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Essentials Platelet extracellular vesicles (EVs) concentrations measured by flow cytometers are incomparable. A model is applied to convert ambiguous scatter units to EV diameter in nanometer. Most included flow cytometers lack the sensitivity to detect EVs of 600 nm and smaller. The model outperforms polystyrene beads for comparability of platelet EV concentrations. Summary: Background Detection of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by flow cytometry has poor interlaboratory comparability, owing to differences in flow cytometer (FCM) sensitivity. Previous workshops distributed polystyrene beads to set a scatter-based diameter gate in order to improve the comparability of EV concentration measurements. However, polystyrene beads provide limited insights into the diameter of detected EVs. Objectives To evaluate gates based on the estimated diameter of EVs instead of beads. Methods A calibration bead mixture and platelet EV samples were distributed to 33 participants. Beads and a light scattering model were used to set EV diameter gates in order to measure the concentration of CD61–phycoerythrin-positive platelet EVs. Results Of the 46 evaluated FCMs, 21 FCMs detected the 600–1200-nm EV diameter gate. The 1200–3000-nm EV diameter gate was detected by 31 FCMs, with a measured EV concentration interlaboratory variability of 81% as compared with 139% with the bead diameter gate. Part of the variation in both approaches is caused by precipitation in some of the provided platelet EV samples. Flow rate calibration proved essential because systems configured to 60 μL min−1 differed six-fold in measured flow rates between instruments. Conclusions EV diameter gates improve the interlaboratory variability as compared with previous approaches. Of the evaluated FCMs, 24% could not detect 400-nm polystyrene beads, and such instruments have limited utility for EV research. Finally, considerable differences were observed in sensitivity between optically similar instruments, indicating that maintenance and training affect the sensitivity.

Read Or Download Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares Full Books By by Stephen Boyd (Author), {"isAjaxInProgress_B00JJ4R4CK":"0","isAjaxComplete_B00JJ4R4CK":"0"} Lieven Vandenberghe (Author) › Visit Amazon's Lieven Vandenberghe Page Find all the books, read about the author, and more. See search results for this author Are you an author? Learn about Author Central Lieven Vandenberghe (Author) Read Online => Read Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares Download Book =>Download Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares pdf download Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares read online Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares epub Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares vk Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares pdf Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares amazon Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares free download pdf Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares pdf free Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares pdf Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares epub download Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares online Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares epub download Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares epub vk Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares mobi #downloadbook #book #readonline #readbookonline #ebookcollection #ebookdownload #pdf #ebook #epub #kindle

We show how one may establish proof-theoretic results for constructive Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, such as the compactness rule for Cantor space and the Bar Induction rule for Baire space, by constructing sheaf models and using their preservation properties.

We introduce and study the notion of representation up to homotopy of a Lie algebroid, paying special attention to examples. We use representations up to homotopy to define the adjoint representation of a Lie algebroid and show that the resulting cohomology controls the deformations of the structure. The Weil algebra of a Lie algebroid is defined and shown to coincide with Kalkman's BRST model for equivariant cohomology in the case of group actions., 29 pages. Final version, to appear in "Journal f\"ur die reine und angewandte Mathematik"

To each partition function of cohomological field theory one can associate an Hamiltonian integrable hierarchy of topological type. The Givental group acts on such partition functions and consequently on the associated integrable hierarchies. We consider the Hirota and Lax formulations of the deformation of the hierarchy of N copies of KdV obtained by an infinitesimal action of the Givental group. By first deforming the Hirota quadratic equations and then applying a fundamental lemma to express it in terms of pseudo-differential operators, we show that such deformed hierarchy admits an explicit Lax formulation. We then compare the deformed Hamiltonians obtained from the Lax equations with the analogous formulas obtained in [1, 2], to find that they agree. We finally comment on the possibility of extending the Hirota and Lax formulation on the whole orbit of the Givental group action., Comment: 36 pages

In this article we discuss how close different powers of integers can be to each other. In addition we study pairs of powers of polynomials with rational coefficients which have differences of small positive degree.

We consider the construction of Frobenius manifolds associated to projective special geometry and analyse the dependence on choices involved. In particular, we prove that the underlying F-manifold is canonical. We then apply this construction to integrable systems of Hitchin type., 43 pages

We present a general construction of the derived category of an algebra over an operad and establish its invariance properties. A central role is played by the enveloping operad of an algebra over an operad., Comment: References and remark 2.5 added

Hyperdopaminergic states in mental disorders are associated with disruptive deficits in decision making. However, the precise contribution of topographically distinct mesencephalic dopamine pathways to decision-making processes remains elusive. Here we show, using a multidisciplinary approach, how hyperactivity of ascending projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) contributes to impaired flexible decision making in rats. Activation of the VTA–nucleus accumbens pathway leads to insensitivity to loss and punishment due to impaired processing of negative reward prediction errors. In contrast, activation of the VTA–prefrontal cortex pathway promotes risky decision making without affecting the ability to choose the economically most beneficial option. Together, these findings show how malfunction of ascending VTA projections affects value-based decision making, suggesting a potential mechanism through which increased forebrain dopamine signaling leads to aberrant behavior, as is seen in substance abuse, mania, and after dopamine replacement therapy in Parkinson’s disease., Aberrant increased dopaminergic function results in impaired value-based decision making. Here the authors report pathway-specific effects of VTA activation on distinct aspects of flexible value-based decisions in rats.

Motivational deficits are a key symptom in multiple psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder, schizophrenia and addiction. A likely neural substrate for these motivational deficits is the brain dopamine (DA) system. In particular, DA signalling in the nucleus accumbens, which originates from DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), has been identified as a crucial substrate for effort-related and activational aspects of motivation. Unravelling how VTA DA neuronal activity relates to motivational behaviours is required to understand how motivational deficits in psychiatry can be specifically targeted. In this study, we therefore used designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) in TH:Cre rats, in order to determine the effects of chemogenetic DA neuron activation on different aspects of motivational behaviour. We found that chemogenetic activation of DA neurons in the VTA, but not substantia nigra, significantly increased responding for sucrose under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. More specifically, high effort exertion was characterized by increased initiations of reward-seeking actions. This effect was dependent on effort requirements and instrumental contingencies, but was not affected by sucrose pre-feeding. Together, these findings indicate that VTA DA neuronal activation drives motivational behaviour by facilitating action initiation. With this study, we show that enhancing excitability of VTA DA neurons is a viable strategy to improve motivational behaviour.

There are two standard ways of peeling an orange: either cut the skin along meridians, or cut it along a spiral. We consider here the second method, and study the shape of the spiral strip, when unfolded on a table. We derive a formula that describes the corresponding flattened-out spiral. Cutting the peel with progressively thinner strip widths, we obtain a sequence of increasingly long spirals. We show that, after rescaling, these spirals tends to a definite shape, known as the Euler spiral. The Euler spiral has applications in many fields of science. In optics, the illumination intensity at a point behind a slit is computed from the distance between two points on the Euler spiral. The Euler spiral also provides optimal curvature for train tracks between a straight run and an upcoming bend. It is striking that it can be also obtained with an orange and a kitchen knife.

Motivated by our attempt to recast Cartan's work on Lie pseudogroups in a more global and modern language, we are brought back to the question of understanding the linearization of multiplicative forms on groupoids and the corresponding integrability problem. From this point of view, the novelty of this paper is that we study forms with coefficients. However, the main contribution of this paper is conceptual: the finding of the relationship between multiplicative forms and Cartan's work, which provides a completely new approach to integrability theorems for multiplicative forms. Back to Cartan, the multiplicative point of view shows that, modulo Lie's functor, the Cartan Pfaffian system (itself a multiplicative form with coefficients!) is the same thing as the classical Spencer operator.

We introduce the notion of a “category with path objects” as a slight strengthening of Kenneth Brown's classical notion of a “category of fibrant objects”. We develop the basic properties of such a category and its associated homotopy category. Subsequently, we show how the exact completion of this homotopy category can be obtained as the homotopy category associated to a larger category with path objects, obtained by freely adjoining certain homotopy quotients. In a second part of this paper, we will present an application to models of constructive set theory. Although our work is partly motivated by recent developments in homotopy type theory, this paper is written purely in the language of homotopy theory and category theory, and we do not presuppose any familiarity with type theory on the side of the reader.

We show by elementary means that every Kan fibration in simplicial sets can be embedded in a univalent Kan fibration.

In this note we prove results of the following types. Let be given distinct complex numbers z j satisfying the conditions | z j | = 1 , z j ≠ 1 for j = 1 , … , n and for every z j there exists an i such that z i = z j ¯ . Then inf k ∑ j = 1 n z j k ≤ − 1 . If, moreover, none of the ratios z i / z j with i ≠ j is a root of unity, then inf k ∑ j = 1 n z j k ≤ − 1 π 4 log n . The constant −1 in the former result is the best possible. The above results are special cases of upper bounds for inf k ∑ j = 1 n b j z j k obtained in this paper.

In this paper we study the notion of representation up to homotopy of a Lie groupoid and the resulting derived category, and show that the adjoint representation is well defined as a representation up to homotopy. As an application, we extend Bottʼs spectral sequence converging to the cohomology of classifying spaces of Lie groups to the case of Lie groupoids. We explain the relation of this construction with the models of Cartan and Getzler for equivariant cohomology. Our work is closely related to and inspired by Behrendʼs [3] , Bottʼs [4] , and Getzlerʼs [9] .

Suppose X is a (smooth projective irreducible algebraic) curve over a finite field k. Counting the number of points on X over all finite field extensions of k will not determine the curve uniquely. Actually, a famous theorem of Tate implies that two such curves over k have the same zeta function (i.e., the same number of points over all extensions of k) if and only if their corresponding Jacobians are isogenous. We remedy this situation by showing that if, instead of just the zeta function, all Dirichlet L-series of the two curves are equal via an isomorphism of their Dirichlet character groups, then the curves are isomorphic up to "Frobenius twists", i.e., up to automorphisms of the ground field. Since L-series count points on a curve in a "weighted" way, we see that weighted point counting determines a curve. In a sense, the result solves the analogue of the isospectrality problem for curves over finite fields (also know as the "arithmetic equivalence problem"): it says that a curve is determined by "spectral" data, namely, eigenvalues of the Frobenius operator of k acting on the cohomology groups of all l-adic sheaves corresponding to Dirichlet characters. The method of proof is to shown that this is equivalent to the respective class field theories of the curves being isomorphic as dynamical systems, in a sense that we make precise., Comment: 11 pages

If F(x; y) 2 Z[x; y] is an irreducible binary form of degree k 3, then a theorem of Darmon and Granville implies that the generalized superelliptic equation F(x; y) = zl has, given an integer l maxf2; 7 kg, at most nitely many solutions in coprime integers x; y and z. In this paper, for large classes of forms of degree k = 3; 4; 6 and 12 (including, heuristically, \most" cubic forms), we extend this to prove a like result, where the parameter l is now taken to be variable. In the case of irreducible cubic forms, this provides the rst examples where such a conclusion has been proven. The method of proof combines classical invariant theory, modular Galois representations, and properties of elliptic curves with isomorphic mod-n Galois representations.

We employ a new tool (sights) to investigate local operators in the Effective Topos. A number of new such local operators is analyzed using this machinery. Moreover, we investigate a local operator defined in the thesis of A. Pitts, and establish that its corresponding subtopos satisfies true arithmetic., Comment: 26 pages

It is known that a closed polygon P is a critical point of the oriented area function if and only if P is a cyclic polygon, that is, P can be inscribed in a circle. Moreover, there is a short formula for the Morse index. Going further in this direction, we extend these results to the case of open polygonal chains, or robot arms. We introduce the notion of the oriented area for an open polygonal chain, prove that critical points are exactly the cyclic configurations with antipodal endpoints and derive a formula for the Morse index of a critical configuration.

Every partial algebra is the colimit of its total subalgebras. We prove this result for partial Boolean algebras (including orthomodular lattices) and the new notion of partial C*-algebras (including noncommutative C*-algebras), and variations such as partial complete Boolean algebras and partial AW*-algebras. The first two results are related by taking projections. As corollaries we find extensions of Stone duality and Gelfand duality. Finally, we investigate the extent to which the Bohrification construction, that works on partial C*-algebras, is functorial., 22 pages; updated theorem 15, added propoisition 36