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Muhamad Thohar Arifin, Mohammad Ali Akbar, Widianto Illyasa, Krisna Tsaniadi Prihastomo Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Muhamad Thohar ArifinDepartment of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, IndonesiaEmail thohar@fk.undip.ac.idIntroduction: The aim of this research was to describe a single-center practical experience in the management of traumatic carotid cavernous fistula (CCF).Methods: There were a total of 31 patients between January 2005 and December 2019 with post-traumatic carotid cavernous sinus fistula (tCCF) who underwent treatment. We classified them into 2 types according to the flow of the CCF: patients with high flow CCF and patients with low flow CCF.Results: Angiography revealed the high flow types on 21 patients (67.7%), the mean of patients ages are 31.5 years. Onyx embolization was performed in 1 patient (4.76%), transarterial balloon embolization was carried out in 10 patients (47.61%), transarterial coiling in 3 (14.28%) patients while 5 (28.8%) patients underwent transvenous routes to insert the coil and 2 patients (9.52%) were treated conservatively. Complete occlusion was achieved on all patients with coiling whereas the other treatment experiences the reducing flow of the fistula. We obtained 10 patients (32.2%) with a mean of 40.3 years as low flow type CCF. The patients with the low flow type mostly treated conservatively, because their symptoms were acceptable and intermittent.Conclusion: The ballooning currently became the more affordable treatment in our center. Balloon embolization was recommended for medium- and large-size fistula. The coils should be recommended for small-size fistula. In some cases occlusion of the fistula cannot be obtained using the detachable balloon, a coil can be used to occlude the cavernous sinus via trans arterial or trans venous access. If the fistula failed to be treated in traditional ways using balloons or coils, occlusion of the parent vessels could be another option.Keywords: trauma, carotid cavernous sinus fistula, angiography, embolization, transarterial, transvenous

The Kawahara equation (KE) and the modified Kawahara equation (MKE) are important modeling equations to interpret shallow water waves with surface tension, magneto-acoustic wave in plasma and gravity waves. In this study, the stable broad-ranging soliton solutions including the well-known bell-shape soliton, anti-bell shape soliton, periodic soliton, compacton, kink, etc. are established through the sine-Gordon expansion (SGE) method. The effect of the physical parameters, namely the dispersion and perturbed dispersive coefficients in the surface elevation are shown through the figure. The surface elevations remain ascertainable for diverse values of the physical and the associated free parameters. The 3D and contour plot of the ascertained solutions clarifies the surface wave properties. The achieved results for each modeling equation provide a significant contribution in analyzing the ion-acoustic waves in plasma, gravity waves, the surface waves in shallow water. This study asserts that the SGE method is reliable, competent, easy and powerful for extracting closed form soliton solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonlinear Fitzhugh–Nagumo (FN) model is a well-known nonlinear reaction-diffusion model, which is a simplified form of the Hodgkin–Huxley (HH) model. Several important phenomena are analyzed via the FN model, such as nerve impulse transmission through the neurons, biological population genetics, noise formations in circuit theory, intercellular trigger wave propagation, and others. The FN model is definitely an important mathematical model in the domain of neurobiological sciences and engineering applications. In this paper, we study the nonlinear fractional FN model, computationally and numerically using the auxiliary equation (AE) method through the conformable derivative. We have established numerous fresh, useful, efficient and wide-ranging closed-form traveling wave solutions of the model. Additionally, we examine the influence of fractional parameter on the signal transmission through the nerve system and other related wave propagation by sketching the three-dimensional graphs of the solutions with the aid of the Mathematica program. The established results authenticate the efficiency and reliability of the considered method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]