applying the sociological phenomenology of Alfred Schütz, this paper will examine the structure of the experiences that players have with NPCs, and how these experiences manifest as meaningful social experiences. By a reconceptualization of the player-NPC relationship as a deeply mediated human-human relationship, this paper aims to build a foundation for further phenomenological study into how players engage with fictional characters in immersive videogame worlds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to highlight a frequently neglected aspect of Alfred Schütz’ social theory by suggesting a new spatial and bodily reading of his phenomenology. This change in emphasis should allow disciplines exploring the interrelations of the social and the spatial, especially human geography, to address a relative blind spot in the research by allowing a bodily perspective to be better incorporated methodologically in explanations of socio-spatial phenomena. To this end, the phenomenological social sciences - along with their hermeneutic-reconstructive methods – should be emphasised in their potential for contributing to contemporary discussions on the spatial turn. The voids of contemporary approaches are addressed as we also continue existing phenomenological work in human geography to deepen an understanding of the concept of the life-world (Lebenswelt) - especially of its spatial dimensions. This also enables us to make a proposal for the further development of our methodology, formulating a specific ‘Leib-based’ approach to the social and physical world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author addresses the mechanisms of the acculturation of people who move across different cultural communities (immigrants, refugees, sojourners, international students, etc.). It starts by analyzing Alfred Schutz's essay 'Stranger' and then connects it to the theory of sociocultural models (TSCM) (Chirkov, 2020a). Schutz's treatise provides background and a conceptual map for articulating the mechanisms of acculturation. The TSCM elaborates on these concepts and hypotheses and justifies the proposed understanding of the psychological and sociocultural basis of acculturation. The primary idea of this approach to acculturation is that migrants experience a clash and tension between two sets of sociocultural models: from their home communities and from their host communities. Newcomers must understand the sources of this tension; in turn, they must reflect on it and then develop strategies for reconciling these two sets of models. During this process, their selves, rationality, reflective capacities, agency and intellectual autonomy become the primary means for their acculturation success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Sociologia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Departamento de Sociologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Theoretische Soziologie is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For refugees, the transition from their home to the host society is especially challenging. In particular, their situation shortly after arrival entails the risk of social exclusion. Based on two case stud­ies, this article reconstructs experiences of exclusion within the integration processes of Cameroonian refugee men and unaccompanied minors in the region of Brandenburg, Germany. What connects the studies are the existential threats of being forced to wait due to having an unclear future and a pattern of being unable to refer to (positive) lived experiences in the local environment. The article approaches these dynamics by applying Alfred Schütz as a helpful analytical heuristic to the findings. The possibil­ities and pitfalls of the deployed Schützean framework are highlighted considering current methodolog­ical developments in the field.

La fenomenología es una corriente de pensamiento fundada a comienzos del siglo XX por Edmund Husserl y continuada por autores como Max Scheler, Martin Heidegger, Aron Gurwitsch, Eugen Fink, Jean-Paul Sartre, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Emmanuel Lévinas y Michel Henry. A pesar de su carácter y origen netamente filosóficos, se trata de una tradición multidisciplinaria. El máximo exponente de la misma en el campo de la sociología es Alfred Schutz, internacionalmente reconocido como el padre fundador de la fenomenología social o sociología fenomenológica. Salvo contadas excepciones, en la sociología hispanoparlante prácticamente no existen discusiones exhaustivas y actualizadas con la fenomenología en general ni con la obra de Schutz y sus discípulos en particular. El déficit fenomenológico de la literatura sociológica en castellano es consecuencia de cuatro obstáculos epistemológicos: a) barreras idiomáticas, que dificultan el acceso a la bibliografía relevante; b) complicaciones en la relación interdisciplinaria entre filosofía y sociología; c) prejuicios negativos contra el abordaje fenomenológico y fenomenológico de lo social; y d) usos descuidados e imprecisos del término “fenomenología”. El presente artículo parte de la siguiente premisa: solo puede comprenderse la relevancia de la fenomenología para el quehacer sociológico si se cuenta con un entendimiento acabado de la misma en su sentido filosófico original. Con el objetivo de corregir el estado deficitario de la literatura en nuestra lengua, en este texto me propongo brindar una introducción actualizada al abordaje fenomenológico, especialmente dirigida a sociólogos. El texto está estructurado en cuatro apartados. En el primero se esboza una definición preliminar de la fenomenología como “estilo” teórico; en el segundo se circunscribe su objeto de estudio: el campo de la experiencia preteórica; en la tercera sección se exponen los rasgos fundamentales del método fenomenológico y en la cuarta se brinda una visión de conjunto del modo en que la fenomenología puede aplicarse en el campo de la sociología.

All levels of semiosis, from the materiality of signs to their contents and the contexts of their application, are structured by a selectivity in human experience and action that foregrounds only a fraction of the situation here and now. Before Sperber and Wilson, concepts of "relevance" were proposed in both semiotics and phenomenology to analyze this selectivity. Building critically on Alfred Schutz's phenomenology, I suggest that a productive way to capture the fundamental role of relevance in processes of meaning-making is to see relevance as the outcome of an interplay between two antagonistic tendencies. On the one hand, socially stabilized and individually sedimented "types" guide our experience and action along established patterns. On the other hand, we are actively open to new and unexpected aspects; we are ready to deviate from types and to change typical patterns. Only both tendencies taken together account for our semiotic behavior in context. Spatial metaphors such as "ground" illuminate only a part of this interplay. Due to the double movement in what becomes relevant to us, the typical ground on which we produce and interpret signs is constantly being shifted and re-grounded, which keeps driving on an endless process of semiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article re-examines the relationship between the works of Alfred Schütz and Harold Garfinkel, focusing on their respective approaches to temporality in interaction. Although there are good reasons to emphasize the differences between Schütz's notion of individual projects of action and Garfinkel's interest in communicative sequencing, there is also an interesting historical connection. In order to elucidate this connection, the article provides a close reading of the steps that lead Schütz from his premise of 'egological' time consciousness to his understanding of the reflexive and interactive process of meaning establishment and interpretation developed in his first book, The Phenomenology of the Social World (1967 [1932]). The article reflects further upon which aspects of Schütz's considerations resonated with Garfinkel in his formative years and how Garfinkel related to them variously in his later development of ethnomethodology. Hence, it appears that Garfinkel's ethnomethodology successively departs from many of Schütz's premises while simultaneously incorporating and further developing some of his notions on the sequential organization and temporal flux of interactive processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of transnational influences in the making of postwar sociology in the United States is often acknowledged. However, phenomenology is rarely counted among these influences in spite of its apparently oversized impact on disciplinary development during a critical period of intellectual contention. This article sheds light on this process through an analysis of the impact and legacy of social phenomenologist and European intellectual migrant Alfred Schutz (1899–1959). After 1960, Schutz’s theoretical writings became a powerful resource for innovators and critics in the discipline. What is unexplained is the sudden rise to prominence of Schutzian phenomenology in theoretical and methodological debates in American sociology, and the way phenomenological insights became incorporated into the discipline. The article identifies three translational strategies employed by translator-agents in the incorporation of Schutzian phenomenology into American sociology. The article not only discusses the peculiar history of Schutz’s ideas, but also uses Schutz’s theoretical framework to develop the concept of translational work and demonstrate its relevance for the disciplinary assimilation of ideas across intellectual contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For refugees, the transition from their home to the host society is especially challenging. In particular, their situation shortly after arrival entails the risk of social exclusion. Based on two case studies, this article reconstructs experiences of exclusion within the integration processes of Cameroonian refugee men and unaccompanied minors in the region of Brandenburg, Germany. What connects the studies are the existential threats of being forced to wait due to having an unclear future and a pattern of being unable to refer to (positive) lived experiences in the local environment. The article approaches these dynamics by applying Alfred Schütz as a helpful analytical heuristic to the findings. The possibilities and pitfalls of the deployed Schützean framework are highlighted considering current methodological developments in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ludwik Fleck and Alfred Schutz each wrote groundbreaking treatises in the 1930s that laid the foundation for their views on the role of science education in establishing trust in science. This essay examines how science education was for Fleck explicitly and for Schutz implicitly a crucial site for understanding the social dimensions of knowledge, for understanding how layers of knowledge are socially distributed among groups, and for conceptualizing how different cognitive groups, from experts to laypersons—communicate with one another in a democratic exchange of information. Their vision of the role of science education in establishing trust is particularly appropriate for addressing contemporary challenges to science and its results.

In this article, we reflect on the particular temporal structure of pregnancies and prenatal entities with the aim to contribute to the field of the sociology of pregnancy. Medical models and technology shape today's notion of pregnancy as a linear, nine-month developmental process that leads to the birth of a child. Through ultrasound technology and prenatal examinations, prenatal entities have thus historically gained a present 'being' as a developing, unborn child. While these ideas undoubtedly greatly influence the participants' interpretations, a culturalistic perspective on time alone does not do justice to the phenomenon's lived tensions and the temporal complexity of the phenomenon. From a Schutzian perspective of time, we have worked out how practices of pregnancy and the production of meaning are shaped by an interwoven back and forth between orientations to the past, present and future. Drawing on relevant works from the sociology of pregnancy, we work out five modes of temporal references that mold the phenomenon of pregnancy: joint imagination of the couple, in which the (un)born is anticipated as fantasies of the future (1), passivities of pregnancy, in which the desired future is experienced as unable to influence (2), the presentification of the unborn in and through visual and bodily-somatic contact moments (3), its futurization through the cultivation of a 'not-yet' (4) and prenatal losses, as a critical rupture with the anticipated and desired future (5). Our analysis underlines the potential of a time sociological perspective on pregnancy and the constitution of relationships and persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenomenologies of religious experience have been developed by Max Scheler and via Alfred Schutz’s frameworks of “multiple realities” and “finite provinces of meaning.” For both, religious experience resists the pragmatic imperatives of the mechanistic worldview or world of working. Schutz’s paradigm begins with a distinctive noetic religious epoché opening the religious province, in contrast with Scheler’s start with spheres of being (especially the absolute sphere) furnishing the noematic context for religious acts. Scheler’s religious act resembles the religious epoché, but his eidetic analysis highlights the act’s distinctiveness, irreducibility to non-religious acts, and immunity to psychological reductionism. Correlating the religious act with his value theory (the absolute sphere), Scheler better withstands the subordination of religion to the pragmatic imperatives and the absolute to lesser values than does a Schutzian ranking of purposes in the province’s form of spontaneity. Scheler’s absolute personal being, whose revelation one must respectfully wait, supports the Schutzian relaxed tension of consciousness. Respectfulness of persons, the social/communal/critical dimensions of religious experience, religion’s need for critique from theoretical provinces of meaning, and the wariness of idolatrously substituting one’s own finite goods for the absolute can all mitigate the religious imperialism and violence to which absolute commitments can lead.

Podmiotowość podniesiona do kwadratu. O podobieństwie między metodologicznymi postulatami Alfreda Schütza and Floriana Znanieckiego w odniesieniu do pedagogiki chrześcijańskiej „Podmiotowość podniesiona do kwadratu” to kategoria z zakresu metodologii utworzona przez autora tego artykułu na potrzeby niniejszych analiz, odnosząca się do pewnego strukturalnego aspektu procedury badań społecznych, obecnego w różnych stanowiskach i koncepcjach przedstawicieli nauk humanistycznych i społecznych. Aspekt ten uwidacznia się przede wszystkim w jednoczesnym uwzględnieniu podmiotowości badanych ludzi (jednostek, grup i całych społeczności) i badaczy, powiązanych różnymi relacjami z badanymi. Termin „podmiotowość drugiego stopnia” odwołuje się do dwóch innych sformułowań. Pierwszym jest określenie A. Schütza o „podmiotowości drugiego stopnia”. Autorem drugiego jest J. Szacki – polski socjolog, autor znanej i obszernej monografii z zakresu historii myśli socjologicznej – który analizując twórczość F. Znanieckiego, użył sformułowania „współczynnik humanistyczny podniesiony do kwadratu” (w matematyce wielkość podniesiona do kwadratu, czyli do potęgi drugiej, jest wielkością drugiego stopnia). Głównym celem artykułu jest ukazanie szczególnego znaczenia podmiotowości w koncepcjach badań humanistycznych i społecznych A. Schütza i F. Znanieckiego, w kontekście przedmiotu zainteresowań i zadań pedagogiki chrześcijańskiej. Rozważania są przeprowadzone w oparciu o założenia metody logicznej analizy i rekonstrukcji czynności badawczych oraz ich kodyfikacji, a także metody analizy i krytyki literatury źródłowej. Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje problemy metateoretyczne i metodologiczne. Dwa pierwsze punkty prezentują odpowiednio wybrane postulaty koncepcji badań humanistycznych i społecznych A. Schütza i F. Znanieckiego w aspekcie eksponowanej w nich roli podmiotowości. W punkcie trzecim są ukazane podobieństwa pomiędzy wybranymi elementami tych koncepcji. W ostatnim punkcie podjęta jest próba odpowiedzi na pytania, w jakim stopniu koncepcje A. Schütza i F. Znanieckiego mogą być inspiracją dla badań współczesnej pedagogiki chrześcijańskiej, odnoszących się do problematyki podmiotowości. Przedsięwzięcie wskazywania podobieństw w obu koncepcjach ma związek z pedagogiką chrześcijańską w dwóch wymiarach: teoretycznym i metateoretycznym. W wymiarze teoretycznym tytułowa kategoria „podmiotowości podniesionej do kwadratu” wpisuje się w postulaty (metodologiczne) pedagogiki chrześcijańskiej. W wymiarze metateoretycznym porównywanie to można uznać za zadanie własne pedagogiki chrześcijańskiej, której jednym z celów jest poszukiwanie elementów integrujących poznanie naukowe.