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Empirical research on number sense to date has been conducted with preschoolers and elementary school students. Despite their contributions to the literature, these studies have used variable-centered analytic approaches that may prevent distinct number sense profiles for preschoolers and first graders from being identified. This study aimed to determine the number and proportions of distinct number sense profiles, the variables influencing these profiles, and the characteristics of the children with different profiles in the transition from preschool to elementary school. We conducted a quantitative study using a cross-sectional design for this purpose and used latent profile analysis to identify and describe distinct number sense profiles for preschoolers and first-grade students. A total of 1688 children, 848 from preschool and 840 from the first grade of elementary school, took part in the study. A Number Sense Screener was used to determine number sense profiles. The data collection tool used in the study was found to be reliable. Based on the findings of the study, we identified three profiles for both the preschoolers and first graders, namely, moderate very low, moderate low, and moderate high. We examined family and household income variables to help predict the profiles. We then took the characteristics and components of number sense that caused the differentiation in the profiles as revealed by the results of the study and discussed them in light of the literature.

Terrorism remains a persistent and significant global threat, with far-reaching consequences for world peace and stability. The September 11, 2001 attacks marked a pivotal moment in the fight against terrorism, prompting governments and international organisations to adopt new strategies to counter this threat. In response to these tragic events, the United States enacted the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA), a legislative framework designed to allow victims of terrorism to seek compensation from state sponsors of terrorism. While JASTA reflects a commitment to holding individuals and nations accountable for supporting terrorism, it has sparked controversy, with critics arguing that it undermines the principle of sovereign immunity. In contrast, others view it as a crucial tool for combating terrorism. This study examines the legal and procedural implications of JASTA, focusing on the challenges of bringing civil actions under this law. The study explores anti-terrorism laws, relevant case law, and the practical obstacles of pursuing legal claims under JASTA through a literature-based research approach. The findings highlight the legal complexities and political considerations involved in holding state sponsors accountable, emphasising the need for a balanced approach that upholds international law and diplomacy while ensuring justice for terrorism victims. This research contributes to ongoing discussions on refining strategies to combat state-sponsored terrorism and offers recommendations for potential legislative reforms to enhance the effectiveness of JASTA in achieving justice.

This study aims to evaluate the usability and user experience of Weverse Shop e-commerce app after integration into Weverse app using the Cognitive Walkthrough and Post Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ) methods. Cognitive Walkthrough is used to identify usability issues from an expert perspective, while PSSUQ is used to quantitatively measure user experience through three subscales: System Usefulness, Information Quality, and Interface Quality. Participants in this study ran 7 task scenarios relevant to the application features. Based on the analysis results, the average scores for the PSSUQ subscales were 2.99 for System Usefulness, 2.98 for Information Quality, and 2.87 for Interface Quality, with an overall score of 2.95. These results indicate that the application interface still needs improvement, especially in the aspects of navigation and information delivery. This research provides recommendations for improvements to usability elements to increase user satisfaction.

Background: The aim of this study intends to assess prone and flexed prone positions for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) for safety and efficacy. Methods: From May 2017 to August 2022, a stratified randomized approach was carried out to randomly assign 346 PNL candidates into prone or flexed prone groups. Perioperative data, such as stone-free rate, stay length, operative time, and complication rates, were studied. Results: In the prone and flexed prone groups, the mean ages of 51.7 ± 12.2 and 49.4 ± 11.9 min, respectively (P = 0.1). The mean body mass indexes of 24.2 ± 13.4 and 29.9 ± 11.9, respectively (P = 0.03). The pyelocaliceal perforation occurred in 15 (8%) and 11 (6.4%) participants, respectively. In the prone and flexed prone postures, postoperative bleeding occurred in 15 (7.9%) and 9 (5.4%) patients, respectively (P = 1.0). The average percentage decrease in hemoglobin concentration was 1.29 ± 0.42 and 1.21 ± 0.32, respectively (P < 0.000). The success rates were 92 and 93.6%, respectively (P = 0.6). The average access length was 3.9 ± 1.2 and 4.8 ± 1.8 min (P = 0.08), whereas the average operation duration was 68.7 ± 37.4 and 50.4 ± 21.9 min (P = 0.04). Conclusion: Both the prone and prone-flexed positions are equally safe for PNL. The flexed prone position is more likely to be beneficial for obese patients. The prone-flexed position enabled a somewhat shorter average operation time. The pelvicalyceal system could be more readily reached when the prone position was flexed.

Abstract Female obesity is a worldwide health issue linked to chronic metabolic low-grade inflammation (metaflammation) causing multiple obesity-related co-morbid conditions. We aimed to assess the serum levels of wingless integration site family member 5 A (Wnt5a), leptin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) as markers of obesity-associated metaflammation and investigate the association with toll-like receptors2 (TLR2) gene (Arg753Gln) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) among Egyptian females. The study included 60 females with obesity and 30 matched controls. Serum levels of Wnt5a, leptin, and TNF-α were assessed by ELISA, while TLR2 (Arg753Gln) genotyping was done by PCR-RFLP. Serum Wnt5a, leptin, and TNF-α showed significantly higher levels in females with obesity than controls and a significant increase with higher classes of obesity. They showed significant positive correlations with each other. Only TNF-α and leptin were associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) among the obesity group. According to TLR2 (Arg753Gln) SNP, the homozygous GG genotype was associated with elevated levels of Wnt5a, leptin, and TNF-α compared to the AA + GA model carriers. No significant differences were found in the distribution of TLR2 Arg753Gln (rs5743708) genotypes and alleles according to obesity or MetS, and the regression analysis showed no significant risk association. Serum Wnt5a, leptin, and TNF-α levels increase in women with obesity and the A allele of TLR2 (Arg753Gln) SNP could be protective against obesity-associated metaflammation.

Background/purpose: ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence program released in November 2022, but even now, many studies have expressed excitement or concern about its introduction into academia and education. While there are many questions to be asked, the current study reviews the literature in order to reveal the potential effects of ChatGPT on education as a whole. The potential implications, possibilities, and concerns about the use of ChatGPT in education are disclosed as mentioned in the literature. Materials/methods: The data of the study were collected and then subjected to a systematic review. Research findings were analyzed according to the themes and categories identified. Results: The results of this research were examined under themes according to the positive and negative aspects of ChatGPT. The positive categories and sub-categories of ChatGPT's integration into education were determined, and the relationship between education and artificial intelligence determined. Similarly, the negative category highlighted the potential negative impact of artificial intelligence on educational processes. Conclusion: The reviewed research evaluated and discussed the impact of AI on education and training processes. In conclusion, this review revealed the critical applications of ChatGPT for educational settings and the potential negative impact of its application. The findings established how ChatGPT and its derivatives would create a new paradigm in education as a whole.

This study aims to determine the learning outcomes of children in educational settings by using an AR (Augmented Reality) app for animals in classroom activities. To achieve this, the study used sequential exploratory research design, applied in both quantitative and qualitative research. The participants in the study are 2 teachers and 37 children working in the kindergarten affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in the central district of Kilis Province in the 2019-2020 academic year. The augmented reality app was used in one group (n = 18) of children, and not in the other group (n = 19). The children were given an animal recognition test prepared by the researchers before the app was used and again afterward in an attempt to discover how the AR app affected learning. The study determined that while animal recognition increased in both the AR and non-AR groups, the children in the group where the AR app was used recognized more animals than the other group. As a result of the analyses made of the animal pictures drawn by the children who used the AR app, it was understood that the children had the opportunity to discover details about the animals. Additionally, the study conducted analyses of animal pictures drawn by the children who used the AR app, revealing that the app provided children with opportunities to discover and explore intricate details about the animals.

In recent years, assessing the quality of the Sriwijaya University English Proficiency Test (USEPT) website and its user experience has become increasingly important due to the globalization of higher education and the need for students to develop international communication skills. This study aims to evaluate the UX and usability of the USEPT website by using the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) and System Usability Scale (SUS) to provide a comprehensive analysis. The results showed that all aspects of the UEQ scored with an average value ranging from -0.88 to 0.48 making it in the “bad” category especially on attractiveness, stimulation and novelty. While the average SUS score is 50 which categorizes usability at the “Not Acceptable” level, with a grade of “F” and adjective rating at the “poor” level. These findings illustrate the poor functionality of the website due to unsatisfactory user experience, thus requiring holistic improvements across all dimensions of UEQ. Recommendations for improvement include optimizing website navigation, increasing visual appeal by creating an attractive design, integrating interactive features to increase user engagement and satisfaction. This research makes a positive contribution to the development of the USEPT website in user satisfaction and can be a reference for website evaluation.

Soil erosion is a pressing issue that threatens environmental stability and agricultural productivity across the globe. In Somalia, where the population already contends with severe socioeconomic and environmental challenges, the effects of erosion compound problems like food insecurity and land degradation. This study investigates erosion patterns and identifies areas prone to soil loss, aiming to provide actionable insights for improving land use practices and resource management. The research employs advanced analytical tools to study how erosion factors are distributed geographically. Data such as terrain characteristics, rainfall intensity, vegetation cover, soil quality, and land usage are systematically analyzed. Cutting-edge modeling techniques, supported by historical erosion trends, help to develop accurate predictions about future soil loss, offering a robust basis for creating effective intervention strategies. The findings show that many regions in Somalia are highly susceptible to erosion, particularly where unsustainable human activities such as overgrazing, deforestation, and improper farming methods are prevalent. These insights underscore the urgent need for targeted policies to mitigate erosion and protect valuable soil resources. By forecasting potential erosion scenarios, this research equips decision-makers with the tools needed to prioritize interventions that enhance agricultural output, preserve ecosystems, and ensure long-term sustainability. This research aids policymakers, land managers, and stakeholders in formulating focused, evidence-based plans for soil conservation and sustainable land use, ultimately facilitating the preservation and enhancement of Somalia's natural resources and agricultural resilience.

Abstract Blockchain technology is a highly developed database system that shares information within a business web. It stores details in blocks connected chronologically, ensuring information integrity through consensus mechanisms that prevent unauthorised alterations. This decentralised system removes the need for a believable mediator, mitigating vulnerabilities and enhancing transaction security. Blockchain’s application spans the energy, finance, media, entertainment, and retail sectors. However, classical blockchain faces threats from quantum computing advancements, necessitating the development of quantum blockchain technology. Quantum blockchain, leveraging quantum computation and information theory, offers enhanced security and immutability. In this paper, different mathematical foundations, practical implementations and effectiveness of lattice‐based cryptography in securing blockchain applications are discussed. Analysis of how the cryptographic techniques can protect blockchain systems against quantum attacks is being done by using mathematical formulations and examples. Quantum computing strengthens blockchain security with advanced encryption and authentication, which is critical for safeguarding diverse sectors from evolving cyber threats. Further study on quantum‐resistant design is necessary if blockchain networks are to be robust and intact in the face of future technological developments.

Abstract Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune condition that causes synovitis and functional impairment. Currently, the most often utilized biomarkers for monitoring disease activity and severity are acute phase proteins, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP). However, discrepancies have been found between the clinical inflammation and their levels. Therefore, there is a strong need for a novel biomarker to forecast how RA will proceed clinically and monitor the response to therapy. This study assessed the diagnostic value of serum cystatin D in RA patients and its potential as a biomarker for disease activity monitoring. Results RA patients had considerably greater serum levels of cystatin D than the control group. These values showed a positive correlation with Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28), ESR, CRP, grayscale synovitis, power Doppler synovitis, grayscale tenosynovitis (p

This research aims to evaluate the user experience of MyTelkomsel application using the Modular Evaluation of Key Components of User Experience (MeCUE) 2.0 method. The growth of telecommunications technology and increased smartphone usage highlights the importance of apps that efficiently meet user needs. Although MyTelkomsel offers a wide range of services, many users have reported difficulties using certain features and dissatisfaction with the service, as seen in reviews on platforms like the Play Store, indicating challenges with user experience. This research focuses on identifying where the app meets user needs and where improvements are necessary. The findings show that while the app performs well in terms of usability and usefulness (scoring 6.31 and 6.25, respectively), it scores lower in commitment (4.64) and intention to use (4.74). These results suggest that while the app is functionally effective, improvements are still needed to enhance user loyalty and engagement.

Background: Pollution of aquatic environments with heavy metals cause severe adverse effects on fish, invertebrates and human. The importance of this study lies in the fact that long-term ingestion of heavy metal-contaminated fish can result in the accumulation of harmful metals in numerous organs and pose a major risk to human health. Aim: Current study was designed to investigate the concentrations of toxic arsenic (As), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) in the liver, gills and muscles of highly consumed aqua cultured common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in Baqubah city, to evaluate the toxicopathological bioaccumulation of As, Pb and Hg in consumed fish and the potential human health risk after consumption and give clear indication for a status of heavy metal contamination for water used in aquaculture of common carp (cyprinus carpio L.). Methods: A total of ten Fresh fish of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were randomly selected from local Baqubah markets / Diyala province/ Iraq in different interval from September 2022 to January 2023. The source of fish in Baqubah's local markets is fish aquacultured in earthen ponds as well as cages in the Tigris River in Diyala province. Flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS) was used to estimate the level of As, Pb and Hg in liver, gills and muscles of collected fish. Histopathological sections were prepared for evaluation of toxic pathological effects of metals on Cyprinus carpio organs. Results: Bioaccumulation of arsenic and lead in liver, gill and muscle samples was within and less than the permissible limit set by WHO while the bioaccumulation of mercury exceeds the permissible limits set by WHO. Histopathological findings of gill section showed telangictatisis and epithelial lifting in secondary lamellae with hemorrhage and blood congestion and central venous dilation and epithelium hyperplasia with complete fusion of the secondary lamellae and edema in the filamentary epithelium in addition to mononuclear cells infiltration. Histopathological findings of liver revealed degenerative and necrotic changes in liver tissue distinguished by pyknosis with existence of necrosis in cells and dilation of the sinusoids with cytoplasmic vacuolation. Conclusion: The bioaccumulation of mercury is higher than permitted levels in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) which indicate high contamination level of main sources for fresh waters in Diyala province mainly from Diyala and Tigris rivers. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(11.000): 2780-2793]

In the era of rapid digitalization, the economic sector, especially small and medium enterprises, is required to adapt to the development of digitalization. SDS YPMM Cooperative is one example of a small business that still relies on traditional systems in its business processes. To overcome this problem, a website-based User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX) design was carried out to digitize the SDS YPMM cooperative business process. In the design, the User Centered Design method is used which focuses on user needs. This method is done by Specify the context of use, specify user and organizational requirements, produce design solutions, and evaluate design against user requirements. At the evaluation stage, the System Usability Scale (SUS) was used to measure the level of usability of the resulting design. The evaluation results obtained 179 respondents out of 533 population for the user interface showed a score of 84.97, which falls into the “acceptable” category and a rating of B or “Excellent”. Meanwhile, the admin interface received 5 respondents from 5 populations and scored 93, which falls into the “acceptable” category and an A or “Best Imaginable” rating. These findings indicate that the UI/UX design is highly accepted by both categories of users, thereby improving operational efficiency and shopping experience, which creates satisfaction with SDS YPMM cooperative services.

Introduction: There are very few studies demonstrating the seroprevalence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in patients with cirrhosis worldwide and in Turkey. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of COVID-19 in patients with cirrhosis and its effect on liver cirrhosis by clinical form in the postinfectious period. Methods: The study included 174 patients with cirrhosis. Patients with COVID-19 were identified using anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2-immunoglobulin G (SARS-CoV-2-IgG) and COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction assays and were divided into symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. The last polyclinic records of the patients before infection or testing were determined as 1st examination and the date of blood collection for anti-SARS-CoV-2-IgG was determined as the 2nd examination. Examination findings and liver tests of the patients in both periods were recorded; Child-Pugh Score (CPS) and Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD)-Na scores were calculated. Additionally, patients were evaluated for newly developed hepatic decompensation. Results: The seropositivity of anti-SARS-CoV-2-IgG was detected in 35.6% of our patients, and the rate of those who had symptomatic COVID-19 infection was 23.6%, whereas the rate of those who had asymptomatic infection was 12%. There was no significant difference in liver tests, CPS, and MELD-Na scores before and after COVID-19 infection between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, and new decompensation was found in 9.6% of patients with COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: The incidence of COVID-19 among patients with liver cirrhosis is notably high. Although high decompensation rates were reported in the acute phase of the disease, such rates were not observed in the postinfectious period. Ultimately, our results indicated no significant difference in the course of existing liver disease according to clinical form.

Transaction transparency and trust are highly valued in the digital age. When conventional centralized systems are utilized, concerns arise regarding data security and intermediate control, as these systems frequently fail to meet these standards. In this regard, blockchain technology, which offers secure and decentralized solutions, stands out as a game-changer. The article examines the underlying principles of smart contracts and blockchain technology in order to gain an understanding of their potential to revolutionize online interactions. We delve into the decentralized architecture of the blockchain, focusing on its distributed ledger system that ensures the immutability and transparency of data. Determining the functions of consensus mechanisms such as Proof-of-Work and Proof-of-Stake, which form the technological foundation of blockchain, is crucial for preserving the security and integrity of the network. We further investigate the possibility that intelligent contracts can orchestrate agreements and enable trustless transactions in response to predefined conditions. This study showcases the practical applications of blockchain technology and smart contracts in establishing more reliable processes within the healthcare, supply chain management, and finance sectors. The study not only contemplates potential solutions and forthcoming improvements but also recognizes the constraints of the existing technology, specifically with regard to scalability and energy usage. The emergence of smart contracts and blockchain technology heralds a new era of decentralized and impenetrable digital security. Their revolutionary potential to redefine trust and empower both individuals and corporations is evident. In order to optimize their capabilities, we must work together to address existing challenges and enforce solid legal structures that regulate the ethical and transformative application of these state-of-the-art technologies.

Background: The white cane and other conventional mobility aids for the visually impaired are inadequate for navigating. Visually impaired people may become much more self-sufficient and safer as technology advances. Objective: The present study aims to introduce and evaluate the LTE-Connected Smart Blind Stick. This unique assistive device leverages LTE connectivity and sensor technologies to give visually impaired and blind persons complete mobility choices. Methodology: The Smart Blind Stick was outfitted with sensors that could detect obstructions, changes in topography, and incoming vehicles, offering a 360-degree sensory picture of the area. The gadget offers real-time GPS navigation, distress signaling, and remote monitoring by caregivers via an LTE connection. The stick's interaction with smartphone apps and voice assistants enables audible and haptic feedback while adjusting to user requirements and preferences. Performance parameters were evaluated in controlled conditions and real-world circumstances to test the device's effectiveness and user satisfaction. Results: The Smart Blind Stick beat typical canes in obstacle detection accuracy, user confidence, and navigational efficiency in testing. Real-time data transfer, including GPS and traffic updates, was flawless, boosting the user's situational awareness. User comments emphasized the stick's usefulness in arduous travels and its contribution to increasing independence. Conclusion: The LTE-Connected Smart Blind Stick is an essential advancement in assistive technology for the visually impaired. The technology gives users more freedom by delivering better spatial awareness, real-time information, and a multi-sensory approach to navigation. Its versatility and constant connection portend a bright future for assistive devices, potentially significantly enhancing the quality of life for those with visual impairments.

The mandibular condyle is a rounded bony projection with an upper biconvex, oval surface in the axial plane. Its form differs significantly among different individuals and age groups. This study aims to address the variability in mandibular condyle morphology, which can be indicative of Temporomandibular Joint disorders (TMD). Given the clinical importance of accurate condyle characterization, we developed a novel detection method leveraging deep learning and feature selection technologies. This method explicitly employs the YOLOv8 network to initially identify the region of interest (ROI) in digital panoramic images. Subsequently, the MobileViT system extracts detailed features from these regions. We introduced a modified Mountaineering Team-Based Optimization Algorithm to refine the feature selection process, which efficiently isolates the most relevant features from the extracted set. Our experimental design involved a robust dataset of 3000 digital panoramic images, classified into four distinct morphological types: round, pointed, angled, and flat. We assessed the performance of our developed method through various metrics, focusing on its ability to detect and describe the morphology of the condyle. The results demonstrate a high capability of the model, achieving an accuracy of 81.5% in binary classification and 83.5% in multi-classification scenarios.

Abstract Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, and the essential foods for Nigerians are cereal crops, including maize, rice, sorghum, millet, and wheat. However, their productivity is significantly affected by population pressure, poor cropland utilization, and high fertilizer costs. Against this backdrop, this study examines the relationship between cereal production, cereal cropland area, fertilizer usage, and the rural population (farm labor). The study utilizes the novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lag simulation (DYARDLS) model and analyzes annual time series data for Nigeria from 1980 to 2021. The unit root test results suggest that the chosen variables are stationary. Furthermore, the bound test affirms that all variables are cointegrated, with a significance level of 1%. The results from the DYARDLS show that in the long run, a percentage change in rural population and cereal cropland area boosts cereal food production by 0.018% and 0.51%, respectively. Meanwhile, a 1% change in the food production index exacerbates cereal output by 0.25% in the long run and 1.06% in the short run. We also find that fertilizer consumption could improve cereal production in the short and long run, but the results are insignificant. In conclusion, we demonstrate that our study variables are the decisive determining factors of cereal productivity and cannot be disregarded in the mission to attain food security.

Background: The structures of the pancreas in crow (Linnaecus corvus) and Iraqi black partridge (Melanoperdix niger) were the target for histological and morphometric differences in both birds. Aim: To study the comparative histomorphology of the pancreas in two species black partridge and local crow. Methods: Five healthy black partridge and five local crows were used in current study. Results: The anatomically study reveals that the pancreas in both species situated within the coelomic compartment at right side. It composites of four lobes include splenic, ventral, third and dorsal lobe. It was showed three ducts of pancreas located between two duodenal limbs. Histologically, the pancreas of both birds, was contained two portions, endocrine and exocrine zone. The portion that occupied a large area of the pancreas was the exocrine which consisting of acini made of pyramid cells varying in shape and size. In black partridge, the acini have centroacinar cells but no centroacinar in crow. The ducts system starting from intercalated duct, interlobular and terminated by main duct was folded with line simple columnar epithelium. The islet Langerhans was oval in black partridge and have a distinctive border containing two types of cells (Alpha and Beta), while a Delta, in addition to Alpha Beta cells, were detected in the crow islet Langerhans which was a sphincter in shape. Conclusion: The pancreas of both bird Black partridge (Melanoperdix niger) and crow (Linnaecus corvus) was a lobulated organ, that has a similar location in coelomic cavity. The pancreas in the crow was longer. In addition to the presence of some difference in histological structures between the two birds, a better understanding of the function of the pancreas in these species is needed. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(10.000): 2634-2641]

For over a decade, the United Arab Emirates has used English as the medium of instruction in government schools. Previous research has concluded that the lack of English proficiency can make learning Science and Math difficult for students; however, research on students' experiences and the challenges they face in this area is limited. Therefore, this study explores students' views and the challenges that they face regarding learning English and Science and Math in English. The study employed a mixed methods approach using a survey with 236 students from 2 large school districts in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and qualitative data collected through interviews with 9 high-school students. The study found that students valued learning English, were aware of English teaching limitations in the current system, believed that the adopted exam-based system impeded English, Science, and Math learning, and preferred multimodal resources for learning. Many students encountered various challenges while studying including difficulties pertaining to the type of teaching they received and their proficiency in English language. This study calls for educational policymakers to consider students' experiences learning English, Science, and Math when designing curricula and assessments.

Sustainability reporting has emerged as a critical area for businesses, governments, and society, reflecting a growing emphasis on transparent environmental, social, and governance (ESG) practices. Despite its importance, there is a limited understanding of bibliometric trends within this field. This study aims to examine recent sustainability reporting studies and explore how bibliometric analysis can shape future research directions. Utilizing a bibliometric approach, we analyzed 2,282 scholarly publications on sustainability reporting from 2010 to 2024, sourced from the Scopus database. VOSviewer software was employed to map and visualize patterns in authorship, countries, journals, keywords, and collaboration networks. The findings reveal a significant upward trend in sustainability reporting publications, especially after 2019, indicating heightened global focus on sustainability issues. The United Kingdom and the United States lead in research contributions, with substantial participation from Italy, Australia, and Germany. Key journals identified include the journal of cleaner production and corporate social responsibility and environmental management. Keyword analysis highlights central themes such as “sustainability reporting,” “global reporting initiative,” and “sustainable development.” Influential authors and collaborative networks were mapped, showcasing the interconnectedness within the research community. The study concludes that while sustainability reporting research has grown notably, many areas remain underexplored. Expanding research to less-focused topics, refining theoretical frameworks, and incorporating diverse stakeholder perspectives are crucial for advancing the field. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the current state of sustainability reporting research and identifies potential areas for future exploration, contributing to the promotion of transparency, accountability, and ethical corporate practices.

The study focusses on handling of multiclass imbalanced data on classification of stingless bee samples by employing data balancing techniques, namely Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) and Adaptive Synthetic (ADASYN) approach. These techniques are applied in combination with machine learning (ML) algorithms; specifically Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM), to assess the models’ predictive performance to infer stingless bee samples identities. We studied ML classifier models: RF, RF + SMOTE, RF + ADASYN, SVM, SVM + SMOTE and SVM + ADASYN on the six-class imbalanced dataset of stingless bees morphometrics. Multi-class area under curve (AUC), F1-score, G-mean, balanced accuracy, sensitivity and “No information rate” were used to assess model performance. SMOTE and ADASYN marginally improved the performance of RF and SVM classifiers. SVM outperformed RF, with SVM using SMOTE performing better than with ADASYN. SVM with ADASYN had a lower multi-class AUC (0.9898) and sensitivity (0.956) but a higher F1-score (0.939) compared to SVM with SMOTE (AUC = 0.9918, sensitivity = 0.959, F1-score = 0.934). Overall, SVM with SMOTE was superior to RF with SMOTE. All models except SVM with ADASYN, correctly classified four of the six species, M. (Meliponula) bocandei, M. (Meliplebeia) lendliana, D. schmidti and P. armata but not the two morphs, Meliponula (Axestotrigona) togoensis and Meliponula (Axestotrigona) ferruginea. This study therefore confirms that the impact of imbalanced learning is minimal when classes are separable. Random forest recursive feature elimination technique was used to assess variable importance, guiding future studies on key morphometric measurements to save time and cost while maintaining high classification performance. Our results pave the way for the development of smart and automated machine learning applications to complement the existing methods for the identification of stingless bee species.

BackgroundThe coexistence of viral hepatitis with diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly escalates the risk of severe outcomes. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and associated factors of hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) viral infections among DM patients in northern Tanzania.Materials and methodsConducted between February 2023 and May 2023, this hospital-based cross-sectional study enrolled 189 patients with DM from the Diabetic Clinic of Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre. A structured questionnaire captured relevant clinical information, and plasma blood sample was assessed for hepatitis B surface antigen and anti-hepatitis C antibody seropositivity. Data analysis employed SPSS v26, and a chi-square test was used to determine the statistical difference of HBV and HCV among patients with DM. Logistic regression was performed to determine factors associated with HBV and HCV.ResultsAmong the 189 patients with DM, the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infections stood at 2.1% and 0.5%, respectively. Males constituted a significant majority (80%) of those affected by viral hepatitis. Furthermore, 60% of affected patients were in non-union relationships (single, widowed, or divorced), and 40% reported multiple sexual partners. However, the study found no significant association between traditional associated factors and viral infection acquisition.ConclusionThe study's findings reveal a relatively low prevalence of HBV and HCV infections among patients with DM compared to the general population, with no significant association among factors. Nonetheless, the results underscore the importance of early screening and vaccination for HBV and HCV in patients with DM. Such efforts are crucial for curbing infection spread and reducing the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma development in this vulnerable population.

ABSTRACT Aims Due to the expensiveness and unavailability of endoscopy management in Tanzania, the management outcomes of variceal bleeding are unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the management outcomes of patients with variceal bleeding. Methods This was a retrospective study conducted between April 2012 and April 2022. The study enrolled all patients diagnosed with variceal bleeding aged 18 years and older. Socio‐demographic and clinic characteristics, treatment modalities, and outcomes were collected. Statistical analysis was done using a chi‐square test. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with rebleeding and mortality. A p‐value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 534 patients were enrolled based on diagnostic endoscopy findings. Esophageal varices were identified in 88.9% of patients, gastric varices in 0.9%, and 10.1% had both. Conservative treatment was given to 77.5% of patients, and endoscopic treatment was performed in 22.5%: endoscopic variceal ligation (17.6%), endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (4.3%), and both (0.6%). Rebleeding occurred in 40.1%, and factors associated with rebleeding were patients without insurance (p = 0.037), without comorbidities (p = 0.042), with non‐communicable diseases (p = 0.039), and with chronic infections (p = 0.035). In‐hospital mortality was 8.1%, and factors associated with mortality were a shorter length of stay (p = 0.045), patients without comorbidities (p = 0.041), and grade II esophageal varices (p = 0.043). Conclusion This study shows a high rate of variceal bleeding among patients treated conservatively. Mortality and rebleeding rates in our setting remain high, which appears to be due to the expensiveness and unavailability of endoscopic treatment. Available endoscopic interventions will be vital in improving the outcomes of patients with variceal bleeding.