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Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of hydrocolloid dressing in preventing stage two or higher facial pressure injuries associated with the use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) devices among critically ill patients. Design: A randomized control trial. Methods: The study included 56 adult patients in intensive care units. The study participants were categorized into two groups consisting of 28 patients in each group. The control group received skincare using a fine mist of water and repositioning of the device every two to four hours, while the intervention group received a hydrocolloid dressing and repositioning of the device every two to four hours. Results: A total of 33.9% of all participants in the study had facial pressure injury. None of the patients in the intervention group who received hydrocolloid dressing developed stage two or higher facial pressure injuries. A total of 32.2% of the control group developed stage two or higher facial pressure injuries. Results indicated that the use of hydrocolloid dressing can significantly prevent the formation of stage two or higher facial pressure injuries (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The study's findings support the use of hydrocolloid dressing as a preventative measure for facial pressure injuries related to NIPPV devices.

Abstract Background Cervical cancer (CC) myths and beliefs can negatively impact women's preventive behaviors, including vaccination against human papillomavirus and having regular screening tests. This study aimed to examine awareness of Palestinian women about myths related to CC causation and investigated factors associated with good awareness. Methods A national cross-sectional study was conducted to recruit adult Palestinian women from hospitals, primary healthcare facilities, and public areas in 11 Palestinian governorates. A translated-into-Arabic version of the Cancer Awareness Measure-Mythical Causes Scale was used to collect data. Awareness level was determined based on the number of CC myths around CC causation recognized to be incorrect: poor (0–4), fair (5–9), and good (10–13). Results A total of 7058 questionnaires were included. Myths unrelated to food were more commonly recognized as incorrect compared to those related to food. The most recognized food-unrelated myth was ‘having a physical trauma’ (n = 3714, 52.6%), whereas the least recognized was ‘using mobile phones’ (n = 2238, 31.7%). The most recognized food-related myth was ‘drinking from plastic bottles’ (n = 2708, 38.4%), whereas the least recognized was ‘eating food containing additives’ (n = 1118, 15.8%). Only 575 participants (8.1%) displayed good awareness and promptly recognized at least 10 out of 13 myths around CC causation as incorrect. Factors associated with lower likelihood of displaying good awareness of myths around CC causation included living in the West Bank and Jerusalem, being married, widowed or divorced, knowing someone with cancer, and visiting hospitals or primary healthcare centers. Conclusions A very small proportion of Palestinian women recognized 10 or more myths around CC causes as incorrect. Initiatives addressing CC myths are needed in the Palestinian community.

Aim: The study aimed to explore differences in usefulness and the ease of use of electronic health records (EHRs) as perceived by nurses and other healthcare providers (HCPs) during the 2019 coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic in Jordan. It also aimed to investigate the association of gender, marital status, age, educational level, experience, and experience of using EHRs in predicting the technology acceptance model (TAM) of EHRs among the same selected group. Design: A comparative cross-sectional study. Methods: A convenience sample of 90 nurses and 96 HCPs completed the technology acceptance model survey. The response rate for nurses was 60%, compared to 64% for HCPs. The study was conducted from May to July 2020. Results: The study found that, generally, both nurses and other HCPs perceived high levels of usefulness and ease of use of EHRs during the Covid-19 pandemic. Other HCPs perceived higher levels of usefulness (86%) and ease of use (76.5%) of EHRs than nurses (79.5% and 73.5%, respectively) during the Covid-19 pandemic. Statistical differences were noted between both groups (p < 0.05). Marital status and experience in using EHRs were found to be associated with TAM among nurses. There were no associations of TAM among other HCPs during the Covid-19 pandemic. Conclusion: Due to the nature of nurses' work, the implementation and acceleration of the use of EHRs during the Covid-19 pandemic could be expected to encounter certain obstacles.

Abstract Background Progress has been made in the reduction of morbidity and mortality of cervical cancer by the implementation of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programs. This study aimed to assess the awareness of Palestinian women about HPV as well as their knowledge and acceptability of the HPV vaccine and to examine the factors associated with good awareness. Methods This was a national cross-sectional study. Adult women were recruited from hospitals, primary healthcare centers, and public spaces in 11 Palestinian governorates using convenience sampling. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. For each correctly answered question, one point was given. The total score was calculated and categorized into poor (0–10) and good awareness (11–21). Results The questionnaire was completed by 7223 women out of 8086 who were approached (response rate = 89.3%). A total of 7058 questionnaires were included in the final analysis; 4403 from the West Bank and Jerusalem (WBJ) and 2655 from the Gaza Strip. Women recruited from the Gaza Strip were younger, getting lower monthly incomes, and with fewer chronic diseases than women recruited from the WBJ. Only 33 women (0.5%) displayed good awareness of HPV and its vaccine with 0.7% of women from WBJ and only 0.2% of women from the Gaza Strip. Completing post-secondary education, being employed or a student, and having a higher monthly income were associated with an increase in the likelihood of having good awareness. Among women who had heard of HPV (n = 571, 8.1%), only 46 women (8.1%) reported familiarity with its vaccine. Women from the WBJ were more likely than women from the Gaza Strip to have heard about the HPV vaccine (0.9% vs. 0.2%). Most women agreed to receive the HPV vaccine themselves or for their daughters if it was given without cost or with a co-payment. No differences were found in the likelihood of agreeing to receive the HPV vaccine among women in the WBJ versus the Gaza Strip. Conclusion The overall awareness of HPV and its vaccine was extremely low. Inclusion of the HPV vaccine in the national immunization program could change this, especially as the HPV vaccine appeared to be acceptable.

Aim: To discover the perceived level of nursing interruptions during care activities. The study evaluates the contributing factors of alarms, equipment failures, visitors, and telephone calls in predicting interruptions according to the site of nurses' work. It also examines the potential association of demographic factors of nurses with interruption levels. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: The study included nurses working at a tertiary hospital in Amman, the capital of Jordan. Data collections were carried out between May and July 2020. The analysis was performed using 257 valid questionnaires, compromising 128 male and 129 female respondents. The study used a nursing interruptions scale and an interruptions scale related to patients and hospitals. Results: Results indicated that the participating nurses generally experienced a high level of interruptions during nursing care activities. Visitors were found to be the main predictor of nursing interruptions on the surgical / medical floor; whereas equipment failure was found to be the main predictor of nursing interruptions in intensive care units. Finally, the demographic factors of marital status and educational level were associated with interruptions. Conclusion: Visitors and equipment failures are the main predictors of interruptions during nursing care activities. Our results provide a clear explanation for organizations, nurse managers, and clinicians of the factors behind nursing interruptions.

Background: Spiritual counselling techniques can offer individuals a sense of new meaning and a way to cope with difficulties. However, no prior study has specifically examined the effectiveness of a spiritual intelligence counselling programme on suicidal ideation and self‐concept among retired individuals. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate how a new counselling programme focusing on spiritual intelligence helps retired individuals deal with suicidal ideation and self‐concept. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 retired individuals were split into two groups: one that received the counselling programme (experimental group = 20) and one that did not (control group = 20) based on their initial scores of suicidal ideation and self‐concept scales. The experimental group went through a 10‐session counselling programme, meeting for 90 min each week from April to June 2023. Results: Based on means, standard deviations and analysis of variance, results found significant differences in scores between those who underwent the counselling programme and those who did not. The experimental group revealed a decrease in suicidal ideation and an improvement in self‐concept after completing the counselling programme. Males seemed to benefit more from the spiritual intelligence‐based counselling programme than females in reducing suicidal ideation. There was no difference between males and females regarding self‐concept. Discussion: The spiritual counselling programme improves self‐concept and reduces suicidal ideation among retired individuals. Conclusion: The results suggest that the spiritual intelligence‐based counselling programme shows promise in addressing mental health issues among retired individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several screening models have recently been applied to study awareness and help people make informed decisions regarding cancer screening. Aims: This study aimed to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and lung cancer screening health beliefs (LCSHBs) among Jordanians. Moreover, we intended to translate the LCSHBs scale into the Arabic language and test its validity and reliability. Methods: An online survey (Google Forms) was completed by 916 participants in Jordan via snowball sampling technique from February 10, 2024, to March 2, 2024, assessing lung cancer screening knowledge, lung cancer preventive attitudes, screening‐related health beliefs, and stages of screening adoption. Linear regression analysis, correlations, and non‐parametric statistics were utilized for statistical inference. Results: Participants had high mean percentage scores of 86.56% and 85.75% for knowledge and preventive attitudes towards lung cancer screening, respectively. The Arabic version of the LCSHBs model was found to be a valid and reliable tool, as indicated by principal component analysis extraction and Cronbach's alpha values. Lung cancer screening knowledge was positively associated with perceived benefits and negatively associated with perceived barriers to screening. Knowledge, perceived barriers, perceived risk of lung cancer, self‐efficacy (SE) to screen, and lung cancer preventive attitudes were significantly associated with the perceived benefits of lung cancer screening (p < 0.05). We also found that the higher the SE, the higher the physical activity and the lower the perceived barriers. Conclusion: The Arabic version of the LCSHBs model is valid and reliable for assessing health beliefs toward lung cancer screening. We recommend enhancing targeted interventions, educational outreach, and improving health insurance access to reduce lung cancer incidence in Jordan and promote screening behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute kidney injury (AKI) poses a significant challenge in critically ill patients. To determine the prevalence, risk factors, and mortality rate of AKI among nonsurgical critically ill patients in Jordan University Hospital, we conducted a retrospective study using a consecutive sampling method, including 457 nonsurgical critically ill patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit (MICU) from January to June 2021. The mean age was 63.8 ± 18 years, with 196 (42.8%) developing AKI during their stay in the MICU. Among AKI nonsurgical patients, pulmonary diseases (n = 52; 34.5%) emerged as the primary cause for admission, exhibiting the highest prevalence, followed by sepsis (n = 40; 20.4%). Furthermore, we found that older age (adjusted OR (AOR): 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04–1.06; p=0.003), preadmission use of diuretics (AOR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.06–4.25; p=0.03), use of ventilators (2.19; 95% CI: 1.12–2.29; p=0.02), and vasopressor use during MICU stay (AOR: 4.25; 95% CI: 2.1308.47; p=0.001) were observed to have higher mortality rates. Prior utilization of statins before admission exhibited a significant association with reduced mortality rate (AOR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.2–0.85; p=0.02). Finally, AKI was associated with a higher mortality rate during MICU stay (AOR: 2.44; 95% CI: 1.07–5.56; p=0.03). The prevalence of AKI among nonsurgical patients during MICU stay is higher than what has been reported previously in the literature, which highlights the nuanced importance of identifying more factors contributing to AKI in developing countries, and hence providing preventive measures and adhering to global strategies are recommended.

BackgroundThe Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) stands out as a widely used measure of psychological resilience. The original CD-RISC consists of 25 items, commonly referred to as CD-RISC-25.AimThis study aims to validate the Arabic version of the CD-RISC-25 involving a sample size of 1220 participants from three universities in Jordan.MethodsThe researcher conducted a methodological investigation to examine the validation process. This included an examination of the translation process and an evaluation of content validity, which was assessed using the content validity index (CVI). Construct validity was assessed through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, while convergent and discriminant validity were both evaluated using composite reliability (CR) and the square root of the average variance extracted.ResultsResults showed a prominent level of psychological resilience 76.74±15.2 among the participating university students. Regarding the validity of the Arabic version of CD-RISC-25, the CVI yielded a value of 0.88, signifying a robust level of content validity. The analysis identified four constructs that accounted for 56.26% of the total variance. The goodness-of-fit indices, including goodness of fit index of 0.91, comparative fit index of 0.91, incremental fit index of 0.93, Tucker-Lewis index of 0.94, and root mean square error of approximation of 0.048, provided strong evidence supporting the alignment between the observed data and the hypothesized constructs. Discriminant and convergent validity were found to support the validity of the Arabic version of CD-RISC-25. Regarding the reliability, it demonstrated excellent reliability, with a total Cronbach's alpha of 0.934 and all CR values surpassing the threshold of 0.70, thereby further establishing its overall robustness.ConclusionThe results provide substantial evidence for the validity and reliability of the translated Arabic CD-RISC-25.

Objective. This study was aimed at testing the psychometric properties of the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) checklist for the Diagnostic Statistical Manual version 5 (DSM-5) (PCL-5) among the Lebanese population and at identifying the prevalence of PTSD. Design. A cross-sectional survey of PCL-5 among 950 Lebanese, using the online survey platform by Google Form, was conducted. Snowball recruitment was used to identify participants for the survey. Results. Face, content, construct, discriminant, and convergent validity had been accomplished through the survey. The reliability using Cronbach’s alpha, composite, and average variance extracted was identified as superior. We also found that more than half of the participants (55.6%) scored 33 or above which is the cut-off score for a likely diagnosis of PTSD. Conclusion. The current study provides further support for the validity and reliability of the Arabic version of PCL-5 among non-Western populations. This supports using the checklist in the screening of probable PTSD.

Needle phobia remains a major drawback of conventional injectable medications, leading to avoidance and low adherence among a reasonable portion of patients. Despite this, there is a limited number of studies investigating needle phobia prevalence and symptoms. In this survey, we studied the knowledge and prevalence of needle phobia and its manifestations among 1182 adult Jordanians. Moreover, we assessed the feasibility of microneedles delivery systems as an alternative approach to conventional injectable methods. The results revealed that 28.5% of the participants identified themselves with needle phobia, with a notably higher prevalence among females compared to males (p-value < 0.001). The overall prevalence of needle phobia based on its measured manifestations was found to be 27.4%. The survey also found that 68% of the population were unfamiliar with the concept of microneedles despite the reasonable proportion of the population who were aware of the disadvantages of conventional injectable medications. Furthermore, the survey identified four significant predictors of needle phobia through hierarchical linear regression analysis. Gender, occupation, and negative past experiences with needle injections accounted for 3%, 1%, and 1% of the variance in needle phobia, respectively. In addition, the participants' preference for microneedles over conventional injectables medications appeared as another significant predictor, contributing 5% of the variance. Overall, the model explained 10% of the variance in needle phobia. Collectively, this study provides an insight into needle phobia prevalence and manifestations in Jordan, while also exploring microneedles as an alternative drug delivery system for patients with needle phobia.

Abstract Background High awareness of cervical cancer (CC) risk factors is important to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with CC. This study aimed to assess the knowledge level of Palestinian women about CC risk factors and to determine the factors associated with good knowledge. Methods This was a national cross-sectional study. Adult women from hospitals, primary healthcare centers, and public spaces of 11 governorates in Palestine were recruited using a stratified convenience sampling. A translated-into-Arabic version of the validated CC awareness measure (CeCAM) was used to assess the knowledge about the 11 CC risk factors. For each correctly identified risk factor, the participant was given one point. The total score was calculated and was categorized into three categories: poor knowledge (0–3), fair knowledge (4–7), and good knowledge (8–11). Results A total of 7223 participants completed the Arabic CeCAM (response rate = 89.3%) and 7058 questionnaires were included in the final analysis: 2655 from the Gaza Strip and 4403 from the West Bank and Jerusalem. Participants recruited from the Gaza Strip were younger, getting lower monthly incomes, and with less chronic diseases than participants recruited from the West Bank and Jerusalem. The most frequently identified risk factor was ‘having a weakened immune system’ (n = 5458, 77.3%) followed by ‘infection with a sexually transmitted infection’ (n = 5388, 76.3%). The least identified risk factor was ‘having many children’ (n = 1597, 22.6%). Only 1670 women (23.7%) had good knowledge of CC risk factors. Women living in the Gaza Strip were more likely than women living in the West Bank and Jerusalem to have good knowledge (25.2% vs 22.7%). Completing a secondary or diploma degree, being employed, and having a monthly income of ≥ 1450 NIS (around $450) were all associated with lower likelihood of having good knowledge of CC risk factors. Conversely, knowing someone with cancer was associated with higher likelihood of having good knowledge. Conclusion The overall awareness of CC risk factors was low. There is a substantial need to establish educational programs to promote Palestinian women’s awareness of CC.

Abstract Background Timely presentation and diagnosis of cervical cancer (CC) are crucial to decrease its mortality especially in low- and middle-income countries like Palestine. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge of Palestinian women about CC warning signs and determine the factors associated with good knowledge. Methods This was a national cross-sectional study conducted between July 2019 and March 2020 in Palestine. Stratified convenience sampling was used to recruit adult women from hospitals, primary healthcare centers, and public spaces of 11 governorates. A translated-into-Arabic version of the validated CC awareness measure (CeCAM) was used to assess women’s knowledge of 12 CC warning signs. Results Of 8086 approached, 7223 participants completed the CeCAM (response rate = 89.3%). A total of 7058 questionnaires were included in the analysis: 2655 from the Gaza Strip and 4403 from the West Bank and Jerusalem (WBJ). The median age [interquartile range] for all participants was 34.0 [24.0, 42.0] years. Participants recruited from the WBJ were older, getting higher monthly income, and having more chronic diseases than those recruited from the Gaza Strip. The most frequently identified warning sign was ‘vaginal bleeding after menopause’ (n = 5028, 71.2%) followed by ‘extreme generalized fatigue’ (n = 4601, 65.2%) and ‘unexplained weight loss’ (n = 4578, 64.9%). Only 1934 participants (27.4%) demonstrated good knowledge of CC warning signs. Participants from the Gaza Strip were slightly more likely than participants from the WBJ to have a good level of knowledge. Factors associated with having good knowledge included having a bachelor or postgraduate degree, being married, divorced, or widowed as well as knowing someone with cancer. Conclusion The overall awareness of CC warning signs was low. Educational interventions are needed to increase Palestinian women’s awareness of CC warning signs.

This article attempts to probe the level of creative thinking of teachers at Philadelphia University in Jordan, and to define its relation with several independent demographic variables, namely age, gender, duration of experience, specialization, and personality types and traits. To accomplish this purpose, three questionnaires are administered on a randomly-chosen sample of (90) teachers at Philadelphia University, Jordan. Findings point out that personality traits included in the study are found available in teachers of Philadelphia University at meager proportions. They can be arranged according to degree of availability in the following descending order: amiable, persevering, savvy, courageous and daring, intelligent, insightful, dynamic and active, and independent. The level of creative thinking of teachers at Philadelphia University is found to be somewhat moderate. Besides, there is no statistically significant relation between the creative thinking of teachers studied and each of the following demographic variables: gender, age, experience, and personality types. Specialization and amiability are concluded to affect the level of creative thinking: the first positively and the second adversely. The other personality traits studied are not available in proportions that considerably affect the level of creative thinking of teachers. As for personality types, they were found to be mainly Epimetheans and Apollonians. Several conclusions and recommendations concerning the teaching-learning environments and processes are outlined.

(1) Background: Earthquakes are natural disasters that often result in significant loss of life and property. The objective of this study is to explore the frequency of symptoms associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), levels of meaning in life (ML), and perceived social support (SS) among university students in the aftermath of the earthquake that occurred in Turkey and Syria in 2023. (2) Methods: This study utilizes a cross-sectional correlation design to achieve its objectives among 603 university students from two public universities using an online survey (via Google Forms). The survey was launched one month after the earthquake in Turkey and Syria and concluded on 6 April 2023. (3) Results: The results indicate that a total of 158 university students, constituting 26.20% of the sample, reported extreme symptoms of PTSD. The results also indicate that 184 students (30.51), and 140 students (23.22%) reported low levels of ML and SS, respectively. Female students were significantly more vulnerable to experiencing PTSD symptoms, as well as difficulties in finding ML and SS. Finally, results revealed that students who were pursuing postgraduate studies had a greater likelihood of exhibiting symptoms indicative of PTSD. (4) Conclusions: It is recommended that universities provide support services and resources for students experiencing PTSD symptoms.

The Existence Scale (ES) is a theory-based measure assessing personal fulfillment and finding meaning in life. This study aims to translate the ES into Arabic language and test its psychometric properties in Jordan populations. A methodological design was performed on a convenience sample of 551 participants by three samples of nurses, schoolteachers, and undergraduate students. Data collection was carried out between February and May 2019. Translation and back translation, face validity (Important Score>1.5), content validity ratio (CVR>0.62) and index (CVI/Ave>0.80), construct, convergent, and discriminant validity were obtained. Furthermore, Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability, and average variance extracted were investigated in this study. The results showed that five items were deleted based on content validity ratio and four items were deleted based on their low factor loading. The exploratory factor analysis showed four subscales for the translated ES (37 items), explaining 61.57% of the variance collectively. The confirmatory factor analysis supported the four subscales with acceptable goodness of fit indices. The result of the total Cronbach’s alpha for the ES was 0.93, and for subscales it ranged from 0.88 to 0.93. Composite reliability and average variance extracted results for the translated ES were supportive of the reliability. These results confirm that the translated Arabic version of the ES (37 items) in Jordan populations is acceptable regarding validity and reliability.

Existential vacuum and psychological burnout are becoming increasingly important issues in healthcare professions, especially nursing. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of several demographic factors including gender, work position, experience, and educational level as well as existential vacuum and locus of control (external and internal) in predicting burnout among nurses. A convenience sample of 181 nurses was selected to represent the study sample. Participants were assessed using an existence scale, locus of control scale, and burnout scale. The study showed that 40.3% of nurses had severe existential vacuum. It was found that 93.9% of nurses had experienced a moderate level of burnout. External locus of control was the most common personality trait among participating nurses in this study. It also was found that existential vacuum and external locus of control were the main predictors of psychological burnout among nurses. The findings of our study highlight major problems facing nursing, such as existential vacuum and psychological burnout. It is recommended to enhance nurses’ workplace, provide proper psychological prevention programs, and teach advocacy skills.

Background Hand hygiene has been one of the hottest topics in immunology and control infection, especially during the spread of the coronavirus 2019 pandemic. Objectives This study aimed to assess the perception level of hand hygiene among nurses and physicians in Jordan. It also explored the differences between them during the spread of the coronavirus 2019 pandemic. Furthermore, it investigated the potential associations of several demographic factors including gender, age, and site of work on hand hygiene among nurses and physicians. Methods The study adopted a cross-sectional comparative study design and it was presented on 183 convenience participants (100 nurses vs 83 physicians). A perception survey by the World Health Organization was used in this study. Results Results showed high perception levels of hand hygiene among nurses and physicians during the spread of the coronavirus 2019 pandemic. Statistical analysis indicated that physicians had significantly higher levels of hand hygiene than nurses. A total score of 46.4% had demonstrated in preventing healthcare-associated infection in a patient’s clinical outcome among both professions. Age was found to be associated with the perception level of hand hygiene among both professions whereas gender and site of work were not found to be associated with the perception level of hand hygiene in both professions. Conclusion and Implications to Nursing physicians had higher levels of hand hygiene than nurses during the spread of the coronavirus 2019 pandemic. More formal educational sessions on hand hygiene should be provided to prevent healthcare-associated infection and to promote clinical outcomes.

In this study, a new panic buying behavior (PBB) and awareness scales were established and verified during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The PBB scales measured the relationship between people's awareness about COVID-19 and PBB. Moreover, this study investigated the potential association of some demographic factors with PBB. The online descriptive cross-sectional survey was collected from 429 Jordanians who were selected using the snowball sampling technique. The online survey started from April 1st to April 10th, 2020. Pearson correlation coefficient, one-way analysis of variance, independent sample t-test, and linear regression were used in this study. Findings indicated that both established scales were valid and reliable for achieving the required level of validity and reliability. In the current study, participants' awareness of COVID-19 was high; but, their PBB was low. Single and young individuals were positively associated with PBB. Awareness about COVID-19 and age were found to be the main predictors of PBB. This study concluded that the higher the awareness level about COVID-19, the lower PBB. High PBB may affect the world economy, highlighting the importance of COVID-19 awareness.

This paper attempts to delineate the frameworks of learner-centered vis-à-vis teacher-centered processes of learning prevalent in the second decade of the twenty-first century. It defines the pedagogical changes that have emerged due to the development of delivery technologies, and the interrelations among teachers, students, and knowledge. The paper clarifies the following frameworks of learning approaches: learner-centered yet teacher-determined pre-web pedagogy, the multi-directed web 1.0 learning (andragogy), the learner-determined web 2.0 learning (heutagogy), and the network-directed web 3.0 learning (paragogy). The difference between the pedagogy and andragogy paradigms is succinctly that the first is child-centered, while the second is adult-centered. The difference between the heutagogy and paragogy paradigms is a matter of degree of maturity and autonomy, as well as self-direction versus instructor-control. Paragogy requires more autonomy and self-direction. A study conducted at Philadelphia University--Jordan, revealed that 62% of faculty members surveyed considered themselves performing the role of andragogy (Teacher Multi-directed Adult Learning paradigm), 21% appeared to perform that of the pedagogy paradigm (pre-web or Teacher Uni-directed Student Learning paradigm), while 12% said that they perform the role of heutagogy (Self-directed Learning paradigm), and 5% that of paragogy (Network-directed Learning paradigm). This paper also tries to outline the basic theories of connectedness and collaboration, as well as the four stages of development of the learning processes, ranging from pre-web learning styles (comprising traditional, radio learning, video books, and computer-assisted learning styles), web 1.0 (including electronic and blended learning styles), web 2.0 (making mobile and ubiquitous learning styles possible), and web 3.0 (facilitating the pervasive learning style). It describes the impact of new social software technologies upon teacher-knowledge, learner-knowledge, teacher-learner relations, and social networking. The main contribution of this paper is one of awareness that the traditional role of faculty members operating in pre-web content-based situations has become obsolete and improper. It clarifies the frameworks of self-determined life-long learning that made educational institutions redefine the packages of services they offer, and procure the infrastructure required to perform their duties in the current digital age. Redefinition of pedagogy to meet requirements of the twenty-first century students seems to be a must, and should form an integral part of any professional training program designed for university faculty members.

This paper is a review of blended learning as a catalyst of optimizing the achievement of learning objectives. Blended learning forms an attempt to apply the right learning technologies to match the right personal learning styles to transfer the right skills to the right persons at the right times. The paper is about rethinking the teaching and learning processes through reconsidering the traditional concepts of university pedagogy, student attendance patterns and methods of learning. The paper uses three questionnaires to examine the environment of educational practices at Philadelphia University-Jordan as a model of Arab universities. It outlines the pros and cons of new technological devices currently used, or are projected to be used within the coming five years from the point of view of a stratified random sample of around (42%) of the faculty at Philadelphia University. It demarcates the challenges and risks waiting ahead from using such devices, and tries to describe some future directions in the field of blended learning. The paper also delineates the structure-map of a model of the teaching process of an e-learning module. Responses to the questionnaires indicate that online courses, social networks and text messaging notification will certainly be in use in university pedagogy within five years, while mashups and sensor networks have meager opportunity to prevail. Results show that the semester university system is expected to become obsolete due to the varied lengths of modules, and that university requirements will vary. Feasibility of tailoring programs according to student preferences has low opportunity of adoption. The responses indicate a high risk of students graduating without obtaining the basic knowledge of certain subjects due to easy access to information and research. Results also reveal an increased possibility of plagiarism, and that there is no expected increase in students engaging in unacceptable behavior towards faculty as a result of using new technological devices. The paper concludes that Arab universities are still lagging in adopting blended learning due to the inadequacy of organizational readiness, unqualified faculty, high cost of module production, and the unavailability of the infrastructure needed especially in rural areas. Collaborative work among universities seems essential to achieve positive change in the modes of education based on interactivity. Recommendations at university and governmental levels are highlighted to promote the implementation of blended learning at Arab universities.

Introduction Pediatric nursing students are expected to work hard to help children realize their full potential by giving care, knowing their growth process, and being responsive to their needs. Students should be able to communicate effectively and solve problems. Nurses who care for pediatric patients experience compassion fatigue as well as moderate to severe levels of work-related stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of progressive muscle relaxation exercise on anxiety among nursing students during pediatric nursing clinical training. Methods A quasi-experimental, pre-post study was conducted in the faculty of nursing at the Arab American University/Palestine. The sample of the study consists of 60 nursing students enrolled in the pediatric nursing course were selected through convenience sampling. This study was conducted on one group of nursing students that received Jacobson's progressive muscle relaxation exercise for five consecutive days per week for two weeks before entering the clinical environment. The S-anxiety scale (STAI Form Y-1) was applied to collect data before and after the intervention. Results The magnitude of anxiety after the progressive muscle relaxation exercise was greater reduced than before (t (59) = 21.1, P

Nurses are facing real stressors due to patients’ needs and leaders’ demands. The aim of this study is to explore the perceived level of core self-evaluation (CSE), leader empowering behavior (LEB), and job security among Jordan University Hospital nurses in Amman, the capital of Jordan. Furthermore, it investigates the relationship between the selected variables. Differences of gender, educational level, experience, and site of work are also examined with job security. Moreover, it evaluates the contribution of CSE, LEB, gender, educational level, experience, and site of work in predicting job security among Jordan University Hospital nurses. A descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted for this study. A convenience sample of 214 nurses from Jordan University Hospital was completed the CSE scale, LEB scale, and job security scale. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and stepwise regression were used to analyze the results. The results indicate that job security is found to be at high level, whereas LEB and CSE are found to be at moderate levels among nurses. Significant positive relationships are found between CSE, LEB, and job security. Male nurses and medical/surgical floors reported higher levels of job security than female nurses and intensive care units. Finally, the results show that LEB and gender are significant predictors of job security among nurses. We suggest that managers of nurses should apply leadership behaviors in order to increase their job security and career empowerment.

Total knee replacement (TKR) is a common procedure that is considered cost-effective with excellent long-term survivorship. This cross-sectional study, which includes 118 selected patients in Jordan from January 2020 to January 2021, aims to assess health-related quality of life (HQOL), functional status, and associated factors before and after 3 to 12 months of TKR. Furthermore, several demographical factors were included in this study to evaluate the potential association with the procedure’s outcome. Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index scale (WOMAC) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) scale were used in this study. It was found that the main change occurred 6–12 months after the procedure. Gender and age were found to be the primary predictor of quality of life among TKR patients. Patients before the TKR procedure experienced severe pain, joint stiffness, physical impairment, and psychological demand issues. After the TKR procedure, all symptoms were improved significantly. The TKR procedure can improve the quality of life for patients, which can be detected for several months after the procedure. Function and pain are the most critical indicators of improvement in quality of life. Assessing the quality of life is a key indicator for identifying patients without improvement, as well as improving the health care process and comparing other alternative interventions.

(1) Background: Workplace violence among healthcare providers (HCPs) is a tangible barrier to patient care. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into physicians’ and nurses’ perceptions of workplace violence and their perceptions of communication skills during the COVID-19 health emergency. We also sought to assess and compare the association between types of workplace violence, communication skills, and several sociodemographic factors of physicians and nurses including gender, marital status, site of work, age, and educational level during this era. (2) Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of a selected hospital in Jordan using the Arabic version of the workplace violence and communication skills scales for September to November 2020. We included a total of 102 physicians and 190 nurses via a self-reported questionnaire. (3) Results: During the COVID-19 health emergency, physicians (48%) experienced workplace violence more than nurses (31.6%). More than two-thirds of the participants did not formally report any type of violence. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that marital status, gender, age, site of work, educational levels, and communication skills were associated with different types of violence among the two samples. (4) Conclusions: A high prevalence of workplace violence is noted among HCPs in Jordan compared with before the pandemic, which highlights the importance of promoting public awareness during crises.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the contribution of self-evaluation, professional status and several demographic factors in predicting burnout among nurses in Jordan. This study was performed on a stratified convenience sample of 350 nurses from 6 hospitals. Modified versions of burnout inventory, self-evaluation scale, and professional status scale were developed, validated and used in this study. Burnout, self-evaluation, and professional status are all found to be at moderate levels. Furthermore, self-evaluation and professional status are found to be important predictors of burnout. On the other hand, although type of hospital and educational level are found to be associated with the level of burnout, overall none of the studied demographic factors was found to be a significant predictor of burnout among nurses in Jordan.