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Mediante un estudio de análisis descriptivo, inductivo, no experimental y transversal en el tiempo, se documenta tecnologías utilizadas en la entrega de valor al gestionar un proyecto cuyo objetivo es el uso intensivo de tecnologías de información con la finalidad de mejorar sus procesos productivos. Es estudio versa sobre gestión triple hélice y ámbitos clusterizados considerando la aplicaciones de metodologías de buenas prácticas globales en la dirección de proyectos tales como ITIL, PMBOK, SCRUM. Así como también la entrega de valor en servicios de TI como lo son análisis satelital de cultivos, diseño WEB moderno, códigos QR y diseño de Marketing en redes sociales. Through a descriptive, inductive, non-experimental and transversal analysis study over time, technologies used in the delivery of value are documented when managing a project whose objective is the intensive use of information technologies in order to improve its production processes. This study deals with triple helix management and clustered areas considering the applications of global good practice methodologies in the management of projects such as ITIL, PMBOK, SCRUM. As well as the delivery of value in IT services such as satellite analysis of crops, modern WEB design, QR codes and Marketing design in social networks.

En el presente trabajo de investigación se resalta la importancia de la incorporación de la estrategia didáctica de proyectos integradores en cada uno de los programas educativos de licenciatura que ofrece la Facultad de Contabilidad y Administración de Tecomán, de la Universidad de Colima. Se describe algunas de las experiencias favorables y otras no favorables en su implementación. También se hace un análisis comparativo entre las metodologías tradicionales y ágiles para la gestión de proyectos, así como la adopción de una metodología ágil como Scrum para el desarrollo de un proyecto integrador. El resultado de este estudio establece que la estrategia didáctica basada en proyectores integradores combinada con metodologías ágiles como Scrum para la gestión de proyectos, forman un entorno de trabajo de amplias posibilidades y ventajas para innovar la enseñanza de los contenidos curriculares mediante la práctica en contextos reales. This research work highlights the importance of incorporating the didactic strategy of integrating projects in each of the undergraduate educational programs offered by the Faculty of Accounting and Administration of Tecomán, at the University of Colima. Some of the favorable and other unfavorable experiences in its implementation are described. A comparative analysis is also made between traditional and agile methodologies for project management. The adoption of an agile methodology such as Scrum for the development of an integrating project aims to demonstrate its potential, due to its simplicity and its important effects for team learning and the development of transversal competences. The result of this study establishes that the didactic strategy based on integrating projectors combined with agile methodologies such as Scrum for project management, form a work environment with wide possibilities and advantages to innovate the teaching of curricular contents through practice in real contexts.

Investing in the current reproduction requires diverting energy resources from other metabolic functions, which may compromise future reproduction and lifespan. To solve this trade-off, an individual may consider its labile state to decide how much to invest in current reproduction. We tested experimentally whether the “state quality” of male rock lizards influences their reproductive strategies. To improve the nutritional status of males before the mating season, we captured and supplemented experimental males (N = 20) with dietary vitamin D3 (an essential nutrient for lizards) and had a control group of males (N = 20). Then, we released all these males and females (N = 31) in a large semi-natural outdoor enclosure where lizards could interact and mate freely during the mating period. Activity levels of males did not vary between treatments, but supplemented males started fewer intrasexual agonistic interactions and made fewer mating advances to females. When the mating season ended, we incubated eggs laid by females to obtain the offspring and estimated the paternity of males using DNA microsatellites. Supplemented males sired fewer offspring than control males. These results suggest that vitamin D3 supplemented males used a low risk/less costly mating strategy to protect their assets (i.e., vitamin D reserves), but that still resulted in “some” current reproductive success, while likely increasing longevity and the expected future total reproductive success., This work was supported by by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO CGL2014-53523-P).

Sexual signals can be evolutionarily stable if they are condition dependent or costly to the signaler. One of these costs may be the trade-off between maintaining the immune system and the elaboration of ornaments. Experimental immune challenges in captivity show a reduction in the expression of sexual signals, but it is not clear whether these detrimental effects are important in nature and, more importantly, whether they have reproductive consequences. We designed a field experiment to challenge the immune system of wild male Carpetan rock lizards, Iberolacerta cyreni, with a bacterial antigen (lipopolysaccharide). The immune challenge decreased relative reflectance of ultraviolet structural and melanin-dependent sexual coloration in the throat and the lateral ocelli, whereas the carotenoid-dependent dorsal green coloration was not affected. Immune activation also decreased proportions of ergosterol and cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol in femoral secretions. These results support a trade-off between the immune system and both visual and chemical sexual ornaments. Moreover, the reproductive success of males, estimated with DNA microsatellites, depended on the expression of some color and chemical traits. However, the immune challenge did not cause overall differences in reproductive success, although it increased with body size/age in control but not in challenged males. This suggests the use of alternative reproductive strategies (e.g., forced matings) in challenged males, particularly in smaller ones. These males might consider that their survival probabilities are low and increase reproductive effort as a form of terminal investment in spite of their ¿low-quality¿ sexual signals and potential survival costs., This work was supported by a Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad project (grant number MINECO CGL2014-53523-P).

This research work describes the methodology used to manage a digital transformation center located in the Tecomán Valley, Colima, México, which involved actions of the triple helix management model. The phases deployed to materialize this long-term project that involves the participation of academia, the state and private initiatives are addressed. The results are the implementation of infrastructure to deploy industry 4.0 projects: IoT, cloud services and precision agriculture. In the current year 2020, other IT services.

A doctoral thesis presented in the late 1990s by óscar J. Arribas has been frequently cited as the authority for the nomenclatural status of two generic names in the lizard family Lacertidae, Darevskia and Iberolacerta. These names were again introduced, along with the addition of the subgeneric name Pyrenesaura, in 1999 via publication in an international, peer-reviewed journal. We discuss nomenclatural aspects of how these taxon names were presented, detail inconsistencies in the use of publication dates associated with these names, and resolve nomenclatural problems by demonstrating that the date of their first publication, in compliance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, was 1999. This renders the name Darevskia Arribas, 1999 a junior invalid synonym of Caucasilacerta Harris, Arnold & Thomas, 1998, which, contrary to previous assessment, is not a nomen nudum, and must replace Darevskia as the valid name for this genus.

El objetivo de la implementación de la solución informática propuesta en este documento es automatizar procesos de comercialización de producto de internet banda ancha para el medio de comunicación por fibra óptica para una empresa de telecomunicaciones en el mercado ecuatoriano. Mediante la implementación de la solución informática propuesta una empresa de telecomunicaciones podrá y tendrá la posibilidad de incrementar su volumen de ventas, ya que hoy en día la tendencia de banda ancha fija de una empresa de telecomunicaciones es mediante el medio de comunicación de fibra óptica. Además de incrementar las ventas en una empresa de telecomunicaciones para el producto internet banda ancha por fibra óptica, la solución informática permite gestionar, administrar y supervisar todas las operaciones de un producto en la etapa de postventa tales como: solicitudes de reclamos, cambios de velocidad de navegación, cancelaciones de servicios y facturación. Guayaquil Magíster en Sistemas de Información Gerencial

There are multifaceted arguments concerning the correct spelling (latasti or latastei) for the viper named for Fernand Lataste by Bosca in 1878. This application under Article 78.2.3 of the Code seeks confirmation that Bosca (1879) acted as the deemed First Reviser (Article 24.2.4), and requests the Commission to rule that latastei Bosca, 1878 is the correct original spelling, that latasti Bosca, 1878 is an incorrect original spelling (Article 32.4), and that the names be placed on the Official List and Index respectively.

We experimentally studied the effects of genetic legacy (eastern vs. western phylogeographic lineage) and population of origin (lowland vs. highland) on the sensitivity of lizard embryos and juveniles to incubation temperature and moisture among four populations of the lacertid Psammodromus algirus. Incubation time was longer at lower temperature, increased slightly at higher moisture, and shorter for highland than for lowland females. Eggs incubated at 24°C produced larger, heavier and shorter tailed hatchlings than those incubated at 32°C. Western juveniles survived better during their first month of life than eastern ones, and juveniles incubated at 32°C survived better than those incubated at 24°C; survivorship was lowest for 24°C hatchlings from the eastern, lowland population. Because juveniles incubated at 32°C grew more rapidly, after 1 month they had compensated their initial size disadvantage. Juveniles incubated at 80% moisture were larger and/or heavier than those incubated at 10% moisture both at hatching and after 1 month. Our results show that although incubation temperature was the main source of phenotypic variation, not all its effects were evident at hatching. Because western juveniles were more tolerant to incubation at low temperature than eastern ones, we suggest that such differences may have limited the westward expansion of the eastern lineage., This study is a contribution to projects CGL2007-60277/BOS and CGL2010-17928/BOS, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science.

We investigated whether the current distribution of Lacerta schreiberi is likely to be constrained by incubation conditions. We used an incubation experiment in the laboratory to examine the effects of temperature and moisture on lizard reproductive traits, in order to clarify the ecological processes that underlie the distribution patterns of this lizard and to build more reliable mechanistic models. We then investigated to what extent range limits of L. schreiberi coincided with those predicted from incubation experiments and actual temperature variation experienced in the field. This was done by intersecting documented presence localities of the species with interpolated spatial layers of soil temperature. Reproductive success (hatching success, morphological traits and growth rates) was strongly and negatively affected by high temperature. In contrast, incubation moisture only affected neonate size and its positive effects were only realized at moderate to low temperature. Documented temperature sensitivity suggests that successful embryonic development is likely to be compromised by available thermal conditions, and that this species is unable to colonize warmer areas such as those where L. schreiberi is absent beyond its distribution range limits. An important addition is that incubation moisture does not appear to influence overall embryonic development. We would expect contemporary climate warming to cause upward elevational shifts which may be more or less critical depending on the availability of preferred habitat., This paper is a contribution to the project CGL2010-17928/BOS, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science.

Aim: We examined dorsal coloration in and genetic relationships among Iberian populations of the lizard Psammodromus algirus to determine the extent to which the current distribution of phenotypic variation is correlated with phylogeographical history or local environmental conditions. Location: Iberian Peninsula, western Palaearctic., Methods: We sequenced mitochondrial DNA (ND4 and adjacent tRNAs genes) in 36 populations, and seven microsatellite loci in eight representative populations. In 23 populations, lizards were classified according to the presence and intensity of a dorsal striped pattern, the heritability of which was estimated by means of mother–offspring regressions. To determine whether colour pattern is an adaptation for crypsis, we compared the time taken by humans to detect striped and unstriped lizards in different environments., Results: The analysis of mtDNA revealed an ancient split between a western clade, subdivided into south- and north-western haplogroups, and an eastern clade with central, south-eastern and eastern haplogroups. In contrast, nuclear markers showed a post-glacial admixture of central and western haplogroups, with the central haplogroup apparently isolated from the rest of its clade. This was consistent with variation in the dorsal striped pattern, a heritable phenotypic trait: central and western lizards were unstriped, whereas eastern lizards were striped. We then suggest that dorsal coloration promotes crypsis: in eastern locations detection times were longer for striped than for unstriped lizards, whereas the opposite was true in western and central locations., Main conclusions: Our results indicate that natural selection for crypsis may promote not only divergence within clades, as suggested by the apparent isolation between unstriped central lizards and striped members of eastern haplogroups, but also admixture between them. We conclude that ecologically driven selection is crucial for understanding the phylogeographical background of phenotypic variation, because recent adaptation to the environment can blur the effects of ancestral isolation., This study is a contribution to projects CGL2010-17928/BOS and CGL2013-41642-P, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science

Studies on range limits clarify the factors involved in the extent of species occurrence and shed light on the limits to adaptation. We studied the effects of elevational variation on the thermal dependence of fitness-related traits (incubation time, hatching rate, and survivorship, size, and condition of hatchlings) to assess the role of incubation requirements in distribution range limits of the alpine endemic Iberolacerta cyreni. We captured gravid females from two core (summit) and two marginal (low-elevation edge) populations, we incubated their eggs at three temperatures (22, 26, and 30 °C), and we monitored phenotypic effects. Viability of eggs and hatchlings decreased, independently of elevation, as incubation temperature increased. Hatching success and embryo survivorship were lower for clutches from low-elevation areas than for those from mountain summits, showing that lizards face difficulties thriving at the low-elevation edge of their range. Such difficulties were partly counterbalanced by faster postnatal growth at lower elevations, leading to increased adult size and higher fecundity. High incubation temperature had detrimental effects also at low-elevation areas, and no elevational variation in the thermal dependence of hatchling traits was detected. We suggest that temperature effects on egg development and the lack of selective pressures strong enough to foster local adaptation at marginal areas, combined with extended egg retention, may contribute to shape the range limits of these alpine oviparous reptiles., Research was funded by the project CGL2010-17928 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.

Tail autotomy has clear advantages regarding predator escape, but it also has several associated costs (i.e., impaired locomotion, loss of social status, and reduced growth and reproductive output). We examined the costs of severe autotomy on growth rates of hatchlings of the lacertid lizard sammodromus algirus during the first weeks of postnatal development. Hatchlings from two populations in central Spain were autotomized on the fifth day after hatching and kept in common garden conditions for 35 days when they were measured again. Hatchlings from both populations, independently of the autotomy treatment, did not differ in the mass gained during the experiment. However, there were differences in body growth between tailless and tailed hatchlings; tailless hatchlings grew at a slower rate than tailed ones, after controlling for the effects of body condition at the onset of the experiment and the resources assimilated. Moreover, independently of their population of origin, hatchlings that invested more in body growth also invested more in regenerating their tails, and no trade-offs were apparent. Because hatchlings were housed in common garden conditions, this result could be attributable to differences in individual capacity to obtain and assimilate resources., This paper is a contribution to the projects CGL2007-60277/BOS and CGL2010-17928/BOS, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science, and to the International Campus of Excellence (CEI Campus Moncloa) launched by Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) and Spanish Research Council (CSIC).

Local adaptation and range restrictions in alpine environments are central topics in biogeographic research with important implications for predicting impacts of global climate change on organisms. Temperature is strongly coupled to elevation and greatly affects life history traits of oviparous reptiles in mountain environments. Thus, species may encounter barriers for expanding their ranges if they are unable to adapt to the changing thermal conditions encountered along elevational gradients. We sought to determine whether thermal requirements for embryonic development provide a plausible explanation for elevational range limits of two species of lacertid lizards that have complementary elevational ranges in a Mediterranean mountain range (Psammodromus algirus is found at elevations below 1600 m and Iberolacerta cyreni is found at elevations above 1600 m). We combined experimental incubation of eggs in the laboratory with modelled estimates of nest temperature in the field. In both species, increasing temperature accelerated development and produced earlier hatching dates. The species associated with warmer environments (P. algirus) experienced an excessive hatching delay under the lowest incubation temperature. Moreover, newborns from eggs incubated at low temperatures showed poor body condition and very slow rates of postnatal growth. In contrast, eggs of the strictly alpine species I. cyreni exhibited shorter incubation periods than P. algirus that allowed hatching before the end of the active season even under low incubation temperatures. This was countered by lower reproductive success at higher temperatures, due to lower hatching rates and higher incidence of abnormal phenotypes. Elevational range limits of both species coincided well with threshold temperatures for deleterious effects on embryonic development. We suggest that incubation temperature is a major ecophysiological factor determining the elevational range limits of these oviparous lizards with predictable consequences for mountain distributions under future warmer climates., This paper is a contribution to the project GCL2007-60277/BOS, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science.

Intraspecific variation in morphology has often been related to fitness differences through its effects on performance. In lizards, variation in hind limb length can be shaped by natural selection for increased locomotor performance, sexual selection on the number or size of femoral pores involved in chemical signalling, or both. Here, we analyse the selective forces involved in sexual dimorphism and differences in hind limb length between two populations of Psammodromus algirus living at different elevation. Males were more robust and had longer hind limbs and limb segments than females, and low-elevation lizards had longer limbs than high-elevation lizards. However, differences in locomotor performance were small and non-significant, making natural selection for faster runs an unlikely explanation for the observed pattern. On the other hand, males had more femoral pores than females, and lizards had more pores at lower elevation, although the difference was significant only for males (which invest more in chemical signalling). In males, the number of pores, which remains constant along a lizard's life, was not correlated with hind limb length. However, femur length was positively correlated with mean pore size, allowing low-elevation males to have larger than expected pores, which could increase the effectiveness with which they spread their signals in a dry and warm habitat where chemicals become volatile rapidly. Also, saturation of the sexual coloration of the head was higher for low-elevation males, suggesting that sexual selection pressures may be more intense. Overall, our results indicate that sexual selection plays a significant role in shaping intraspecific variation in hind limb length. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 104, 318–329.

Interspecific competition can limit the distribution of species along altitudinal gradients. It has been suggested that Western European rock lizards (genus Iberolacerta) are restricted to mountains due to the expansion of wall lizards (Podarcis), but there is no experimental evidence to corroborate this hypothesis. This study examines if interference competition with Podarcis muralis is a plausible explanation for the alpine confinement of Iberian rock lizards Iberolacerta cyreni. In a first experiment, we used an enclosure with four types of microhabitats to investigate whether adult rock and/or wall lizards shifted microhabitat or refuge preferences in the presence of the other species, and to detect aggressive interactions between them. In a second experiment, we staged heterospecific encounters between naïve, laboratoryborn juveniles to identify behavioural differences and agonistic interactions. In the enclosure, neither rock nor wall lizards changed their microhabitat preferences in the presence of the other species. Nevertheless, rock lizards increased the diversity of microhabitats and nocturnal refuges used in the single species trials, which had twice the number of conspecifics. Aggressive interactions involved mainly large rock lizard males. Juveniles did not show any interspecific agonistic behaviour, but rock lizards spent more time basking and less time moving. Thus, we found no evidence of competition between both species in terms of habitat shifts or agonistic interactions, although intraspecific interactions seemed to explain the behaviour of adult rock lizards. We conclude that other factors are currently determining the alpine confinement of rock lizards., This paper is a contribution to the project CGL2007-02744/BOS, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN).

This paper presents an observational and experimental study of the basking behaviour and heat exchange rate of the montane lizard Lacerta monticola. The results obtained by these procedures were coupled in order to understand behavioural mechanims promoting effective thermoregulation at high altitudes. Heating rate was higher when body size was smaller, and substrate temperature and sun rays incidence angle were higher. The lizards cooled faster when body size and substrate temperature were lower, and when the body temperature of the lizard going into shadow was higher. Time exposed to sun and mean duration of basking periods were longer early in the morning, while bask frequency increased through the morning. Our results suggest that time devoted to basking is mainly obtained by regulating bask duration. Lizards obtained the necessary time for heating by means of long basking periods. Mean travel distance per minute and distance to the nearest refuge increased from early morning to midday. These behavioural variables were tightly correlated with the expected heating rate of individuals. Body size affects thermoregulatory behaviour as well as locomotor activity. Juvenile lizards, with small body mass and high surface-to-volume ratios, were subjected to faster heating and cooling rates, basked more frequently than adults (but during shorter periods), and devoted more time to locomotion than adults. The thermoregulatory behaviour of L. monticola is the result of the combination of shuttling heliothermy by basking and the exploitation of thermal opportunities offered by patches in shade through thermal exchange with the substrate.

In lizards, locomotor costs of gravidity may depend on habitat structure and refuge availability. We compared the locomotor performance and escape tactics in the laboratory, before and after oviposition, of two populations of Psammodromus algirus separated by 700 m altitude. When gravid, females escaped using a larger number of slower and shorter runs, and had lower temperatures at the time of trial, than after oviposition. Some of these effects differed between populations: when gravid, but not after oviposition, low-elevation females ran shorter distances at a slower average speed than high-elevation ones. Low-elevation females laid their clutches earlier than high-elevation ones, which conditioned their lower speed when gravid in simultaneous running trials. However, their escape distances were still shorter after controlling for the effects of temperature and laying date. In the field, refuge availability was lower at the low-elevation site, where females spent more time inside refuges and perching above ground. The shorter escape distance of low-elevation females may, thus, represent a behavioural response to minimize detectability, especially if predator avoidance depends primarily on whether or not the lizard is seen by the predator. Such behavioural adjustments might inhibit selection for evolutionary shifts in the performance of gravid females.

Aim In an effort to disentangle the ecological processes that confine ectotherms to alpine environments, we studied the thermoregulatory and microhabitat selection behaviours of the rock lizard Iberolacerta cyreni, which is endemic to some mountains of central Spain, and of the wall lizard Podarcis muralis, which is a potential competitor of rock lizards. Location We chose three areas in the Sierra de Guadarrama (central Spain) that differed in their thermal quality [mean deviation of environmental operative temperatures from the lizards’ preferred thermal range (PTR)] and refuge availability: a pine forest (1770 m a.s.l.) in which P. muralis was the only species found, and two mixed shrub and rock sites (1770 and 1900 m a.s.l.) where both species were present. Methods In the field we collected data on refuge availability, sun exposure, body temperature (Tb) and operative temperature (Te). Thus, we estimated the thermal habitat quality of the areas sampled and the thermoregulation accuracy and effectiveness of both species. Results The pine forest had the lowest thermal quality and refuge availability. The lower-elevation shrub site offered the best thermal quality, but refuges were much scarcer than at the higher-elevation site. Both species thermoregulated accurately, because mean deviations of body temperature (Tb) from PTR were considerably smaller than those of Te. Podarcis muralis had higher Tb values than didI. cyreni, which had similarTb values at both shrub sites, whereasP. muralis had lower Tb values at higher elevation. Overall, the thermoregulatory effectiveness (extent to which Tb values are closer to the PTR than are Te values) of both species was similar, but whereas I. cyreni thermoregulated more efficiently at higher elevation, the opposite was true for P. muralis. At the lower-elevation shrub site, I. cyreni remained closer to refuges than did P. muralis. Main conclusions Our results suggest that the pine forest belt might prevent the expansion of rock lizards towards lower elevations as a result of its low thermal quality and scarcity of refuges, that the thermoregulatory effectiveness of rock lizards in alpine environments depends more on refuge availability than on thermal habitat quality, and that competition with wall lizards is unlikely to explain either the distribution or the thermoregulatory effectiveness of rock lizards.

We examined activity rates prior to hibernation, age-adjusted body size, growth rates, and probability of recapture after spring emergence of juveniles from 2 populations of the lizard Psammodromus algirus separated by 600-700 m altitude. We captured gravid females, incubated the eggs, and released the juveniles into the wild. We used a reciprocal transplant design in a year of severe drought to distinguish between environmental and population-specific sources of variation. The levels of autumn activity differed between release sites (activity was higher at the more productive, high-elevation site) and between maternal sites of origin (at the low-elevation site, juveniles of low-elevation origin were less active than those of high-elevation origin). Although clutch mass was similar at both sites, eggs from low-elevation females were larger but fewer than those from high-elevation ones. Larger juveniles and those from high-elevation clutches had higher survival rates. The juveniles recaptured in autumn at the low-elevation site were smaller as neonates than those that were not recaptured until next spring. Our results suggest that the scarcity of prey at the low-elevation site is a selective pressure resulting in limitation of activity, given the increased energy expenditure and risk of predation incurred by active lizards. Thus, at the low-elevation site inactivity would be advantageous for most juveniles, and only the smaller ones would have to remain active frequently enough to accumulate sufficient reserves prior to hibernation. This is consistent with the selective advantage of large eggs (and small clutches) at the low-elevation site. Keywords: drought, food scarcity, geographic variation, maternal trade-offs, Psammodromus, reproductive strategies. Resume : Nous avons examine les taux d'activite avant l'hibernation, la taille corporelle ajustee selon l'âge, les taux de croissance et la probabilite de recapture apres l'emergence au printemps des juveniles de 2 populations du lezard Psammodromus algirus separees par 600-700 m d'altitude. Nous avons capture des femelles gravides, incube les œufs et libere les juveniles dans la nature. Nous avons utilise une experience de transplantation reciproque lors d'une annee de secheresse severe pour discriminer entre les sources de variation environnementale et specifique de la population. Les niveaux d'activites automnaux differaient entre les sites de lâcher (l'activite etait plus elevee au site le plus productif en haute altitude) et entre les sites d'origine maternelle (au site en basse altitude, les juveniles originaires de ce site etaient moins actifs que ceux originaires du site plus eleve). Bien que la masse des couvees etait semblable aux 2 sites, les œufs des femelles de basse altitude etaient plus gros mais moins nombreux que ceux des femelles d'altitude elevee. Les plus gros juveniles et ceux des couvees de haute altitude avaient des taux de survie plus eleves. Les juveniles recaptures a l'automne au site en basse altitude etaient plus petits a la naissance que ceux qui n'ont pas ete recaptures jusqu'au printemps suivant. Nos resultats suggerent que la penurie de proies au site en basse altitude constitue une pression de selection resultant en une limitation de l'activite, etant donne la depense energetique accrue et le risque de predation encouru par les lezards actifs. Ainsi, au site en basse altitude, l'inactivite serait avantageuse pour la plupart des juveniles et seulement les plus petits devraient rester actifs assez frequemment pour accumuler des reserves suffisantes avant l'hibernation. Cette conclusion est compatible avec l'avantage selectif des gros œufs (et des petites couvees) au site en basse altitude. Mots-cles : compromis maternels, penurie de nourriture, Psammodromus, secheresse, strategies reproductives, variation geographique. Nomenclature: Linnaeus, 1758; Castroviejo et al., 1990, Montori & Llorente, 2005.

In a population like ours, it is still a problem handling underweight newborns due to its high perinatal mortality and morbidity; which should be prevented with proper prenatal care where risk factors are identified and appropriate action can be taken in a timely manner. This descriptive, retrospective study aims to analyze some maternal factors and pregnancy, to seek his relationship with low birth weight, prematurity or by or intrauterine growth retardation in fetuses at term, compared to the general population. For which 3,616 Perinatal Medical Records stored in the SIP Maternal Perinatal Institute in October 1991 to September 1992. A 8.3% incidence of LBW of which 57.5% were IUGR fetuses and fetuses of 42.5% was found to be reviewed preterm. There was no significant difference in factors like maternal age, education level and marital status; as if there was a difference in the presence of prenatal care in preterm (p 0.001) but not in the IUGR. Among the own pathology of pregnancy and complications, no greater association of Pre-eclampsia and multiple pregnancy in IUGR and largest association of premature rupture of membranes and third-trimester bleeding in premature babies. EI 41% of fetuses with IUGR and 67% of preterm fetuses showed demonstrable pathology associated. The perinatal mortality in preterm, was 8 times higher than in the general population and in the IUGR. There was no difference between the last two. It can be concluded that the lack of prenatal control related to the increased incidence of prematurity and mortality is markedly increased in this group. IUGR fetuses are born in better condition but have high neonatal mortality and morbidity associated with consequences that are not intended to assess in this work. En una población como la nuestra, aún sigue siendo un problema el manejo del recién nacido de bajo peso, por su alta morbimortalidad perinatal; lo cual debería prevenirse con un adecuado control prenatal en donde se detecten los factores de riesgo y puedan tomarse las medidas pertinentes en el momento oportuno. El presente trabajo descriptivo, retrospectivo tiene como objetivo analizar algunos factores maternos y del embarazo, para buscar su relación directa con el bajo peso al nacer, sea por prematuridad o por retardo del crecimiento intraútero en fetos de término, comparados con la población general. Para lo cual se revisaron 3,616 Historias Clínicas Perinatales almacenadas en el SIP del Instituto Materno Perinatal de octubre 1991 a setiembre de 1992. Se halló una incidencia del 8.3% de RNBP de la cual 57.5% correspondía a fetos con RCIU y 42.5% a fetos de pretérmino. No hubo diferencia significativa en factores como edad materna, grado de instrucción y estado civil; en tanto si hubo diferencia en la presencia del control prenatal en los prematuros (p 0.001) no así en los RCIU. Entre la Patología propia del embarazo y las intercurrencias, hay mayor asociación de Pre-eclampsia y embarazo múltiple en los RCIU y mayor asociación de rotura prematura de membranas y hemorragias del tercer trimestre en los prematuros. EI 41 % de fetos con RCIU y en el 67% de fetos de pretérmino presentaron patología asociada demostrable. La mortalidad perinatal en los de pretérmino, fue 8 veces mayor que en la población general y que en los RCIU. No hubo diferencia entre los dos últimos. Puede concluirse que la falta de Control Prenatal guarda relación con la mayor incidencia de prematuridad y que la mortalidad se incrementa marcadamente en este grupo. Los fetos con RCIU nacen en mejores condiciones sin embargo tienen una alta morbilidad neonatal asociada a mortalidad y secuelas que no se pretende evaluar en este trabajo.

Summary 1In reptiles, growth is subject to proximate environmental influences, such as food availability and temperature, that may be crucial during the early stages of postnatal development. Mediterranean regions, with their severe summer drought, offer an excellent opportunity to examine the effects of environmental variations in precipitation and productivity on the timing of reproduction and growth rates of lizards. 2In this study, we compared the incubation time, size at hatching, growth rates and changes in juvenile body condition of two nearby populations of the lizard Psammodromus algirus separated by 600–700 m altitude in central Spain. We combined a reciprocal incubation experiment at 27 and 30 °C with a reciprocal transplant experiment to distinguish between environmental and population-specific sources of geographical variation. 3At both temperatures, eggs from the high-elevation site hatched sooner. Several important phenotypic traits of juveniles were primarily determined by the growing environment: the high-elevation site provided more food and allowed hatchlings to grow faster and reach larger size. 4Environmental effects overrode familial ones, as shown by the larger growth rate of half-sibs released at the high-elevation site. However, both the size and the growth rate of juveniles were also influenced by their mother's site of origin, which means that population differences may reflect a genetic differentiation and/or different maternal effects. 5Low precipitation and associated food scarcity were seemingly the main factors constraining the growth rates of juveniles at the lowland site.

The lacertid lizard Psammodromus algirus has been considered a uniform species across its distribution area in North Africa and southwestern Europe. Coloration data and discriminant function analysis of morphological data corroborate mitochondrial DNA and allozyme data to indicate northern and southern Iberian populations represent unknown species that are described here. Additional work is needed to fully understand biogeography and variation in this species complex.

The utility of radiotelemetry as a tool for estimating the size and microhabitat requirements of a population of Lacerta lepida, the largest European lacertid, was investigated in central Spain. Population density estimates based on repeated marking and recapture (3.2 lizards ha 1) were much higher than those based on line transects (0.22 lizards ha 1). The probability of sighting lizards before they could retreat into a refuge was largely increased by our ability to radiolocate them. Rocks were selected as refuges 96% of the times, and the locations of radiotracked lizards were much closer to rocks than randomly expected. Rocks used as retreat sites were larger and had more crevices than those available at random, which suggests that refuge selection was primarily determined by the need to find shelter from predators. Rockrose patches, which were positively selected, might be used as refuge-connecting corridors that combine shelter with opportunities to forage and thermoregulate. Our results emphasize the need for using radiotelemetry to establish baseline information on abundance and to clarify the actuality, extent and pattern of the population declines experienced by species that may function as key links in their ecosystems, but the wariness of which poses a serious problem for monitoring their conservation status., This research was funded by DGESIC projects BOS2001-0533 and CGL2004-01151/BOS.