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Microalgae have been evaluated as promising resource for biodiesel production, but algal biofuel production is not yet commercially viable, which reflects the high energy costs linked with cultivation, harvesting, and dewatering of algae. As crude oil processing declines, microalgae biorefineries are being considered for producing bioactives such as enzymes, proteins, omega-3 oils, pigments, recombinant products, and vitamins, to offset the costs of biofuel production. We believe that producing algal bioactives through advanced manufacturing pathways, encompassing a biorefinery approach, would be effective, profitable, and economical.

Microalgae farming has gained interest because of the heavy processing requirement of non-renewable fuel sources and increased vegetable oil prices that prevent them from being used for biodiesel production. Chlorella varibilis MK039712.1, a freshwater microalga with 24.0 ± 0.6% w/w lipid was isolated from Valparai, Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, India, that was dried, lysed to extract it for biodiesel production. The present study aims to produce biodiesel from the Chlorella variabilis MK039712.1 algal oil by optimizing the transesterification conditions by varying catalyst concentration, methanol to oil molar ratio, time, temperature using Response Surface Methodology. At 8:1 methanol to algal oil molar ratio, 0.3 wt % of catalyst, 65 °C reaction temperature and 120 min reaction time, a maximum of 96% biodiesel yield was obtained. The variations in chemical structure of the transesterified algal oil was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy, 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. The fuel properties were also determined and found comparable with the ASTM standards.

Biodiesel, as a renewable and eco-friendly energy source that can be produced through algae oil esterification, has recently received much attention. Maximization of algal biomass and lipid content is crucial for commercial biodiesel production. In this study, Chlorella sp. PG96, a microalgal strain isolated from urban wastewater, was identified considering its morphological and molecular characteristics. Fractional factorial design ( 2 11 - 7 ) was employed to screen medium and environmental factors for achieving high lipid productivity. The effects of eleven factors including light intensity, light spectrum, aeration rate, temperature, salinity, NaHCO3, CO2, NaNO3, NH4Cl, MgSO4.7H2O, and K2HPO4 and their interactions on growth characteristics of Chlorella sp. PG96 (biomass and lipid production) were statistically assessed. Based on the experimental results, lipid productivity was at its maximum (54.19 ± 8.40 mglipid L−1 day−1) under a combination of high levels of all factors. The analysis also showed that physical parameters of light intensity and temperature were more effective on algal growth compared to nutritional parameters. Furthermore, nitrogen source of ammonium and carbon source of bicarbonate played more significant roles in biomass and lipid production, compared with nitrate and CO2, respectively. Although the effect of sulfur limitation on cellular growth was similar to phosphorus deficiency, S-limitation had a greater impact on lipid accumulation. The interaction between NaHCO3 and NH4Cl was the most prominent interaction affecting all responses. It is concluded that Chlorella sp. PG96 at a high level of light intensity and temperature (22500 Lux and 32 °C, respectively) can be a prospective candidate for biodiesel production.

A number of technological challenges need to be overcome if algae are to be utilized for commercial fuel production. Current economic assessment is largely based on laboratory scale up or commercial systems geared to the production of high value products, since no industrial scale plant exits that are dedicated to algal biofuel. For macroalgae (‘seaweeds’), the most promising processes are anaerobic digestion for biomethane production and fermentation for bioethanol, the latter with levels exceeding those from sugar cane. Currently, both processes could be enhanced by increasing the rate of degradation of the complex polysaccharide cell walls to generate fermentable sugars using specifically tailored hydrolytic enzymes. For microalgal biofuel production, open raceway ponds are more cost-effective than photobioreactors, with CO2 and harvesting/dewatering costs estimated to be ~50% and up to 15% of total costs, respectively. These costs need to be reduced by an order of magnitude if algal biodiesel is to compete with petroleum. Improved economics could be achieved by using a low-cost water supply supplemented with high glucose and nutrients from food grade industrial wastewater and using more efficient flocculation methods and CO2 from power plants. Solar radiation of not −1 favours production sites 30° north or south of the equator and should use marginal land with flat topography near oceans. Possible geographical sites are discussed. In terms of biomass conversion, advances in wet technologies such as hydrothermal liquefaction, anaerobic digestion, and transesterification for algal biodiesel are presented and how these can be integrated into a biorefinery are discussed.

Algae is rich in storage lipids and fats that can be converted into biodiesel. This study determined the algal oil from Lake Sebu, South Cotabato as biodiesel source. Samples were prepared at varying treatments and ratio with n-Hexane. The algal oil was extracted and efficiency % were determined. FFA% and Acid Number of the oil extract were identified using chemical titration. FTIR was used for Chemical characterization while GC-MS identified fatty acid and other organics. With the constant volume of solvent and by changing the mass of dried algae, the percent yield of oil increases as the solvent to algae ratio increases. Therefore, biomass ratio with n-Hexane should be 1:3. The IR spectra of the oil extract indicated the presence of functional groups such as amine and carbonyl group of amides, methylene, methyl, and alkene. While, GC-MS showed that the fatty acids found can be a potential biodiesel.

The use of wastewater-grown microalgae has the potential to reduce the cost of algae-derived biofuels while simultaneously advancing nutrient recovery at water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs). However, a significant barrier has been the low yield and high protein content of phototrophic biomass. Here, we examine the use of solids residence time (SRT) as a selective pressure in driving biochemical composition, yield, biofuel production, and WRRF nutrient management cost. We cultivated mixed phototrophic communities in controlled, laboratory-scale photobioreactors on the local WRRF secondary effluent to link SRT with biochemical composition and techno-economic analysis to yield insights into biomass composition and downstream processing effects on minimum fuel selling price. SRT significantly impacted biochemical composition, with total and dynamic carbohydrates the highest at low SRT (total carbohydrates being 0.60 and 0.32 mg-carbohydrate·mg-protein-1 at SRT 5 and 15 days, respectively). However, there were distinct differences between extant, steady-state performance and intrinsic potential, and longer SRT communities were able to accumulate significant fractions (51% on an ash-free dry weight basis, AFDW %) of carbohydrate reserves under nutrient starvation. Overall, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) was found to be more suitable than lipid extraction for hydrotreating (LEH) and combined algal processing (CAP) for conversion of biomass to fuels, but LEH and CAP became more competitive when intrinsic carbon storage potential was realized. The results suggest that the use of algae for nutrient recovery could reduce the nutrient management cost at WRRFs through revenue from algal biofuels, with HTL resulting in a net revenue.

Industrialization is rapidly increasing by releasing a wide range of pollutants such as persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals, dyes to the environment. These pollutants to elimination require strongly effective treatment methods. Biosorption is a promising technology compared to the most wastewater treatment method which uses biomaterials to remediate the pollutants. This study aimed at investigating the removal of pollution parameters of a steel industry wastewater by using Chlorella variabilis microalgae. Additionally, after the treatment, investigation of efficient utilization of used microalgae into the biodiesel fuel is the other main objective. Microalgae strains were inoculated to the diluted and undiluted wastewater samples and cultured at 200 rpm, 27°C and 2 Klux light in a shaking incubator. Wastewater was diluted with tap water in different proportions by volume. During the culture/treatment period, pH, temperature, and optical density were measured. After the treatment, lipid content, fatty acid compositions of the biomass, and metal ions amount of the treated wastewater were determined. The growth of biomass was observed barely for all samples. The highest lipid content (26%) and lipid productivity 0.74 mg/L day were observed in the undiluted sample. The fatty acids composition was determined to be rich in Pentadecanoic acid (63.3%) and the Cetane Number (CN) value of the methyl ester mixture of algal oil was calculated as 65.26 for the same culture media. Also, the removal of 85% iron and 60% zinc was achieved in the undiluted sample. The maximum biosorption capacities of Chlorella variabilis for Fe, Cu, and Zn ions were 867, 118, and 52 mg/g dry biomass, respectively. As a result, the study suggests that using microalgae in wastewater treatment is hopeful for the development of environmentally friendly, more efficient, and economical technologies. Besides, due to the high amount of cetane number in this oil, it is suitable to be used as a source of raw material in biodiesel production.

The present paper aims to show the difference between fresh feed oil and waste cooking oil and their effect on Engine performance, Exhaust gases, and Combustion Engine. This study has used waste co...

Today, the developed countries of the world, including European ones, implement various innovative concepts of energy-saving technologies in construction, where energy, economic, environmental and social measures are one. Teachers and students of the Dnieper State College of Construction and Assembly Technologies are not indifferent to these problems. Projects created by the method of modeling on polyfoam: Ecological project of the "Green" district of Stockholm "Hammarby-Shestad", Project "ECO-FARM", and "Alternative biofuel from algae". The projects were created by the method of modeling during the work of the biology group "Nadiya" and the ecology group "Ekomaybutne". The model of the constructed ecological farm almost completely provides itself with alternative sources of energy and fuel and does not depend on traditional hydrocarbon energy sources, world prices for which are growing rapidly. The Swedish environmental model is an example for Ukraine, which has a significant agricultural potential of energy biomass, developed industry, a large amount of heat emissions for the construction of binary power plants. For students, future professionals, the creation of such ecological farms is a clear example of rational nature management, resource and energy conservation. The creation of such ecological areas as Hammarby Shestad and similar "Eco-farms" contributes to the preservation of traditional energy resources, improves the environment, stabilizes the climate on the planet. Solving problems in the field of bioenergy will contribute to solving economic, social and environmental problems, achieving national strategic goals in general.

Algal biofuel research aims to make a renewable, carbon–neutral biofuel by using oil-producing microalgae. The freshwater microalga Botryococcus braunii has received much attention due to its ability to accumulate large amounts of petroleum-like hydrocarbons but suffers from slow growth. We performed a large-scale screening of fast-growing strains with 180 strains isolated from 22 ponds located in a wide geographic range from the tropics to cool-temperate. A fast-growing strain, Showa, which recorded the highest productivities of algal hydrocarbons to date, was used as a benchmark. The initial screening was performed by monitoring optical densities in glass tubes and identified 9 wild strains with faster or equivalent growth rates to Showa. The biomass-based assessments showed that biomass and hydrocarbon productivities of these strains were 12–37% and 11–88% higher than that of Showa, respectively. One strain, OIT-678 established a new record of the fastest growth rate in the race B strains with a doubling time of 1.2 days. The OIT-678 had 36% higher biomass productivity, 34% higher hydrocarbon productivity, and 20% higher biomass density than Showa at the same cultivation conditions, suggesting the potential of the new strain to break the record for the highest productivities of hydrocarbons.

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are important elements for global food production, but these nutrients cause pollution in water bodies without proper management. Furthermore, P is a finite resource with geologic reserves that are geographically restricted. Thus, sustainable use of P in agriculture has been the subject of much research over the past decade. This study jointly examines two examples of potential sustainability measures to address nutrient challenges: improved crop varieties and use of recycled fertilizers. We tested the effectiveness of dried biomass of a freshwater alga (Scenedesmus acutus) as a fertilizer with conventional lettuce [Lactuca sativa cv. Conquistador; WT (wild-type)] and genetically modified lettuce of the same variety that was transformed for improved nutrient-use efficiency [(type I Arabidopsis Vacuolar Pyrophosphatase (AVP1)]. In greenhouse conditions, we measured yield, soil nutrient content and losses, and soil P fractions after application of dried S. acutus biomass at different rates, with and without supplemental additions of conventional fertilizer. Yield was higher with commercial fertilizer compared with algal fertilizer, and AVP1 lettuce consistently produced better yield than the conventional lettuce with both fertilizer types, although the effect was stronger with the algal treatments. Soil P was mostly sequestered in the pools of NaHCO3-extractable organic P, NaOH-extractable organic P, and HCl-extractable P, which are poorly available. Although the algal fertilizer was ineffective in supporting short-term growth, the P was retained in the soils, which may improve soil fertility in the long term.

Researchers are looking for alternative energy sources, and biofuel from algae has a significant contribution as an alternative renewable fuel. This paper aims to evaluate fundamental running param...

Algal-based biofuels offer distinct advantages over other types of biofuels currently available within the fuel industry. However, one important disadvantage is that over their entire life cycle, they consume significant amounts of energy through cultivation, pretreatment, and production. Under pretreatment, drying is an energy-intensive yet highly critical process in standardizing the production of algal biofuel products. The current study proposes the use of artificial intelligence (AI) methods in optimizing the efficiency of a vacuum drying process. Previously, vacuum drying was modeled using least-squares regression methods, which captured the general linear or non-linear trend of the samples, but secured poor accuracy for individual sample points. In addition, these methods are unsuitable for online parameter optimization. Three AI-based models were developed to model the vacuum drying process, specifically an artificial neural network (ANN), a support vector machine (SVM), and an extreme gradient boosting machine (XGB). Based on error values, the ANN (RMSE = 0.0437) and XGB (RMSE = 0.0308) outperformed polynomial regression, and all models obtained meaningful lower values than multivariate linear regression (MLR). There is a notable difference in the ability of XGB to approximate individual sample points, particularly at high and low tail-ends of the dataset. Overall, the AI methods exhibited higher accuracy in estimating the drying characteristics for the chosen strain of algae. The current study may be extended to optimization by relating the control parameters to energy consumption, and automation based on the mathematical model.

The entire universe is faced with the two important crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. The decrement in crude oil reserves and environmental concerns have led to find an alternative fuels from various bio-origin sources. Calophyllum Inophyllum and Algae have performance will give much attention recently due to their high growing rates and more oil contents. The aim of the current investigation is to find the performance and emission characteristics of single cylinder four stroke direct injection diesel engine using algae oil and Calophyllum Inophyllum oil as an alternate fuel. Bio-diesel was prepared from algae oil and Calophyllum Inophyllum oil by transesterification process. The high viscosity of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil and Algae oil was compensated by mixing with diesel fuel. Calophyllum Inophyllum Methyl Ester (CIME) and Micro Algae Methyl Ester (MAME) biodiesel and Di-Ethyl Ether (DEE) was blended with diesel fuel with the volumetric ratio of 20%, 40%, 60% were tested. Fuel properties of different blends were found out and the performance characteristics and exhaust emission of the engine fueled with blends were analyzed. The test reveals that CIME and MAME with ignition improver blends are Produce high brake thermal efficiency, low BSFC and lesser emissions than conventional fuel. The CIME and MAME have good combustion and emission performance compare with diesel fuel. Among these blends B40 fuel results CO and NOx emission values and the performance values of the engine were improved.

This paper aims to reduce the air pollution in diesel engine by various blending Biodiesel. The algae blooms collected from the lake and pond. The algae oil products extract from the algae bloom by an extraction process, then the algae oil mixed with the diesel at the range of B5, B15, B25. Blending oil performance is compared with the diesel aid of VCR engine. The mechanical efficiency and thermal efficiency analyzed on Biodiesel using engine setup. The emission characteristics like CO emission and CO2 emission of Biodiesel investigated in the VCR engine at various testing conditions. Based on the results can able to justify the blended Biodiesel can reduce the environmental pollution and also provide better efficiency compared with the diesel product.

Microalgae is promising to be used as feedstock resources for hydrogen production due to its high oil and grease contents. This promotes the development of extraction technology of microalgae oil. In this study, based on the Rayleigh-Plesset equation, the effects of temperature, pressure, ultrasonic power and frequency on the bubble motion of ethanol ultrasound cavitation are investigated. Subsequently, the effects of different process parameters on the extraction rate are studied using Schizochytrium sp. as raw material by stirring or ultrasonic-assisted extraction. And the composition of algae extraction oil is analyzed. The results show that the amplitude of cavitation bubbles increases with the increase of ultrasonic power and decrease of ultrasonic frequency. The extraction rate of algae oil reaches 93.76 ± 0.48% when the ultrasonic power is 150 W, the reaction time is 30 min, the temperature is 50 °C and the liquid-solid ratio is 10:1.

The demand for energy is growing tremendously due to the modernization in every aspect of life, hence in order to meet the demands without any lag in the growth and development of the world, an alternative source of energy needs to be found. The best alternative would be biofuels which are extracted from organic compounds. Out of many different organic sources available, algae are one among them, which can be used to extract biofuel. Algae are aquatic organisms which are found in all types of water bodies. Also, algae are plentily available and can be easily cultivated, to be considered as one of the potential raw material for production of biodiesel in large scale. In this present research, an experimental setup was fabricated to produce the algae oil. The algae species used for this investigation was Spirogyra sp. Solvent extraction method was used to produce algae oil. The Soxhlet apparatus was used to carry out the solvent extraction process. The solvent type used for the present study was n-hexane, which is an organic non-polar solvent suitable for extracting lipid content from the biomass. From the experiment, it was found that the oil extraction from 100% dried algae and finer size of algae resulted in higher percentage of oil extraction. For algae of mass 50 g, the oil yielded was around 83% for solid to solvent ratio of 1:5, particle size of 0.322 μm, and reaction time was of 3 h. Also, the oil extracted from the algae is characterized to identify its suitability for using it as an alternative fuel in the IC engines. The characterization revealed that, the physiochemical properties were in permissible range in comparison with the standard diesel.

Considered as a promising source of sustainable energy, biofuel produced from algae holds many advantages. However, to truly understand the production process and assess the potential for further o...

Emission of NOx in biodiesel is a major challenge in implementing the biodiesel as alternate of fossil fuel. In this study, pure petroleum diesel fuel, algae oil, mango seed biodiesel and nanoaddit...

The low oxidative stability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in omega-3 supplements may cause the formation of compounds that may have negative healthy effects. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) contains high content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyphenols, which might improve PUFA oxidative stability when combined with vegetable oils enriched in them. In order to prevent the formation of oxidized compounds and improve the shelf-life of PUFA, different proportions of EVOO (enriched in oleic acid and polyphenols) and algae oil (AO) were studied. For this purpose, both pure oils combined in different proportions were stored under accelerated degradation conditions (40 and 55 °C) for 70 days. Correlations and significant changes in levels of fatty acids composition, phenolic components and oxidation rates during storage time were studied. Throughout storage, higher EVOO quantity at the final mixture was related with less PUFA degradation, where a 27.53% decrease in PUFA of AO passed to less than 12% in a resulting oil of at least 75% of EVOO. PUFA concentration correlated with the formation of secondary peroxides, while MUFA content from EVOO produced a reduction in PUFA degradation. In addition, high secoiridoid levels in mixtures decreased the hydrolysis of triglycerides over the time.

This study prepared an elastic material with an infrared (IR)-transmitting property based on the structural features of algae oils. The bulk copolymerization of elemental sulfur and unsaturated hyd...

Diesel Powered engines are predominately used in transport and power generators. Due to rapid depletion of fossils fuels like diesel, there is need to find alternate resources for as a fuel for transport and power sector. The use of third generation fuels like algae seems to be a promising solution to satisfy our energy demands in future. In these work algae is used as an alternative fuel with different blend combination with diesel and the results obtained are summarized. Algae fuel is blended with diesel on a volume basis, namely A10, A20, A30, A40 and A100 and made to run in diesel engines. The properties of the fuels were found according to American Society for Testing and Materials standards. Experimental testing was carried out in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Among the various blends tested A20 shows closer estimation with diesel results in higher thermal efficiency lower HC, CO, Smoke and particulate matter emissions. However, the other emissions like Nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide were shown marginally higher. Regarding cylinder pressure and heat release rate curves, the peak value obtained is considerably lower at higher load condition while compared with diesel.

Biodiesel was prepared by extracting oil from Cladophora glomerata green algae followed by transesterification of the oil using NaOH as a catalyst. The algae Oil extraction was carried out using two different techniques (Soxhlet and refluxing) and similar oil yield was obtained (23-24%). The resulting biodiesel showed desirable physical and chemical properties. Specific gravity, acid value, iodine value, ash content and calorific value of the algae biodiesel were within the specification of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and European Standards (EN). The analysis of fatty acid methyl ester composition revealed, 63, 27 and 10% for 9-octadecodenoic, hexadeconic and octadeconoic acid methyl ester, respectively. From the production line, two waste streams (glycerol and residual biomass) were combined to form a glycerine pellet. The measured energy content of the glycerine pellet was found to be comparable with firewood. Therefore, C. glomerata could potentially be utilized for the production of both biodiesel and glycerine pellet with no net waste in the transesterification process. KEY WORDS: Algae oil, Biodiesel, Transesterification, Glycerine pellet, Macroalgae, Cladophora glomerata Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2020, 34(2), 249-258 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v34i2.4

The aim of present paper is to study the performance of diesel engine utilizing algae oil methyl ester (AOME) as green fuel and to investigate the chance of using AOME blend with diesel widely instead of diesel. This review incorporates the investigation of AOME from various strains of algae in different kinds of diesel engine. The majority of the examinations consent to the reduction in exhaust emission and the increase in Engine efficiency while utilizing AOME in CI engine. Numerous scientists revealed increment in NOx. As a conclusion, it has been found that algae oil is barely investigated and till date few of past papers contain opposing outcomes or non-very much contemplated practices as this overview illustrates.

This study conducts a comparative evaluation the effect of using palm kernel oil (PKO), pure petroleum diesel and their blends (B5, B10, B20, B30, B40, and B100), on the performance of a four-cylinder CI diesel engine (David Brown 990: 58hp; 2WD), at Farm Power and Machinery Test laboratory Centre (FPMTLC), Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The objective of the study was to determine the fuel consumption rates, energy expended, brake specific fuel consumption, and brake thermal efficiency, under varying operating speeds (700 – 1900rpm) at constant torque. Each fuel test was conducted using the Heenan-Froude hydraulic dynamometer engine-test-bed; pure petroleum diesel (B0) was used to generate the baseline data. Variables calculated were analyzed, then compared with each other to determine the differences in the engine performance and also to determine the optimum test fuel. The results obtained show that B10 had the overall optimum energy output, fuel consumption rates, and brake specific fuel consumption of 5431.809J, 3.42E-07 m3/s, and 0.16569l/KWh, respectively at the highest engine speed of 1900. B10 had an excellent brake thermal efficiency of 60.6% but was not better than B100, which showed a higher value of 66.95%. From the analysis, B10 is the optimum test fuel and can be used as an alternative fuel in David Brown 990 (58hp; 2WD) or similar CI diesel engines without any engine modification, even though B100 showed potential as an alternative to fossil diesel. Biofuel production grows through integrated aquaculture and algae production; the algae oil will serve as a raw material for biofuel production Keywords: Blends, Biodiesel, Brake Specific Consumption, Diesel Engine, Fuel Consumption rate, Thermal Efficiency.

Algae growing in the thermal power plant environment are considered as waste for the power industry. But the algal biomass could act as efficient CO2-bio-sequester as they are adapted to grow under...

Current research talks about the extraction of green crude from algae using fast pyrolysis, comparison of properties of biofuel derived from various feedstocks, analysis of biofuels using multi-cri...

The economic feasibility of growing Nannochloropsis sp. at the commercial scale was evaluated for the production of biodiesel and co-products. A local isolate of Nannochoropsis was grown in (6) 200-L raceway ponds at Alexandria University wherein cultures reached maximum cell concentrations ~ 4–6 × 107 cells/mL (0.63–0.88 g/L dry weight) and a peak biomass productivity of 0.09 g/L/day during mid- to late-log growth. Areal productivity was estimated at 17.65 g/m2/day when ponds were operated on a semi-batch schedule, harvesting 50% every 2 days and recycling 60% of the media. Areal productivity was estimated around 10.3 g/m2/day for batch schedules. Late-log cultures harvested from all ponds yielded 10 kg of wet algal paste, which was reduced to 1.05 kg of dried algal powder. The biomass was composed of valuable co-products approx. 14.0% carbohydrate, 37.3% protein, 0.01% chlorophyll-a, and 0.02% carotenoids (w/w). Total lipid made up 38% of the biomass (w/w); 34% of the biomass was determined to be neutral lipid which are transesterified to biodiesel and 4% are polar lipid. Fatty acids from glycerolipids were quantified by gas chromatography-flame-ionization detector (GC-FID) as fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) revealing carbon-chain lengths from C6 to C22. A preliminary economic evaluation was conducted to determine the feasibility of constructing commercial-scale algae biodiesel production facilities in Egypt. The return on investment (ROI) of the current economic feasibility study for biofuel production alone was 22% after considering the market prices of the biodiesel, cake, and glycerol by-products. Based on this assessment, additional high-value products are needed to improve the ROI. Noting that the valuable co-products are considered as added cost in the biomass left after biodiesel production.

Methyl ester production from jatropha-algae oil is conducted through a transesterification process. Consequences of four parameters, the molar ratio (oil:methanol), the reaction temperature, the amount of catalyst, and the reaction time for obtaining a higher yield of biodiesel, are derived, and the process was optimized using the response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken Design. An optimized biodiesel yield of 96% is achieved at a molar ratio of 1:10, a reaction temperature of 53° C, a 0.3 wt% catalyst, and a reaction time of 172 min. The predicted optimal conditions were experimentally validated with a relative error of 4% of the experimental result (96%). The P value of ANOVA is

The present study analyzes performance of algae biodiesel in low-powered single-cylinder diesel engine running at rated constant speed of 1500 rpm and 210 bar fuel injection pressure. Algae biodies...

Fatty acid methyl ester (biodiesel) has been derived from oil present in algae through transesterification using catalysts of acids, base, supercritical fluids, etc. These catalysts are corrosive and have been posing challenges of contaminating the environment necessitating environmentally friendly and biodegradable catalysts such as enzyme (lipase) based biocatalysts. In this study, fungal strains (endophytic/free spores) were isolated from an estuarine ecosystem and screened for extracellular lipase activities. A novel fungal strain Cladosporium tenuissimum, identified through molecular technique exhibited higher lipolytic activity among the isolates. The crude lipase extracted from fungus was subjected to ammonium sulphate precipitation and purification using Superdex 200 gel filtration chromatographic system. The molecular weight of purified lipase was found to be ∼46 KDa and a specific activity of 37.2 U/mg. Lipase activities attained stability and reached maximum at 60 °C temperature and pH of 6. The purified enzyme was used as a biological catalyst for enzymatic transesterification of oil obtained from an indigenously isolated salt tolerant diatom Nitzschia punctata. Spectroscopic analysis on fatty acids and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters derived from diatom exhibited similarities in specific functional groups between algal oil and biodiesel. Comparisons on biodiesel yield estimation and FAME compositions of enzyme catalyzed, acid catalyzed biodiesel assessed through gas chromatographic techniques revealed a higher efficiency (87.2 ± 0.47%) of biocatalysts compared to conventional acid catalyst (83.02 ± 0.35%) exhibiting potential scope for large scale application of environment friendly biocatalysts to enhance the conversion performances of the transesterification process.

Air quality standards set forth by the Clean Air Act and its amendments have established guidelines for the reduction of harmful ground-level emissions from the aviation sector. Aviation industries are vulnerable to the energy crisis and simultaneously posed environmental concerns. Proposed engine technology advancements could reduce environmental impact and energy consumption. Substituting the source of jet fuel from fossil-based fuel to biomass-based will help reduce emissions and minimize the energy crisis. This is a kind of biomass energy (bioenergy), biodiesel, can be used in diesel engines as an alternative fuel. Biodiesel is produced from renewable resources such as vegetable and animal oils. Biodiesel is sustainable, environmentally friendly, non-toxic, an alternative fuel for diesel engines. In this study, the addition of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of the biodiesel produced from different sources to the jet fuel and the fuel properties of the blends obtained were compared. Considering the properties of the biodiesel used, it is seen that the fuel with the highest density, viscosity, flash point and freezing point was WCO (892kg / m3, 4.66mm / s2, 180oC, -8oC). Accordingly, WCO biodiesel blends were found to be higher than others. In addition, it was determined that the algae biodiesel used in the study had the best density (881 kg / m3), Flash point (150oC) and Freezing point (-14oC), and the Cotton biodiesel met the most suitable viscosity value.

Diisocyanates used in polyurethanes are commonly prepared by phosgenation of petroleum-sourced diamines. This involves highly toxic phosgene and produces corrosive HCl, limiting synthetic applicati...

Novel sources of omega‐3 fatty acids (FAs) are essential for the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry. In the present study, we assessed the response of the fish to a novel algal oil as a source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets. Our results show that the palatability of the diets was maintained with high inclusion levels (up to 10%) of algal oil. The digestibility of omega‐3 FAs was compared among diets containing 10% fish oil (control diet) and diets with no omega‐3 lipid sources (0AO) or increasing levels of algal oil (2.5, 5, and 10% for diets 2.5AO, 5AO, and 10AO, respectively). The digestibility of EPA and DHA was above 99% and was only significantly decreased in the 0AO diet. The FA profile of the muscle was found to reflect that of the diets, suggesting that, when high levels of omega‐3 are included in the diet of rainbow trout, they are deposited in the muscle rather than used for metabolic processes. The growth and the blood parameters of the animals were optimal for all the treatments in the safety trial, with algal oil inclusion levels up to 6%. All these results in combination show that Veramaris® algal oil containing EPA and DHA can be used as an efficient source of omega‐3 FAs for salmonids.

Arabian Gulf is characterized by being nutrient-rich, which contributes to the biodiversity of marine macro- and microalgae. Marine algae are a potentially prolific source of many valuable products that may represent useful leads in developing the quality of human life. The studies on the bioactivity of marine algae in the Arabian Gulf region are very recent; thus, there are not many studies on this field. This review paper is focus on the importance of algae in various fields, and the benefit of such organisms to solve many environmental and health problems to develop the economy, and healthcare of surrounding Gulf countries by taking advantage of many common algal species present in the Arabian Gulf waters. Studies focuses on potentially using local algal species to control common environmental problems in the region such as harmful algal blooms, oil spills, and in wastewater treatment. Furthermore, they were a potential source of food and feed, and can be used in medical field for the treatment of many common diseases. This review describe researches involving the most common algal species found in Arabian Gulf contributing for the bioactive compound’s isolation, for its productivity in large scale, and for its potential biotechnological applications. Key words: Biotechnology, Marine algae, seaweeds, algae processing, pharmacologically active compounds, algae as food, aquaculture feed, algae oil content.

The overall aim of this study was to grow green algae Cladophora glomerata, extract oil from it, and characterize the extracted oil to gain insight into its physicochemical properties. The effects of parameters affecting the solvent extraction process, temperature, time and biomass particle size were investigated at a fixed solvent ratio of 4:1 hexane to ether. An optimization of oil separation from algae biomass via the solvent extraction method was studied. The obtained results showed that at the extraction temperature of 60 oC, extraction time of 2.5 h, and the particle size of ≤0.6 mm, the maximum oil yield was 18.3% from the process. The functional group analysis revealed the presence of alkane, esters, carboxylic acid, and unsaturated groups on the extracted oil, while the result from the fatty acid profile analysis confirmed the dominance of oleic acid. The physicochemical properties of the extracted algal oil conformed to the ASTM standard.

In this study, a novel two-step integrated process is proposed to facilitate the microalgae biofuel production as well as fresh cheese whey wastewater (FCWW) treatment simultaneously. The pre- and post-treatment of high-strength FCWW were performed by means of coagulation and algal cultivation, respectively. The pre-treatment of FCWW for maximum removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity (TUR) and total solids (TS) as responses was obtained by statistical optimization of coagulation parameters. The maximum removal of COD, TUR and TS at the optimum level of variables was obtained as 68.09%, 47.80% and 73.63%, respectively. The pre-treated FCWW was further treated by Chlorella pyrenoidosa and observed a significant reduction in the above-mentioned responses (87–94%). The maximum algal biomass yield and lipid productivity were observed as 2.44 g L−1 and 77.41 mg L−1 day−1, respectively. Based on promising results of FCWW treatment and its use as a third-generation biodiesel feedstock, a cost-benefit analysis of the developed process was assessed for microalgal oil production. The total profit earned by the integrated process model was $9.59 million year−1. Accordingly, the estimated production cost of algal oil (TAG) from the developed system was estimated to be $79.03 per barrel.

As a result of city, industrial and agricultural activities, a large amount of wastewater is generated every year. The wastewater generated must be treated. When the nitrogen concentration in wastewater reaches more than 1.9 mg/L, favorable environmental conditions are provided for the microalgae to multiply. In the presence of microalgae in wastewater treatment technologies, treatment has gained importance in recent years and has become a more environmentally-friendly alternative in treatment. Research on the availability of biomass as a source of raw materials in the production of alternative energy sources is increasingly important. In this paper, Chlorella variabilis microalgae growth, lipid productivity and nutrient removal in wastewater media were investigated. Before the inoculation of microalgae, wastewater was centrifuged at 4000 rpm to remove the solid particles and was diluted with tap water in different ratios (0-40%). Wastewaters were inoculated with Chlorella variabilis in 250 mL open flasks in a 200 rpm shaking incubator for a month at 27 °C. After incubation maximum cell concentration (Xmax=1.03 gdw/L), growth rate (µmax=4.0 x10-3 h-1), and doubling time (173 h) of the microalgae were reached in 40% diluted medium. Fat content (21%) and lipid productivity (6x10-3 g/L.d) were determined concurrently for 20% diluted media. It was determined that microalgae lipids were rich in oleic (C18:1, 38%) and linolenic acid (C18:3, 35%). The efficiency of COD (Chemical oxygen demand) and total phosphor removal in the presence of microalgae had been almost 60% and 77% respectively. According to the experimental results, the treatment of wastewater in the presence of microalgae is promising for future applications., Şehir, sanayi ve tarım faaliyetleri sonucunda her yıl büyük miktarlarda atık su üretilmektedir. Üretilen atık sular arıtılmalıdır. Atık suda varolan azot derişimi 1,9 mg/L değerinin üzerine çıktığında, mikroalglerin çoğalması için uygun çevresel koşullar sağlanır. Atıksu arıtma teknolojilerinde mikroalg varlığında arıtma, son yıllarda önem kazanmış ve arıtımda daha çevre dostu bir alternatif haline gelmiştir. Alternatif enerji kaynaklarının üretiminde hammadde kaynağı olarak biyokütlenin bulunabilirliği üzerine araştırmalar giderek önem kazanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, atık su ortamlarında Chlorella variabilis mikroalg büyümesi, lipit üretkenliği ve nütrient giderimi araştırılmıştır. Mikroalglerin aşılanmasından önce atık su, katı parçacıkların uzaklaştırılması amacıyla 4000 rpm koşulunda santrifüjlenmiş ve farklı oranlarda (%0-40) musluk suyu ile seyreltilmiştir. Farklı oranlarda seyreltilmiş olan atıksular, 250 mL hacimli ağzı açık olan şişeler içinde Chlorella variabilis mikroalgi ile aşılanmış, 27 °C sıcaklık ve 200 rpm çalkalama hızına sahip olan inkübatörde, bir ay süre boyunca inkübe edilmiştir. İnkübasyon sonucunda maksimum mikroalg derişimi (Xmax = 1.03 gdw/L), hücre büyüme miktarı (µmax = 4.0 x10-3 h-1) ve mikroalglerin ikiye katlanma süresine (173 saat) % 40 oranında musluk suyu ile seyreltilmiş olan atık su ortamında ulaşılmıştır. Mikroalgal biyokütleden elde edilen lipid yağ içeriği (% 21) ve lipit üretkenliği (6x10-3 g/L.d), % 20 oranında seyreltilmiş atık su ortamı için eşzamanlı olarak belirlenmiştir. Mikroalg lipidlerinin oleik asit (C18:1, % 38) ve linolenik asit (C18:3, % 35) bakımından zengin olduğu tesbit edilmiştir. Mikroalglerin varlığında Kimyasal Oksijen İhtiyacı (KOİ) ve toplam fosfor giderimi etkinliği sırasıyla, yaklaşık olarak % 60 ve % 77 değerinde olmuştur. Deney sonuçlarına göre, atık suyun mikroalglerin varlığında arıtımı gelecekteki uygulamalar için umut vericidir.

This study describes a new algal biofuel process that integrates sugarcane biorefinery wastewater treatment by nutrient removal with algae into bioethanol. The process is free of common industrial problems, including algal contamination, nutrients and fresh water usage, carbohydrate extraction, liquefaction, and saccharification. Cultivation and fermentation were conducted in one step by turning the light-air on and off, respectively. Three series of experiments with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CC-1093 cultivation and fermentation were performed in anaerobically digested vinasse. Control experiments were a reference to compare the influence of chloride and ammonium-sulfate stress conditions on ethanol yield. Experimental results showed: (1) algal biomass can be successfully cultured within biorefinery wastewater (1129 mg·L−1·day−1); (2) relatively high bioremediation was achieved (26.1%–83.5%); (3) obtained ethanol yield was (maximum 68.3% of the theoretical yield) in one process step; and (4) the chloride stress condition influences on algae to synthesize extracellular polysaccharides as add-in product (120 mg/L).

The increasing transportation needs, demand for petroleum-based diesel and harmful vehicular emissions take us to look for safer and economically feasible alternative fuels. Biodiesel produced from Chlorella variabilis MK039712.1 and waste cooking oil was tested and compared with petroleum-based diesel for their performance and emission characteristics using IC Engine set up, tested under Kirloskar TV1 having power 5.20 kW @ 1500 rpm. The effect of algal oil biodiesel (AOBD) on Waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOBD) as blends (0–100%) on Brake thermal efficiency (%) (BTE), Brake power (KW) (BP), Brake specific fuel consumption (kg/kWh) (BSFC), Smoke opacity (%) (SO), CO, CO2, NOx and HC emissions have been investigated. WCOBD has better engine performance than AOBD which is evident from its lower BSFC, higher BTE and BP than AOBD. However, AOBD proves better from an emissions point of view as emission reports show lesser CO% and higher CO2% than WCOBD and CD. NOx emissions for both the fuels were higher compared to Conventional diesel (CD). The properties and performance characteristics of the test blends are found to be comparable with ASTM Standards which is a favourable fuel requirement. Reduction in Smoke opacity (SO) of WCOBD in comparison with CD shows the clean-burning tendency. Overall, the pure and blend of AOBD with WCOBD has improved engine performance and emission characteristics, which is substantiated by the analysis of properties, performance and emission data by absolute percentage deviation (APD) a statistical method of analysis.

This paper presents the results of the investigations carried on a common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine using algae biofuel–diesel blends. The algae biofuel–diesel blends considered we...

The use of the third-generation feedstock for biodiesel production has become increasingly popular over the past decade. Among the various third-generation feedstock identified, biodiesel synthesis...

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the potential of butanol and algae oil as alternate fuels for SI Engines using blends of gasoline-butanol and gasoline-algae oil. The studies have been carried out on the effect on IC engines under different volume basis of butanol-gasoline blends. The effect of Butanol and Algae addition on combustion of SI engine by considering parameters such as variable compression ratio, algae and butanol blend ratio and loading conditions have been studied. As butanol content in fuel is increased, the efficient combustion process will take place. Further, as the load is increased, the heat release becomes higher in case of pure gasoline, pure diesel and their respective blends with butanol. Also, the different performance parameters like power, emissions, and economy of fuel have been studied. The studies reveal that the power, torque, brake specific energy consumption, Hydrocarbons, Carbon-mono-oxides and NO emissions gets improved with butanol addition, whereas NOx and CO2 emissions are higher than gasoline and diesel. Algae fuel has shown enhancement in the brake specific fuel consumption, NOX, CO emissions and reduced in brake thermal efficiency. Keywords: Butanol, Gasoline, Algae, Combustion, Emissions, Compression ratio